Kamu Diplomasisi: Kavramlar, Yaklaşımlar ve Uygulamalar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 211 - 230, 01.10.2024

Fulya Aksu

https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1479007

Öz

Kamu diplomasisi, hükümetlere yabancı halklarla ilişki kurmaları için yapılandırılmış bir yaklaşım sunan önemli bir araçtır. Kültürel değişimler, bilgi paylaşımı, eğitim programları ve medyaya erişim gibi etkinlikler aracılığıyla algıları şekillendirerek uluslararası ilişkileri yönetmek temeline dayanmaktadır. Kamu diplomasisinin uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründe kavramsallaştırılması görece yeni olsa da uygulama olarak geçmişi antik çağlara kadar dayandırılabilir. Nitekim tarihsel olarak da uluslar dış dünyaya yönelik imajlarını yönetme ve yabancı kamuoyunu etkileme ihtiyacı ile gerekli mekanizmaları kurmuş ve kullanmışlardır. Ancak dijitalleşme çağında bilgiyi paylaşma ve yayma olanaklarının artmış olması kamu diplomasisini uluslararası ilişkilerde ön plana çıkarmakla kalmamış, kavramsallaştırmasına ve yapılandırılmış bir mekanizma olarak ortaya koyulmasına da yol açmıştır. Bu makale temel olarak kamu diplomasisinin tarihsel gelişimini, teorik temellerini ve mevcut uygulamalarını inceleyerek öncelikle nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığını açıklamayı ve bu şekilde farklı ulusların kamu diplomasisi stratejilerini neden ve nasıl uyguladıklarının kavranmasını sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla yola çıkılan makale, esas olarak analitik ve betimleyicidir. Bu bakımdan kamu diplomasisinin kavramsal evriminin farklı boyutları vurgulanarak bir haritalandırma ile başlamakta, ardından, kamu diplomasisinin antik köklerinden başlayarak modern kavramsallaştırmasına, araçlarının ve aktörlerinin evrimine kadar kamu diplomasisine tarihsel bir bakışla devam etmektedir. Tarihsel genel bakışın ardından, kamu diplomasisinin teorik temelleri, yumuşak güç, ulus markalaşması, iletişim teorileri, inşacılık ve eleştirel uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri odağında ele alınmakta ve söz konusu yaklaşımların kamu diplomasisi uygulamalarını nasıl desteklediğini tartışmaktadır. Uygulama kısmında NATO'nun kamu diplomasisi örneği ele alınmaktadır. Bu kapsamda NATO tarafından benimsenen kamu diplomasisi strateji ve uygulamaları incelenerek hükümetlerarası bir örgütün kamu diplomasisini nasıl etkin bir şekilde yürütebileceğine dair bir örnek ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kamu Diplomasisi, Yumuşak Güç, Ulusal Markalaşma, Kültürel Diplomasi, NATO Kamu Diplomasisi

Public Diplomacy: Concepts, Approaches and Implementation

Öz

Public diplomacy is an important tool that provides governments with a structured approach to engaging with foreign publics, shaping perceptions through cultural exchanges, information sharing, educational programmes, and media outreach. While the conceptualisation of public diplomacy in the International Relations literature is relatively new, its practice dates back to ancient times since historically, nations sought to influence foreign public opinion to manage their external relations. However, the digital age has accelerated the prominence and development of public diplomacy as a structured mechanism. In this line this article aims to analyse the historical development, theoretical foundations, and current practices of public diplomacy, explaining how it was conceptualised in the first place, and in this way to provide an understanding of why and how different nations implement public diplomacy strategies. It begins with a mapping of the conceptual evolution of public diplomacy, paying special attention to its different dimensions. It then proceeds with a historical overview of public diplomacy, from its ancient roots to its modern conceptualization and the evolution of its tools and actors. Following the historical overview, the theoretical foundations such as soft power, nation branding, communication theories, constructivism, and critical international relations theories of public diplomacy are explored. The article discusses how these approaches underpin public diplomacy practices. The practical implementation is demonstrated through a case study of NATO’s public diplomacy strategies. The case study indicates the strategies and practices adopted by NATO and serves as an example of how an intergovernmental organization can effectively carry out public diplomacy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Public Diplomacy, Soft Power, Nation Branding, Cultural Diplomacy, NATO Public Diplomacy

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