The Moderating Role of Education in the Effect of Democracy on Female Labor Force Participation: Panel Data Analysis

Öz

Women who can not provide for their basic needs, such as education, have difficulty benefiting from democratic developments. This study examines the moderating role of education in the impact of democracy on female labor force participation in 165 developed and developing countries during the period from 2002 to 2018. For this purpose, the fixed effects model is performed using the Driscoll-Kraay estimator. In the model, the female-to-male labor force participation rate, representing gender inequality in employment, is the dependent variable. This variable is essential to ascertain whether women benefit from democratic regulations more than men. In addition, the model has an interaction term between the democracy level and the education index. This interaction term helps to understand which threshold level of education index is appropriate to increase the effect of democracy on female labor force participation. According to the study's main result, education has a moderating role in the effect of democracy on the female-to-male labor force participation rate. If the education index exceeds the threshold value (0.64), democracy positively affects female labor force participation. Based on this finding, policymakers should focus on investments in education infrastructure while developing democratization policies for gender equality in labor force participation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Democracy
• Education
• Women Employment
• Panel Data Analysis

Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi

Öz

Eğitim gibi temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamayan kadınlar, demokratik gelişmelerden yararlanmada zorluklar çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, 2002-2018 dönemi boyunca gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan 165 ülkede demokrasinin kadınların iş gücüne katılımı üzerindeki etkisinde eğitimin aracılık rolünü incelemektedir. Bu amaçla Driscoll-Kraay tahmincisi kullanılarak sabit etkiler modeli uygulanmıştır. Modelde, istihdamda cinsiyet eşitsizliğini temsil eden kadın bölü erkek iş gücüne katılma oranı bağımlı değişkendir. Bu değişken, kadınların demokratik düzenlemelerden erkeklere göre daha fazla yararlanıp yararlanmadığını göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Ek olarak model, demokrasi düzeyi ile eğitim endeksi arasında bir etkileşim terimine sahiptir. Bu etkileşim terimi, demokrasinin kadınların iş gücüne katılımı üzerindeki etkisini artırmak için eğitim endeksinin hangi eşik düzeyinin uygun olduğunu anlamaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel sonucuna göre demokrasinin kadın bölü erkek iş gücüne katılma oranı üzerindeki etkisinde eğitimin aracılık rolü vardır. Eğer eğitim endeksi eşik değeri (0.64) aşarsa, demokrasi kadınların iş gücüne katılımını pozitif etkilemektedir. Bu bulgudan hareketle politika yapıcılar, iş gücüne katılımda cinsiyet eşitliği için demokratikleşme politikalarını geliştirirken eğitim altyapısına yönelik yatırımlara odaklanmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Demokrasi
• Eğitim
• Kadın istihdamı
• Panel veri analizi

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