Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Social Capital and Civil Society in Turkey, 1994-2014: A Cross-Regional Comparison

Yıl 2018, , 44 - 77, 30.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.463391

Öz

The objective of this study is to discuss civil society organizations’
(CSOs) potential to generate social capital in Turkey by analyzing the changes
observed in patterns of CSOs participation since the 1990s onwards. In this
vein, the study aims to contribute to research on Turkey’s social capital. For
the analysis, the study utilizes World Values Survey (WVS), 1994-2014 Turkey
data. The findings show declining CSOs participation rates; a noteworthy
decline in the participation rates to traditional interest groups; and serious
regional differences of participation to CSOs, which are given special emphasis
by social capital literature such as the CSOs on new social movements and
self-expressive values, during 2000s. The study also underlines the changing
demographic properties of the CSOs’ participants during the same period. More
women and younger citizens have started to participate in the CSOs throughout
the 2000s. Participants’ average education levels have increased as well. 

Kaynakça

  • Aytaç, S.E., Çarkoğlu A. and Ertan, G. (2017) Türkiye'de Kişilerarası Güven ve Bireysel Belirleyicileri, METU Studies in Development, 44 (1), 1-26.
  • Boşnak, B. (2016) Europeanization and De-Europeanization Dynamics in Turkey: The Case of Environmental Organizations, South European Society and Politics 21 (1), 75-90.
  • Brehm, J. ve Rahn, W. (1997) Individual-level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital, American Journal of Political Science 41 (3), 999-1023.
  • Cenker-Özek, C. (2017) Civic Space in Turkey: A Social Capital Approach to Civil Society, Turkish Studies, 18 (4), 688-709.
  • Çakmaklı, D. (2015) Active Citizenship in Turkey: Learning Citizenship in Civil Society Organizations, Citizenship Studies, 19 (3-4 ), 421-435.
  • Çarkoğlu, A. ve Cenker, I. C. (2011) On the Relationship Between Democratic Institutionalization and Civil Society Involvement: New Evidence from Turkey, Democratization 18 (3), 751-773.
  • Cohen, J. (1999) Trust, Voluntary Association and Workable Democracy: The Contemporary American discourse of Civil Society, Mark E. Warren Der. Democracy and Trust, 208-249 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Collier, R.B. ve Mahoney, J. (1997) Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recnt Democratization in South America and Southern Europe, Comparative Politics, 29, 285-303.
  • Dasgupta, P. ve Serageldin, I. (2000) Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Dekker, P. ve van den Broek, A. (1998) Civil Society in Comparative Perspective: Involvement in Voluntary Associations in North America and Western Europe, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 9 (1), 11-38.
  • Dekker, P. ve Uslaner, E. Der. (2001) Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, New York: Routledge.
  • Diamond, L. (1999) Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press
  • Erdoğan, E. (2006) Sosyal Sermaye, Güven ve Türk Gençliği, http://www.urbanhobbit.net/pdf/sosyal%20sermaye_emre%20erdogan.pdf (01.04.2018)
  • Ergun, A. (2010) Civil Society in Turkey and Local Dimensions of Europeanization, Journal of European Integration, 32 (5) (2010), 507-522.
  • Esmer, Y. (2012), “Türkiye Değerler Atlası,” Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, http://content.bahcesehir.edu.tr/public/files/files/ATLAS%20SUNUM%202_10_2012%20(2).pdf (01.04.2018)
  • Farole, T., Rodriguez-Pose, A., ve Storper, M. (2007) Social Capital, Rules and Institutions: A Cross-Country Investigation, Working paper, No. 12. Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Ciencias Sociales.
  • Granovetter, Mark (1973) The Strength of Weak Ties, American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi (1998) Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA), Nüfus Etüdleri Enstitüsü, Ankara http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/pdf/TNSA1998-AnaRapor.pdf
  • Haggard, S ve Kaufman, R. (1997) The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Comparative Politics, 29, 263-283.
  • Heper, M. ve Keyman, F. (1998) Double-Faced State: Political Patronage and the Consolidation of Democracy in Turkey, Middle Eastern Studies 34 (4), 259-277.
  • Hooghe, M. ve Stolle, D. Der. (2003) Generating Social Capital:Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, New York: Palgrave.
  • Howard, M. M. ve Gilbert, L. (2008) A Cross-National Comparison of the Internal Effects of Participation in Voluntary Organizations, Political Studies, 56: 12-32.
  • Huntington, S. (1991) Democracy’s Third Wave, Journal of Democracy, 2 (2), 12-34.
  • Inglehart, R. (1997) Modernization and Post-modernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (Der.), (2014) World Values Survey: Round Six - Country-Pooled Datafile 2010-2014. Madrid: JD Systems Institute. Version:http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV (01.02.2018)
  • İçduygu, A. (2011) Interacting Actors: The EU and Civil Society in Turkey, South European Society and Politics, 16 (3), 381-394.
  • İçduuygu, A., Meydanoğlu, Z. ve Sert, D. Ş. (2011). Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum: Bir Dönüm Noktası, Türkiye Üçüncü Sektör Vakfı, http://www.tusev.org.tr/tr/arastirma-ve-yayinlar/online-yayinlar/step-raporu-turkiyede-sivil-toplum-bir-donum-noktasi (03.05.2018)
  • Kadıoğlu, A. (2005) Civil Society, Islam, and Democracy in Turkey: A Study of Three Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations, The Muslim World 95 (1 ), 23-41.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2001) Turkish Democracy: Patronage versus Governance, Turkish Studies 2 (1), 54-70.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2002) State and Civil Society in Turkey: Democracy, Development and Protest, Amyn B. Sajoo (Der.) Civil Society in the Muslim World: Contemporary Perspective, 247-272. London, New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Kaliber, A. ve Tocci, N. (2010) Civil Society and the Transformation of Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Security Dialogue, 41, 191-215.
  • Keyman, F. ve İçduygu, A. (2003) Globalization, Civil Society and Citizenship in Turkey: Actors, Boundaries, and Discourses, Citizenship Studies 7 (2), 219-234.
  • Knack, S. (2002). Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from States American Journal of Political Science, 46 (4), 772-785.
  • Knack, S. (2003) Groups, Growth, and Trust: Cross-country Evidence for Olson and Putnam Hypotheses, Public Choice, 117 (3-4), 341-355.
  • Kubicek, P. (2002) The Earthquake, Civil Society, and Political Change in Turkey: Assessment and Comparison with Eastern Europe, Political Studies 50 (4), 761–778.
  • La Porta, L., Lopez-de-Silane, F, Shleifer, A. ve Vishny, R.W. (1995) Trust in Large Organizations, NBER Working paper Series #5864, http://www.nber.org/papers/w5864.pdf (03.06.2018)
  • Linz, J. ve Stepan, A. (1997) Toward Consolidated Democracies, Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, ve Hung-mao Tien (Der.) Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives, 14-33. Baltimore, London: The Johns Hopkins University.
  • Mair, P. (1998) Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Olson, M.(1982) The rise and decline of nations: Economic growth, stagflation, and social rigidities. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Pusch, B. (2000 Stepping into the Public Sphere: The Rise of Islamist and Religious-Conservative Women’s Non-Governmental Organizations, Stefanos Yerasimos, Günter Seufert, and Karin Vorhoff, Der. Civil Society in the Grip of Nationalism, 475-505. İstanbul, Orient-Institut and Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes.
  • Putnam, R., Nanetti, R., ve Leonardi, R. (1993) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, R.(2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
  • Putnam, Robert (2007) 2007 E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty- first Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture, Scandinavian Political Studies, 30, 137-174.
  • Rothstein, B. (2004). Social Capital and Institutional Legitimacy: The Corleone Connection, Sanjeev Prakash ve Per Selle, Der. Investigationg Social Capital: Comparative Perspectives on Civicl Society, Participation and Governance, 113-137, New Delhi: Sage.
  • Rumelili, B. Ve Çakmaklı, D. (2017) Civic Partiicpation and Citizenship in Turkey: A Comparative Study of Five Cities, South European Society and Politics, 22 (3), 365-384.
  • Sarkissian, A. ve Özler, İ. Ş. (2013) Democratization and the Politicization of Religious Civil Society in Turkey, Democratization, 20 (6), 1014-1035.
  • Sayarı, S. ve Esmer, Y. (2002) Politics, Parties and Elections in Turkey, Lynne Rienner, Boulder.
  • Sayarı, S., Musil, P.A. ve Demirkol, Ö. (2018) Party Politics in Turkey: A Comparative Perspective, Routledge, London.
  • Schlozman, K. L., Burns, N., ve Verba, S. (1994) Gender and Pathways to Participation: The Role of Resources, The Journal of Politics, 56 (4), 963-990.
  • Stolle, D. ve Rochon, T. R. (1998) Are All Associations Alike? Member Diversity, Associational Type, and the Creation of Social Capital, The American Behavioral Scientist, 42 (1), 47-65.
  • Stolle, D. (2001) ‘Getting to trust’: an analysis of the importance of institutions, families, personal experiences and group membership, Paul Dekker ve Eric Uslaner, Der. Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, 118-134, New York: Routledge.
  • Stolle, Dietlind (2002) Trusting Strangers- The Concept of Generalized Trust in Perspective, Austrian Journal of Political Science (ÖZP), 31 (4), 397-412.
  • Stolle, D. (2003) The Sources of Social Capital, Marc Hooghe ve Dietlind Stolle, Der. Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, 19-43, New York, Palgrave.
  • Şimşek, S. (2004) The Transformation of Civil Society in Turkey: From Quantity to Quality, Turkish Studies 5 (3), 46-74.
  • Tocqueville, A. (2003) Democracy in America and Two Essays on America, Çev. Gerald E. Bevan, London, Penguin.
  • TÜİK (2018), Bölgesel İstatistikler, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/ (05.05.2018)
  • Uğuz, H. E., Örselli, E., ve Sipahi, E. B. (2011) Sosyal Sermayenin Ölçümü: Türkiye Deneyimi, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6(1), 8-40.
  • Uslaner, E. (2001) Volunteering and Social Capital: How Trust and Religion Shape Civic Participation in the United States, Paul Dekker ve Eric Uslaner (Der.) Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, London: Routledge.
  • Uslaner, E. (2002) Moral Foundations of Trust. New York, Madrid, South Africa: Cambridge University Press.
  • Walzer, M. (1991) A Better Vision: The Idea of Civil Society, Dissent 39 (Spring), 293-304.
  • van der Meer, J. (2003) Rain or Fog? An Empirical Examination of Social Capital’s Rainmaker Effects, Marc Hooghe ve Dietlind Stolle, Der. Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, 133-153, New York, Palgrave.
  • Wnuk-Lipinski, E. (2009). Civil Society and Democratization, Russell Dalton ve Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Der. Political Behavior, 675-693, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası bir Karşılaştırma

Yıl 2018, , 44 - 77, 30.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.463391

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı,
1990’lardan günümüze, Türkiye’de sivil toplum kuruluşlarına (STK) katılımın ne
şekilde değiştiğini analiz ederek, STK’ların sosyal sermaye üretebilme
potansiyelini tartışmaktır. Bu özelliği ile çalışma, Türkiye’nin sosyal
sermayesi üzerine yapılan çalışmalara katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Analiz
için Dünya Değerler Araştırması’nın (DDA) 1994-2014 Türkiye verisi
kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, 2000’li yıllarda Türkiye’de STK katılım oranlarının
düştüğünü; geleneksel çıkar gruplarına katılımda gözlenen düşüşlerin dikkat
çekici olduğunu ve sosyal sermaye literatürünün önem atfettiği yeni siyasi
hareketler ve kendini ifade etme değerleri ile ilgili STK türlerine katılım
oranlarının, Türkiye’nin bölgeleri arasında ciddi farklılıklar gösterdiğini
ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, ayrıca, aynı dönemde, STK katılımcılarının değişen
demografik özelliklerine de dikkat çekmektedir. 2000’li yıllarda, daha fazla
kadın ve genç, STK’lara katılım göstermiş, STK katılımcılarının ortalama eğitim
seviyeleri de yükselmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Aytaç, S.E., Çarkoğlu A. and Ertan, G. (2017) Türkiye'de Kişilerarası Güven ve Bireysel Belirleyicileri, METU Studies in Development, 44 (1), 1-26.
  • Boşnak, B. (2016) Europeanization and De-Europeanization Dynamics in Turkey: The Case of Environmental Organizations, South European Society and Politics 21 (1), 75-90.
  • Brehm, J. ve Rahn, W. (1997) Individual-level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital, American Journal of Political Science 41 (3), 999-1023.
  • Cenker-Özek, C. (2017) Civic Space in Turkey: A Social Capital Approach to Civil Society, Turkish Studies, 18 (4), 688-709.
  • Çakmaklı, D. (2015) Active Citizenship in Turkey: Learning Citizenship in Civil Society Organizations, Citizenship Studies, 19 (3-4 ), 421-435.
  • Çarkoğlu, A. ve Cenker, I. C. (2011) On the Relationship Between Democratic Institutionalization and Civil Society Involvement: New Evidence from Turkey, Democratization 18 (3), 751-773.
  • Cohen, J. (1999) Trust, Voluntary Association and Workable Democracy: The Contemporary American discourse of Civil Society, Mark E. Warren Der. Democracy and Trust, 208-249 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Collier, R.B. ve Mahoney, J. (1997) Adding Collective Actors to Collective Outcomes: Labor and Recnt Democratization in South America and Southern Europe, Comparative Politics, 29, 285-303.
  • Dasgupta, P. ve Serageldin, I. (2000) Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Dekker, P. ve van den Broek, A. (1998) Civil Society in Comparative Perspective: Involvement in Voluntary Associations in North America and Western Europe, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 9 (1), 11-38.
  • Dekker, P. ve Uslaner, E. Der. (2001) Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, New York: Routledge.
  • Diamond, L. (1999) Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press
  • Erdoğan, E. (2006) Sosyal Sermaye, Güven ve Türk Gençliği, http://www.urbanhobbit.net/pdf/sosyal%20sermaye_emre%20erdogan.pdf (01.04.2018)
  • Ergun, A. (2010) Civil Society in Turkey and Local Dimensions of Europeanization, Journal of European Integration, 32 (5) (2010), 507-522.
  • Esmer, Y. (2012), “Türkiye Değerler Atlası,” Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, http://content.bahcesehir.edu.tr/public/files/files/ATLAS%20SUNUM%202_10_2012%20(2).pdf (01.04.2018)
  • Farole, T., Rodriguez-Pose, A., ve Storper, M. (2007) Social Capital, Rules and Institutions: A Cross-Country Investigation, Working paper, No. 12. Instituto Madrileno de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Ciencias Sociales.
  • Granovetter, Mark (1973) The Strength of Weak Ties, American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi (1998) Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA), Nüfus Etüdleri Enstitüsü, Ankara http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/pdf/TNSA1998-AnaRapor.pdf
  • Haggard, S ve Kaufman, R. (1997) The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Comparative Politics, 29, 263-283.
  • Heper, M. ve Keyman, F. (1998) Double-Faced State: Political Patronage and the Consolidation of Democracy in Turkey, Middle Eastern Studies 34 (4), 259-277.
  • Hooghe, M. ve Stolle, D. Der. (2003) Generating Social Capital:Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, New York: Palgrave.
  • Howard, M. M. ve Gilbert, L. (2008) A Cross-National Comparison of the Internal Effects of Participation in Voluntary Organizations, Political Studies, 56: 12-32.
  • Huntington, S. (1991) Democracy’s Third Wave, Journal of Democracy, 2 (2), 12-34.
  • Inglehart, R. (1997) Modernization and Post-modernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (Der.), (2014) World Values Survey: Round Six - Country-Pooled Datafile 2010-2014. Madrid: JD Systems Institute. Version:http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV (01.02.2018)
  • İçduygu, A. (2011) Interacting Actors: The EU and Civil Society in Turkey, South European Society and Politics, 16 (3), 381-394.
  • İçduuygu, A., Meydanoğlu, Z. ve Sert, D. Ş. (2011). Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum: Bir Dönüm Noktası, Türkiye Üçüncü Sektör Vakfı, http://www.tusev.org.tr/tr/arastirma-ve-yayinlar/online-yayinlar/step-raporu-turkiyede-sivil-toplum-bir-donum-noktasi (03.05.2018)
  • Kadıoğlu, A. (2005) Civil Society, Islam, and Democracy in Turkey: A Study of Three Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations, The Muslim World 95 (1 ), 23-41.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2001) Turkish Democracy: Patronage versus Governance, Turkish Studies 2 (1), 54-70.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2002) State and Civil Society in Turkey: Democracy, Development and Protest, Amyn B. Sajoo (Der.) Civil Society in the Muslim World: Contemporary Perspective, 247-272. London, New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • Kaliber, A. ve Tocci, N. (2010) Civil Society and the Transformation of Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Security Dialogue, 41, 191-215.
  • Keyman, F. ve İçduygu, A. (2003) Globalization, Civil Society and Citizenship in Turkey: Actors, Boundaries, and Discourses, Citizenship Studies 7 (2), 219-234.
  • Knack, S. (2002). Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from States American Journal of Political Science, 46 (4), 772-785.
  • Knack, S. (2003) Groups, Growth, and Trust: Cross-country Evidence for Olson and Putnam Hypotheses, Public Choice, 117 (3-4), 341-355.
  • Kubicek, P. (2002) The Earthquake, Civil Society, and Political Change in Turkey: Assessment and Comparison with Eastern Europe, Political Studies 50 (4), 761–778.
  • La Porta, L., Lopez-de-Silane, F, Shleifer, A. ve Vishny, R.W. (1995) Trust in Large Organizations, NBER Working paper Series #5864, http://www.nber.org/papers/w5864.pdf (03.06.2018)
  • Linz, J. ve Stepan, A. (1997) Toward Consolidated Democracies, Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, ve Hung-mao Tien (Der.) Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives, 14-33. Baltimore, London: The Johns Hopkins University.
  • Mair, P. (1998) Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Olson, M.(1982) The rise and decline of nations: Economic growth, stagflation, and social rigidities. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Pusch, B. (2000 Stepping into the Public Sphere: The Rise of Islamist and Religious-Conservative Women’s Non-Governmental Organizations, Stefanos Yerasimos, Günter Seufert, and Karin Vorhoff, Der. Civil Society in the Grip of Nationalism, 475-505. İstanbul, Orient-Institut and Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes.
  • Putnam, R., Nanetti, R., ve Leonardi, R. (1993) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, R.(2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
  • Putnam, Robert (2007) 2007 E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty- first Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture, Scandinavian Political Studies, 30, 137-174.
  • Rothstein, B. (2004). Social Capital and Institutional Legitimacy: The Corleone Connection, Sanjeev Prakash ve Per Selle, Der. Investigationg Social Capital: Comparative Perspectives on Civicl Society, Participation and Governance, 113-137, New Delhi: Sage.
  • Rumelili, B. Ve Çakmaklı, D. (2017) Civic Partiicpation and Citizenship in Turkey: A Comparative Study of Five Cities, South European Society and Politics, 22 (3), 365-384.
  • Sarkissian, A. ve Özler, İ. Ş. (2013) Democratization and the Politicization of Religious Civil Society in Turkey, Democratization, 20 (6), 1014-1035.
  • Sayarı, S. ve Esmer, Y. (2002) Politics, Parties and Elections in Turkey, Lynne Rienner, Boulder.
  • Sayarı, S., Musil, P.A. ve Demirkol, Ö. (2018) Party Politics in Turkey: A Comparative Perspective, Routledge, London.
  • Schlozman, K. L., Burns, N., ve Verba, S. (1994) Gender and Pathways to Participation: The Role of Resources, The Journal of Politics, 56 (4), 963-990.
  • Stolle, D. ve Rochon, T. R. (1998) Are All Associations Alike? Member Diversity, Associational Type, and the Creation of Social Capital, The American Behavioral Scientist, 42 (1), 47-65.
  • Stolle, D. (2001) ‘Getting to trust’: an analysis of the importance of institutions, families, personal experiences and group membership, Paul Dekker ve Eric Uslaner, Der. Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, 118-134, New York: Routledge.
  • Stolle, Dietlind (2002) Trusting Strangers- The Concept of Generalized Trust in Perspective, Austrian Journal of Political Science (ÖZP), 31 (4), 397-412.
  • Stolle, D. (2003) The Sources of Social Capital, Marc Hooghe ve Dietlind Stolle, Der. Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, 19-43, New York, Palgrave.
  • Şimşek, S. (2004) The Transformation of Civil Society in Turkey: From Quantity to Quality, Turkish Studies 5 (3), 46-74.
  • Tocqueville, A. (2003) Democracy in America and Two Essays on America, Çev. Gerald E. Bevan, London, Penguin.
  • TÜİK (2018), Bölgesel İstatistikler, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/ (05.05.2018)
  • Uğuz, H. E., Örselli, E., ve Sipahi, E. B. (2011) Sosyal Sermayenin Ölçümü: Türkiye Deneyimi, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6(1), 8-40.
  • Uslaner, E. (2001) Volunteering and Social Capital: How Trust and Religion Shape Civic Participation in the United States, Paul Dekker ve Eric Uslaner (Der.) Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, London: Routledge.
  • Uslaner, E. (2002) Moral Foundations of Trust. New York, Madrid, South Africa: Cambridge University Press.
  • Walzer, M. (1991) A Better Vision: The Idea of Civil Society, Dissent 39 (Spring), 293-304.
  • van der Meer, J. (2003) Rain or Fog? An Empirical Examination of Social Capital’s Rainmaker Effects, Marc Hooghe ve Dietlind Stolle, Der. Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, 133-153, New York, Palgrave.
  • Wnuk-Lipinski, E. (2009). Civil Society and Democratization, Russell Dalton ve Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Der. Political Behavior, 675-693, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cerem İ. Cenker-özek 0000-0001-5689-1322

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2018
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Cenker-özek, C. İ. (2018). 1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası bir Karşılaştırma. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 18(2018 Özel Sayısı), 44-77. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.463391
AMA Cenker-özek Cİ. 1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası bir Karşılaştırma. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. Eylül 2018;18(2018 Özel Sayısı):44-77. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.463391
Chicago Cenker-özek, Cerem İ. “1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye Ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası Bir Karşılaştırma”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 18, sy. 2018 Özel Sayısı (Eylül 2018): 44-77. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.463391.
EndNote Cenker-özek Cİ (01 Eylül 2018) 1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası bir Karşılaştırma. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 18 2018 Özel Sayısı 44–77.
IEEE C. İ. Cenker-özek, “1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası bir Karşılaştırma”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, c. 18, sy. 2018 Özel Sayısı, ss. 44–77, 2018, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.463391.
ISNAD Cenker-özek, Cerem İ. “1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye Ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası Bir Karşılaştırma”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 18/2018 Özel Sayısı (Eylül 2018), 44-77. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.463391.
JAMA Cenker-özek Cİ. 1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası bir Karşılaştırma. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2018;18:44–77.
MLA Cenker-özek, Cerem İ. “1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye Ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası Bir Karşılaştırma”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, c. 18, sy. 2018 Özel Sayısı, 2018, ss. 44-77, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.463391.
Vancouver Cenker-özek Cİ. 1990’lardan Günümüze Türkiye’de Sosyal Sermaye ve Sivil Toplum: Bölgeler Arası bir Karşılaştırma. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2018;18(2018 Özel Sayısı):44-77.
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