Araştırma Makalesi
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Küresel Siyaset Penceresinden Diasporaları Anlamak: Bir Analiz Çerçevesi Denemesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 899 - 920, 27.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1323108

Öz

Küreselleşmenin yarattığı dünyanın siyaset bilimi ve uluslararası ilişkileri birbirine yaklaştırması, küresel siyaseti yeni bir çalışma alanı olarak gündeme getirmiştir. Alışık olduğumuz/tanıdık disiplinlere ait yerleşik kavramlar ve teoriler, günümüz olaylarını ve süreçlerini anlama noktasında yetersiz kalmaktadır. Diasporalar da bunlardan biridir. Bu doğrultuda, bu çalışmanın amacı, küresel siyaset penceresinden diasporaları analiz etmek için bir çerçeve önermektir. Öncelikle, küresel siyasetin nasıl bir alan olduğu anlaşılmaya çalışılarak diasporaların bu alandaki yeri incelenmiştir. Sonrasında ise hem küreselleşme hem de diaspora kavramları ile sık sık birlikte anılan ulus-ötesicilik ve kozmopolitçilik kavramları ele alınmıştır. Kavramsal farkların ortaya konulmasını takiben iç içe geçmiş kümeler şeklinde bir çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Bu çerçevede en dış küme olan küresel siyaset kümesi, bir ‘analiz çerçevesi’ olarak konumlanmıştır. Alt kümeleri ise sırasıyla ‘olguları ve gerçek süreçleri’ anlatacak şekilde küreselleşme kümesi, ‘araştırma perspektifini’ işaret edecek şekilde ulus-ötesicilik kümesi, ‘aktörler’ olarak ise diasporalar kümesi oluşturmuştur. Diaspora kümesi içinde, aynı zamanda tüm kümelerin ortak yanı olarak, dikey ve yatay ağların dikkate alınması ile çok-seviyeli (dünya-bölgesel-ulusal-yerel) ve çok-boyutlu (siyaset, ekonomi, kültür) analizlerin gerekliliği yer almıştır. Kozmopolitçilik ise bir ideoloji, paradigma ve değerler sistemi olarak çerçevenin tercihe bağlı zemini olarak konumlanmıştır. Böyle bir çerçeve ile spesifik olarak diasporaları çalışmak için daha detaylı bir kavramsal ve daha kapsamlı bir teorik tartışma ise bir başka çalışmanın konusu olarak sonuç ve öneriler kısmında yer almıştır.

Kaynakça

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  • Appiah, K. A. (2006). Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in world of strangers. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Bauböck, R. (2010). Cold constellations and hot identities: Political theory questions about transnationalism and diaspora. R. Bauböck ve T. Faist (Ed.), Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, theories and methods (s. 295-322) içinde. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Beck, U. (2011). Cosmopolitan sociology: Outline of a paradigm shift. M. Rovisco ve M. Nowicka (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism (s. 17-32) içinde. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • Beeson, M. ve Bisley, N. (Ed.). (2017). Issues in 21st century world politics (3. bs.). Londra ve New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ben-Rafael, E. ve Sternberg, Y. (2009). Introduction: Debating transnationalism. E. Ben-Rafael ve Y. Sternberg (Ed.), Transnationalism: Diasporas and advent of new (dis)order (s. 1-28) içinde. Leiden: Brill.
  • Bernal, V. (2010). Diasporas and cyberspace. K. Knott ve S. McLoughlin (Ed.), Diasporas: Concepts, intersections, identities (s. 167-174) içinde. Londra: Zed Books.
  • Bretherton, C. ve Ponton, G. (Ed.). (1996). Global politics: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
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  • Brown, G. W. ve Held, D. (2010). Editors’ introduction. G. W. Brown ve D. Held (Ed.), The cosmopolitanism reader (s. 1-14) içinde. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Brubaker, R. (2005). The ‘diaspora’ diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/0141987042000289997
  • Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. ve Stevens, C. R. (2010). An introduction to global studies. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Carment, D. ve Sadjed, A. (2017). Introduction: Coming to terms with diaspora cooperation. D. Carment ve A. Sadjed (Ed.), Diaspora as cultures of cooperation: Global and local perspectives (s. 1-26) içinde. Cham: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society (2. bs.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Cavallar, G. (2015). Kant’s embedded cosmopolitanism: History, philosophy, and education for world citizens. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
  • Cheah, P. (2011). The cosmopolitcal. M. Rovisco ve M. Nowicka (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism (s. 211-224) içinde. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 302-338, Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i226887
  • Cohen, R. (2008). Global diasporas: An introduction (İkinci Basım). Londra, New York: Routledge.
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  • Collinsdictionary. Diaspora. Collins English Dictionary içinde. Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2022, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/diaspora.
  • Collinsdictionary. Dimension. Collins English Dictionary içinde. Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dimension.
  • Collinsdictionary. Framework. Collins English Dictionary içinde. Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2023, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/framework.
  • Constas, D. C. ve Platias, A. G. (Ed.) (1993). Diasporas in world politics: The Greeks in comparative perspective. UK: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Daswani, G. (2013). The anthropology of transnationalism and diaspora. A. Quayson ve G. Daswani (Ed.), A companion to diaspora and transnationalism (s. 29-53) içinde. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Délano, A. ve Gamlen, A. (2014). Comparing and theorizing state-diaspora relations. Political Geography, 14, 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005.
  • Delanty, G. (2012). Introduction: the emerging field of cosmopolitanism studies. G. Delanty (Ed.), Routledge handbook of cosmopolitanism studies (s. 1-8) içinde. New York, NY: Routledge.
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  • Edkins, J. ve Zehfuss, M. (Ed.). (2019). Global politics: A new introduction (Üçüncü Basım). New York, NY: Routledge.
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  • Fine, R. (2007). Cosmopolitanism. New York, NY: Routledge.
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  • Gamlen, A., Cummings, M. E. ve Vaaler, P. M. (2019). Explaining the rise of diaspora institutions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(4), 492-516. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409163
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Comprehension of Diasporas Through the Lens of Global Politics: A Proposal for a Framework of Analysis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 899 - 920, 27.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1323108

Öz

The world created by globalization brings political science and international relations closer to each other and, at the same time, brings global politics to the agenda as a new field of study. Well-known concepts and theories of familiar disciplines are insufficient to understand today's events and processes. Diasporas are one of them. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to develop a framework for analyzing diasporas through the lens of global politics. First of all, the global politics as a field and the place of diasporas in the field is examined. Afterwards, the concepts of transnationalism and cosmopolitanism, which are often mentioned together with the concepts of globalization and diaspora, are discussed. After revealing the conceptual differences, a framework is developed in the form of nested clusters. In this framework, the outermost cluster of global politics is positioned as an analysis framework. Its sub-sets are formed by 'globalization' to describe phenomena and real processes, 'transnationalism' to indicate the research perspective, and 'diasporas' as actors. Within the diaspora cluster, at the same time as aspects of all clusters, the necessity of multi-level (world-regional-national-local) and multi-dimensional (politics, economy, culture) analyzes are located besides vertical and horizontal networks. Cosmopolitanism, on the other hand, is positioned as the optional ground of the framework as an ideology, paradigm and value system. With such a framework, a more detailed conceptual and more comprehensive theoretical discussion to study diasporas specifically is included in the conclusion and recommendations section as the subject of another study.

Kaynakça

  • Agathangelou, A. M. ve Ling, L. H. M. (2009). Transforming world politics: From empire to multiple worlds. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Appiah, K. A. (2006). Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in world of strangers. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Bauböck, R. (2010). Cold constellations and hot identities: Political theory questions about transnationalism and diaspora. R. Bauböck ve T. Faist (Ed.), Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, theories and methods (s. 295-322) içinde. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Beck, U. (2011). Cosmopolitan sociology: Outline of a paradigm shift. M. Rovisco ve M. Nowicka (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism (s. 17-32) içinde. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • Beeson, M. ve Bisley, N. (Ed.). (2017). Issues in 21st century world politics (3. bs.). Londra ve New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ben-Rafael, E. ve Sternberg, Y. (2009). Introduction: Debating transnationalism. E. Ben-Rafael ve Y. Sternberg (Ed.), Transnationalism: Diasporas and advent of new (dis)order (s. 1-28) içinde. Leiden: Brill.
  • Bernal, V. (2010). Diasporas and cyberspace. K. Knott ve S. McLoughlin (Ed.), Diasporas: Concepts, intersections, identities (s. 167-174) içinde. Londra: Zed Books.
  • Bretherton, C. ve Ponton, G. (Ed.). (1996). Global politics: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Brock, G. ve Brighouse, H. (Ed.) (2005). The political philosophy of cosmopolitanism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brock, G. (2013). Rethinking the cosmopolitanism versus non-cosmopolitanism debate: An introduction. G. Brock (Ed.), Cosmopolitanism versus non-cosmopolitanism: Critiques, defenses, reconceptualizations (s. 1-34) içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brown, G. W. ve Held, D. (2010). Editors’ introduction. G. W. Brown ve D. Held (Ed.), The cosmopolitanism reader (s. 1-14) içinde. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Brubaker, R. (2005). The ‘diaspora’ diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/0141987042000289997
  • Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. ve Stevens, C. R. (2010). An introduction to global studies. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Carment, D. ve Sadjed, A. (2017). Introduction: Coming to terms with diaspora cooperation. D. Carment ve A. Sadjed (Ed.), Diaspora as cultures of cooperation: Global and local perspectives (s. 1-26) içinde. Cham: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society (2. bs.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Cavallar, G. (2015). Kant’s embedded cosmopolitanism: History, philosophy, and education for world citizens. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
  • Cheah, P. (2011). The cosmopolitcal. M. Rovisco ve M. Nowicka (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism (s. 211-224) içinde. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 302-338, Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i226887
  • Cohen, R. (2008). Global diasporas: An introduction (İkinci Basım). Londra, New York: Routledge.
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  • Daswani, G. (2013). The anthropology of transnationalism and diaspora. A. Quayson ve G. Daswani (Ed.), A companion to diaspora and transnationalism (s. 29-53) içinde. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Délano, A. ve Gamlen, A. (2014). Comparing and theorizing state-diaspora relations. Political Geography, 14, 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005.
  • Delanty, G. (2012). Introduction: the emerging field of cosmopolitanism studies. G. Delanty (Ed.), Routledge handbook of cosmopolitanism studies (s. 1-8) içinde. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Dharwadker, V. (2011). Diaspora and cosmopolitanism. M. Rovisco ve M. Nowicka (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism (s. 125-146) içinde. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • Edkins, J. ve Zehfuss, M. (Ed.). (2019). Global politics: A new introduction (Üçüncü Basım). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Faist, T. (2010). Diaspora and transnationalism: What kind of dance partners?. R. Bauböck ve T. Faist (Ed.), Diaspora and transnationalism: concepts, theories and methods (s. 9-34) içinde. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Fine, R. (2007). Cosmopolitanism. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Friedman, L. M. (2002). Yatay toplum (1.bs.) (A. Fethi, Çev.). İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Gamlen, A., Cummings, M. E. ve Vaaler, P. M. (2019). Explaining the rise of diaspora institutions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(4), 492-516. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409163
  • Guarnizo, L. E. ve Smith, M. P. (2017). The locations of transnationalism. M. P. Smith ve L. E. Guarnizo (Ed.), Transnationalism from below (s. 3-34) içinde. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Gupta, S. ve Padmanabhan, S. (2017). Introduction. S. Gupta ve S. Padmanabhan(Ed.), Politics and cosmopolitanism in a global age (s. 1-16) içinde. Londra, New York ve Yeni Delhi: Routledge.
  • Haynes, J., Hough, P., Malik, S. ve Pettiford, L. (2017). World politics: International relations and globalisation in the 21st century (2. bs.). London: Sage.
  • Held, D. (2011). Cosmopolitanism, democracy and the global order. M. Rovisco ve M. Nowicka (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism (s. 163-178) içinde. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • Held, D. (2010). Cosmopolitanism: Ideals, realities & deficits. Cambridge ve Malden, MA: Polity Press.
  • Held, D. (2005). Principles of cosmopolitan order. G. Brock ve H. Brighouse (Ed.), The political philosophy of cosmopolitanism (s. 10-27) içinde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Held, D. (Ed.). (2004). A globalizing world? Culture, economics, politics (İkinci Basım). New York, NY: Routledge & The Open University.
  • Heywood, A. (2013/1997). Politics (4. bs.). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Heywood, A. (2012). Siyasetin temel kavramları (Hayrettin Özler, Çev.). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Heywood, A. (2011). Global politics. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Howard, M. J. (2011). Transnationalism and society: An introduction. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company.
  • Inglis, D. ve Robertson, R. (2011). From cosmos to globe: Relating cosmopolitanism, globalization and glocality. M. Rovisco ve M. Nowicka (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism (s. 295-312) içinde. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • Katzenstein, P. J. (Ed.). (2010). Civilization in world politics: Plural and pluralist perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Kavalski, E. (Ed.). (2016). Encounters with world affairs: An introduction to international relations. New York, NY: Routledge. Lamy, S. L., Masker, J. S., Baylis, J., Smith, S. ve Owens, P. (2020). Inroduction to global politics (6. bs.). New York ve Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Larres, K. ve Wittlinger, R. (Ed.). (2020). Understanding global politics: Actors and themes in international affairs. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Levitt, P. (2010). Transnationalism. K. Knott ve S. McLoughlin (Ed.), Diasporas: Concepts, intersections, identities (s. 39-44) içinde. Londra: Zed Books.
  • Lionnet, F. ve Shih, S. (2005). Introduction: Thinking through the minor, transnationally. F. Lionnet ve S. Shih (Ed.), Minor transnationalism (s. 1-26) içinde. Durham ve Londra: Duke University Press.
  • Lyons, T. ve Mandaville, P. (2012). Introduction: Politics from afar: Transnational diasporas and networks. T. Lyons ve P. Mandaville (Ed.), Politics from afar: Transnational diasporas and networks (s. 1-24) içinde. Londra: Hurst & Company.
  • Madakbaş-Gülener, E. (2020). Diaspora-üzerine uzman(lık), politika çalışmaları için neyi ima ediyor?. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15(1), 393-424. doi: 10.17550/akademikincelemeler.588039
  • Mansbach, R. W. ve Taylor, K. L. (2018). Introduction to global politics (3. bs.). Abington, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Marchetti, R. (2013). Introduction: political agency in the age of globalization. B. Maiguashca ve R. Marchetti (Ed.), Contemporary political agency: Theory and practice (s. 1-13) içinde. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • McCormick, J. (2018). Introduction to global studies. London: Red Globe Press.
  • McGrew, A. G. ve Lewis, P. G. et al. (Ed.). (1992). Global politics: Globalization and the nation-state. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
  • McGrew, A. G. (1992). Global politics in transitional era. A. McGrew ve P. G. Lewis et al. (Ed.), Global politics: Globalization and the nation-state (s. 312-330) içinde. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Miller, R. W. (2005). Cosmopolitan respect and patriotic concern. G. Brock ve H. Brighouse (Ed.), The political philosophy of cosmopolitanism (s. 127-147) içinde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2010). Kant and Cosmopolitanism. G. W. Brown ve D. Held (Ed.), The cosmopolitanism reader (s. 27-44) içinde. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Ostergaard-Nielsen, E. (2001). Diasporas in world politics. D. Josselin ve W. Wallace (Ed.), Non-state actors in world politics (s. 218-234) içinde. New York, NY: Palgrave.
  • Pin-Fat, V. (2019). How do we begin to think about the world?. J. Edkins ve M. Zehfuss (Ed.). Global politics: A new inroduction (3. bs.) (s. 20-37) içinde. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Pogge, T. (2005). A cosmopolitan perspective on the global economic order. G. Brock ve H. Brighouse (Ed.), The political philosophy of cosmopolitanism (s. 92-109) içinde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Quayson, A. ve Daswani, G. (2013). Introduction – Diaspora and transnationalism: Scapes, scales, scopes. A. Quayson ve G. Daswani (Ed.), A companion to diaspora and transnationalism (s. 1-26) içinde. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Ragazzi, F. (2017). Diasporas, cosmopolitanism and post-territorial citizenship. S. Gupta ve S. Padmanabhan (Ed.), Politics and cosmopolitanism in a global age (s. 137-165) içinde. Londra, New York ve Yeni Delhi: Routledge. Rosenau, J. N. (2016). People count!: Networked individuals in global politics. Abingdon, Oxford; New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in modern societies: Myths od homeland and return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1(1), 83-99. doi: 10.1353/dsp.1991.0004
  • Sanahuja, L. C. (2017). Towards Kantian cosmopolitanism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sanahuja, L. C. ve F. Ghia (Ed.). (2015). Cosmopolitanism: Between ideals and reality. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Schiller, N. G. (2017). Diasporic cosmopolitanism: Migrants, sociabilities and city making. N. G. Schiller ve A. Irving (Ed.), Whose cosmopolitanism: Critical perspectives, relationalities and discontens (s. 103-120) içinde. Oxford: Berghahn.
  • Sheffer, G. (2003). Diaspora politics: At home abroad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sinanan, J. ve Horst, H. A. (2022). Communications technologies and transnational networks. B. S. A. Yeoh ve F. L. Collins (Ed.), Handbook on transnationalism (s. 371-387) içinde. UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Skrbis, Z. ve I. Woodward (2013). Cosmopolitanism: Uses of the idea. Londra: Sage.
  • Spiegel, S. L., Matthews, E. G., Taw, J. M. ve Wiliams, K. P. (2013). World politics in a new era (6. bs.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sternberg, Y. (2009). Contemporary immigration in comparative perspective. E. Ben-Rafael ve Y. Sternberg (Ed.), Transnationalism: Diasporas and advent of new (dis)order (s. 101-116) içinde. Leiden: Brill.
  • Taraborrelli, A. (2015). Contemporary Cosmopolitanism (Ian McGilvray, Çev.). Londra: Bloomsbury.
  • Trepanier, L. ve M. H. Khalil (Ed.). (2011). Cosmopolitanism in the age of globalization: citizens without state. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
  • Vadarajan, L. (2017). The ‘domestic abroad’ and the limits of cosmopolitanism. S. Gupta ve S. Padmanabhan, Politics and cosmopolitanism in a global age (s. 166-192) içinde. Londra, New York ve Yeni Delhi: Routledge.
  • Van Dijk, J. (2012). The network society (3. bs.). Londra: Sage.
  • Vertovec, S. ve Cohen, R. (2002). Introduction: Conceiving cosmopolitanism. S. Vertovec ve R. Cohen (Ed.), Conceiving cosmopolitanism: Theory, context, and practice (s. 1-24) içinde. Oxford ve New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism, Londra ve New York: Routledge.
  • Wang, J. (2021). Essential goals in world politics. Gateaway East, Singapur: CITIC Press Group & Springer.
  • White, B., Little, R. ve Smith, M. (Ed.) (1997). Issues in world politics. New York, NY: Macmillan Education.
  • Wimmer, A. ve Schiller, N. G. (2002). Methodological nationalism and beyond: Nation-state building, migration and social sciences. Global Networks, 4, 301-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00043
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyasal Teori ve Siyaset Felsefesi, Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Madakbaş Gülener 0000-0001-7353-5653

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Madakbaş Gülener, E. (2023). Küresel Siyaset Penceresinden Diasporaları Anlamak: Bir Analiz Çerçevesi Denemesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 899-920. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1323108