Gelir Eşitsizliğinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 57 - 72, 15.09.2017

Arş. Grv. Dr. Seher Gülşah Topuz Prof. Dr. Kemal Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.417276

Cited By: 3

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı gelir eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde bir etkisinin olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Teorik literatürde gelir eşitsizliği ve ekonomik büyüme arasında negatif ya da pozitif ilişki olabileceği veya herhangi anlamlı bir ilişkinin bulunmadığı ileri sürülürken; ampirik çalışmalarda da teorik literatürle uyumlu olacak şekilde oldukça farklı sonuçların elde edildiği görülmektedir. Buna bağlı olarak bu çalışmada da gelir eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi farklı gelir seviyelerinde bulunan ülkeler için araştırılmaktadır. 154 ülkeye ait 1980-2014 dönemini kapsayan veri seti ile düşük ve düşük-orta gelirli ile üst-orta gelirli ve yüksek gelirli ülkeler için ayrı ayrı tahminler yapılmaktadır. Gelir eşitsizliğinde yaşanan değişimin ekonomik büyümeyi nasıl etkilediğine dair yapılan bu tahminlerde temel Solow büyüme modeli (1956) ve bu modele beşeri sermayenin de dahil edildiği Mankiw vd. (1992)’nin modeli diğer bir ifadeyle genişletilmiş Solow büyüme modeli kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmanın genel bulguları, gelir eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisinin ülkelerin gelir seviyelerine göre değişebileceğini göstermektedir. Düşük ve düşük-orta gelirli ülkelerde gelir eşitsizliğindeki artış ekonomik büyümeyi arttırırken üst-orta gelirli ve yüksek gelirli ülkelerde ise ekonomik büyümeyi azalttığını destekleyen kanıtlar elde edilmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gelir Eşitsizliği, Ekonomik Büyüme, Solow Büyüme Modeli

Kaynakça

• Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J. A. (2001). A Theory of Political Transitions. American Economic Review, 938-963.
• Aghion, P., Bolton, P. (1997). A Theory Of Trickle-Down Growth and Development. The Review of Economic Studies, 64(2), 151-172.
• Aghion, P., Caroli, E., and Garcia-Penalosa, C. (1999). Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective Of The New Growth Theories. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(4), 1615-1660.
• Alesina, A., Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive Politics and Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
• Alesina, A., Perotti, R. (1996). Income Distribution, Political İnstability and İnvestment. European economic review, 40(6), 1203-1228.
• Amarante, V. (2014). Revisiting Inequality and Growth: Evidence for Developing Countries. Growth and Change, 45(4), 571-589.
• Arellano, M., Bover, O. (1995). Another Look At The İnstrumental Variables Estimation Of Errorcomponents Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29–51.
• Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of economic studies, 58(2), 277-297.
• Banerjee, A. V., Duflo, E. (2003). Inequality And Growth: What Can The Data Say?. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(3), 267-299.
• Banerjee, A. V., Newman, A. F. (1993). Occupational Choice and The Process of Development. Journal of Political Economy, 101(2), 274-298.
• Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and Growth in A Panel of Countries. Journal of economic growth, 5(1), 5-32.
• Barro, R. J. (2008). Inequality and Growth Revisited. Asian Development Bank Working Papers, No: 11.
• Bengoa, M., Sanchez-Robles, B. (2005). Does Equality Reduce Growth? Some Empirical Evidence. Applied Economics Letters, 12(8), 479-483.
• Birdsall, N., Ross, D., Sabot, R. (1995). Inequality and Growth Reconsidered: Lessons From East Asia. The World Bank Economic Review, 9(3), 477-508.
• Birdsall, N., Pinckney, T. C., Sabot, R. (1996). Why Low Inequality Spurs Growth: Savings and İnvestment By The Poor. Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper, No: 327.
• Blundell, R. and Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143.
• Bourguignon, F. (1981). Pareto Superiority of Unegalitarian Equilibria In Stiglitz’ Model Of Wealth Distribution With Convex Saving Function. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(6), 1469-1475.
• Brueckner, M., Lederman, D. (2015). Effects of İncome Inequality on Aggregate Output. Policy Research Working Paper, No: 7317.
• Castelló-Climent, A. (2004). A Reassessment of The Relationship Between İnequality and Growth: What Human Capital İnequality Data Say?. IVIE Working Paper WP-EC, No: 2004-15.
• Castelló-Climent, A. (2010). Inequality and Growth in Advanced Economies: An Empirical Investigation. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8(3), 293-321.
• Castelló, A., Doménech, R. (2002). Human Capital Inequality and Economic Growth: Some New Evidence. The economic journal, 112(478), 187-200.
• Chang, B. Y., Fru, A. M. (2015). A Study on Inequality And Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From The South African Development Community. Proceedings of MAC-EMM 2015 in Prague, 4-6 December 2015, 132-139.
• Clarke, G. R. (1995). More Evidence on Income Distribution And Growth. Journal of development Economics, 47(2), 403-427.
• De La Croix, D., Doepke, M. (2003). Inequality and Growth: Why Differential Fertility Matters. The American Economic Review, 93(4), 1091-1113.
• Erkal, G., Akıncı, M., Yılmaz, Ö. (2015). Yoksulluk, Gelir Eşitsizliği Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Doğu Avrupa Ve Latin Amerika Ülkeleri İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. TISK Academy/TISK Akademi, 10(19), 66-87.
• Forbes, K. J. (2000). A Reassessment of The Relationship Between Inequality and Growth. American economic review, 90(4), 869-887.
• Galor, O. (2009). Inequality and Economic Development: An Overview. Providence, RI: Brown University, Working Paper, No. 2009-3.
• Galor, O. (2011). Inequality, Human Capital Formation and The Process of Development. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No: 17058.
• Galor, O., Moav, O. (2004). From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and The Process of Development. The Review of Economic Studies, 71(4), 1001-1026.
• Galor, O., Weil, D. N. (1996). The Gender Gap, Fertility, and Growth. The American Economic Review, 86(3), 374-387.
• Galor, O., Zeira, J. (1993). Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(1), 35-52.
• Herzer, D., Vollmer, S. (2012). Inequality and Growth: Evidence From Panel Cointegration. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 10(4), 489-503.
• Iradian, G. (2005). Inequality, poverty, and growth: cross-country evidence. International Monetary Fund Working Paper, 05/28.
• Josten, S. D. (2004). Social Capital, Inequality, and Economic Growth. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE, 160(4), 663-680.
• Kaldor, N. (1957). A Model of Economic Growth. Economic Journal, 67, 591–624.
• Kelly, M. (2000). Inequality and Crime. Review of economics and Statistics, 82(4), 530-539.
• Keynes, J. M. (1920). The Economic Consequences of the Peace. New York: Dover Publications.
• Knowles, S. (2005). Inequality and Economic Growth: The Empirical Relationship Reconsidered in The Light of Comparable Data. The Journal of Development Studies, 41(1), 135-159.
• Kremer, M., Chen, D. L. (2002). Income Distribution Dynamics with Endogenous Fertility. Journal of Economic growth, 7(3), 227-258.
• Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
• Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic Development with Unlimited Supply of Labor. The Manchester School, 22, 139–191.
• Li, H., Zou, H. F. (1998). Income Inequality Is Not Harmful For Growth: Theory and Evidence. Review of development economics, 2(3), 318-334.
• Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. and Weil, D. N. (1992). A Contribution to The Empirics of Economic Growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 107(2), 407-437.
• Meltzer, A. H., Richard, S. F. (1981). A Rational Theory of The Size of Government. Journal of political Economy, 89(5), 914-927.
• Nahum, R. A. (2005). Income Inequality and Growth: A Panel Study Of Swedish Counties 1960-2000. Department of Economics, Uppsala University Working Paper, No: 2005: 8.
• Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J.C., Hausken, K. (2013). Inequality, economic growth, and poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), African Development Bank Group, Working Paper, No. 195.
• Ortega-Díaz, A. (2006). Assessment Of The Relationship Between İncome İnequality and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis of The 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, 1960–2002. Contributions to Economic Analysis, 274, 361-381.
• Pagano, P. (2004). An Empirical Investigation of The Relationship Between Inequality and Growth. Bank of Italy Temi di Discussione, No: 536.
• Partridge, M. D. (1997). Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? Comment. The American Economic Review, 87(5), 1019-1032.
• Pede, V. O., Florax, R. J. G. M. P., Partridge, M. D. (2009). Employment Growth And Income Inequality: Accounting for Spatial and Sectoral Differences. The presentation at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting. Wisconsin.
• Perotti, R. (1993). Political Equilibrium, Income Distribution, and Growth. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(4), 755-776.
• Perotti, R. (1996). Growth, Income distribution, and Democracy: What The Data Say. Journal of Economic growth, 1(2), 149-187.
• Persson, T., Tabellini, G. (1994). Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?. The American Economic Review, 84(3), 600-621.
• Qin, D., Cagas, M. A., Ducanes, G., He, X., Liu, R., Liu, S. (2009). Effects of Income Inequality on China’s Economic Growth. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(1), 69-86.
• Roodman, D. (2009), How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. The Stata Journal, 9(1), 86-136.
• Smith, A. (1776). The wealth of nations. New York: Modern Library.
• Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to The Theory of Economic Growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
• Valdés, B. (1999). Economic Growth: Theory, Empirics and Policy. Great Britain: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Van der Weide, R., Milanovic, B. (2014). Inequality Is Bad For Growth of The Poor (But Not For That of The Rich). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No: 6963.
• Venieris, Y. P., Gupta, D. K. (1986). Income Distribution and Sociopolitical Instability As Determinants of Savings: A Cross-Sectional Model. Journal of Political Economy, 94(4), 873-883.
• Voitchovsky, S. (2005). Does The Profile of Income Inequality Matter For Economic Growth?. Journal of Economic growth, 10(3), 273-296.