Artan ‘Rekabet’ Altında İhracata Yönelik Sektörlerde Değişen Ücret Yapısı

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

ARTAN ‘REKABET’ ALTINDA İHRACATA YÖNELİK SEKTÖRLERDE DEĞİŞEN ÜCRET YAPISI

Öz

Bu çalışmada, emek-yoğun ürünlerin ihracatında son yıllarda uluslararası düzeyde artan ‘rekabet’ koşullarının ücret yapısı üzerinde oluşabilecek etkilerini çatışan bölüşüm talepleri çerçevesinde bir modelleme ile açıklamayı amaçlıyoruz. Türkiye ekonomisi örneğinde gözlemlediğimiz gibi, 1990’lı yılların başlarından itibaren verilen uluslararası taahhütler kapsamında dış ticarette tam liberalleşme politikalarının uygulamasına geçilmiş ve ihracatı destekleme amaçlı oluşturulmuş teşvik, prim ve sübvansiyonlar azaltılmış veya kaldırılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, birçok gelişmekte olan ülke ekonomilerinin artık benzer ürünleri ihraç eder duruma gelmesiyle esnek hale gelen ihracat talep yapısı göz önüne alındığında, gelişmekte olan ülke ekonomilerinin ihracata dayalı ‘büyüme’ rejiminden büyük beklenti içinde olmalarıyla bileşim yanıltısı kurbanı olduklarını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, sunacağımız model, ihracat teşviklerindeki azalma ile tetiklenen bir sistem içinde, esnek bir ihracat talep varsayımı ve dolayısıyla ihraç edilen ürünlerde fiyat artışlarının sınırlı olması durumunu göz önünde bulundurmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ücret yapısı, emeğin feminizasyonu, çatışan bölüşüm talepleri, rekabet, ihracat sektörleri

Kaynakça

1. ACEMOGLU, Daron (2002), “Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market,” Journal of Economic Literature, 40/1: 7-72.
2. AKERLOF, George A./ YELLEN, Janet L. (1986), “Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market,”
3. AKERLOF, George A./YELLEN, Janet L. (eds.), Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market (New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press): 1-21.
4. BALKIR, Canan (1993), “Trade Strategy in the 80s,” ERALP, A./YESILADA, B./TUNAY, M. (eds.), The Political and Socioeconomic Transformation of Turkey in the 1980s (New York: Praeger): 135-168.
5. BECKER, Gary S. (1964), Human Capital (New York: Columbia University Press).
6. BENERIA, Lourdes (1979), “Reproduction, Production and the Sexual Division of Labour,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 3/3: 203-25.
7. BLECKER, Robert A. (2003), The Diminishing Returns to Export-Led Growth (Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers).
8. BLECKER, Robert A./ SEGUINO, Stephanie (2002), “Macroeconomic Effects of Reducing Gender Wage Inequality in an Export-Oriented, Semi-Industrialized Economy,” Review of Development Economics, 6/1: 103-19.

9. BOTWINICK, Howard (1993), Persistent Inequalities : Wage Disparity under Capitalist Competition (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).
10. BURDEKIN, Richard C. K./ BURKETT, Paul (1996), “Hyperinflation, the Exchange Rate and Endogenous Money: Post-World War I Germany Revisited,” Journal of International Money and Finance, 15/4: 599-621.
11. CERİTOĞLU, Evren (2000), The Cyclicality of Mark-up Ratios: The case of Turkish Industry TCMB Araştırma Serisi (4) (Ankara: TCMB).
12. ÇAĞATAY, Nilüfer/ BERİK, Günseli (2001), “Transition to Export-Led Growth in Turkey: Is There a Feminization of Employment?,” BENERIA, Lourdes/BISNATH, Savitri (eds.), Gender and Development: Theoretical, Empirical and Practical Approaches, Volume 2 (Elgar Reference Collection.
13. ÇAĞATAY, Nilüfer, vd. (1995), “Gender, Adjustment and Macroeconomics: Introduction,” World Development, 23/11: 1827-36.
14. CAMPILLO, Fabiola (2003), Unpaid Household Labour: A Conceptual Approach (New York: Zed Books).
15. DOERINGER, Peter B./ PIORE, Michael J. (1971), Internal Labour Markets and Manpower Analysis (Lexington: Heath).
16. EICHENGREEN, Barry J. vd. (2004 ), “The Impact of China on the Exports of Other Asian Countries,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 10768.
17. ENGLAND, Paula (1993), Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory (New York: A. de Gruyter).
18. ERES, Benan (2005), The Profit Rate in the Turkish Economy: 1968-2000 (UMI, Proquest).
19. FOLBRE, Nancy (1986), “Hearts and Spades: Paradigms of Household Economics,” World Development, Elsevier, 14/2: 245-255.
20. FREEMAN, Richard B. (1995), “Are Your Wages Set in Beijing?,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9/3: 15-32.
21. GORDON, David M. vd. (1982), Segmented Work, Divided Workers : The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York: Cambridge University Press).
22. GROSHEN, Erica L. (1991), “Sources of Intra-Industry Wage Dispersion: How Much Do Employers Matter?,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106/3: 869-84.
23. HARTMANN, Heidi (1981), “The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union,” SARGENT, LYDIA (ed.), Women and Revolution (Boston, MA: South End Press) 1–41.
24. İILKKARACAN, İpek/ SELİM, Raziye (2003), “The Role of Unemployment in Wage Determination: Further Evidence on the Wage Curve from Turkey,” Applied Economics, 35/14: 1589- 98.
25. KARADAŞ, Ercan/ ÖĞÜNÇ, Fethi (2003), “An Analysis of Inflation Expectations of the Turkish Private Manufacturing Industry,” Central Bank Review, 3/2: 57-83.
26. KATZ, Lawrence F./ SUMMERS, Lawrence H. (1989), “Can Interindustry Wage Differentials Justify Strategic Trade Policy?,” FEENSTRA, ROBERT C. ED (ed.), Trade Policies for International Competitiveness (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report series Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press) 85-116.
27. KÖSE, Ahmet H. / YELDAN, Erinç A. (1998), “Dışa Açılım Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisinin Dinamikleri: 1980-1997,” Toplum ve Bilim, 77: 45-68.
28. KIZILCA, F. Kemal (2006), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Dışa Açılma Süreci ve Gelir Bölüşümü: 1980- 2005,” Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Ana Bilim Dalı.
29. KRUEGER, Alan B./ SUMMERS, Lawrence H. (1988), “Efficiency Wages and the Inter-Industry Wage Structure,” Econometrica, 56/2: 259-93.
30. KRUEGER, Anne O./ AKTAN, Okan H. (1992), Swimming against the Tide: Turkish Trade Reform in the 1980s (An International Center for Economic Growth Publication, San Francisco: ICS Press).
31. LAVOIE, Marc (2003), “Kaleckian Effective Demand and Sraffian Normal Prices: Towards a Reconciliation,” Review of Political Economy, 15/1: 53-74.
32. LAVOIE, Marc/ RAMIREZ-GASTON, Pablo (1997), “Traverse in a Two-Sector Kaleckian Model of Growth with Target-Return Pricing,” Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 65/2: 145-69.
33. LEE, Frederik S. (1994), “From Post-Keynesian to Historical Price Theory, Part 1: Facts, Theory and Empirically Grounded Pricing Model,” Review of Political Economy, 6(3): 303–336.
34. MARGLIN, Stephen A. (1984), Growth, Distribution, and Prices (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).
35. MCNULTY, Paul J. (1968), “Economic Theory and the Meaning of Competition,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82/ 4: 639-656.
36. MEMİŞ, Emel (2007), “Inter and Intra-Class Distribution of Income in Turkish Manufacturing: 1970- 2000,” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi (Utah: Utah Üniversitesi).
37. METİN-ÖZCAN, Kıvılcım (et al.) (2002), “The Impact of the Liberalization Program on the PriceCost Margin and Investment of Turkey's Manufacturing Sector after 1980,” Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 38/5: 72-103.
38. MILANOVIC, Branko (1986), “Export Incentives and Turkish Manufactured Exports, 1980-1984 /,” World Bank Working Paper: 768.
39. ONARAN, Özlem/ YENTÜRK, Nurhan (2003), “The Mark-up Rates in Turkish Private Manufacturing Industry During Trade Liberalization,” Journal of Income Distribution, 11/3-4: 21-41.
40. ÖZLER, Şule (2000), “Export Orientation and Female Share of Employment: Evidence from Turkey,” World Development, 28/7: 1239-48.
41. RAZMI, Arslan/ BLECKER, Robert (2005), “Developing Country Exports of Manufactures: Moving up the Ladder to Escape the Fallacy of Composition?,” (University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Economics Working Papers).
42. RODRIK, Dani (1993), "Taking Trade Policy Seriously: Export Subsidization as a Case Study in Policy Effectiveness," (National Bureau of Economic Research Inc NBER Working Papers: 4567.
43. ROWTHORN, Robert E. (1977), ,Conflict, Inflation and Money,” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1/3: 215-39.
44. ŞAHİNBEYOĞLU, Gülbin / ULAŞAN, Bülent (1999), “An Empirical Examination of the Structural Stability of Export Demand Function: The Case of Turkey,” TCMB Tartışma Metni: 9907.
45. SEGUINO, Stephanie (2000), “Accounting for Gender in Asian Economic Growth,” Feminist Economics, 6/3: 27-58.
46. SEGUINO, Stephanie (2005), “All Types of Inequality Are Not Created Equal: Divergent Impacts of Inequality on Economic Growth,” Levy Economics Institute Working Paper, No. 433.
47. ŞENSES, Fikret/ TAYMAZ, Erol (2003), “Unutulan Bir Toplumsal Amaç: Sanayilesme Ne Oluyor? Ne Olmali?,” Working Papers 0301, ERC - Economic Research Center (Middle East Technical University).
48. SINGH, Ajit/ DHUMALE, Rahul (2004), “Globalization, Technology, and Income Inequality: A Critical Analysis,” CORNIA, Giovanni A. (ed.), Inequality, Growth, and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization (UNU-WIDER Studies in Development Economics, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press): 145-65.
49. TAYLOR, Lance (1991), Income Distribution, Inflation, and Growth : Lectures on Structuralist Macroeconomic Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
50. VERA, Leonardo V. (2005), “Can Recession Feed Inflation? A Conflicting Claims Framework,” Review of Political Economy, 17/4: 513-31.
51. WOOD, Adrian (1994), North-South Trade, Employment, and Inequality: Changing Fortunes in a Skill-Driven World (Oxford [England] New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press).
52. WOOD, Adrian (1997), “Openness and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries: The Latin American Challenge to East Asian Conventional Wisdom,” World Bank Economic Review, 11/1: 33-57.
53. YELDAN, Erinç A. (1994), “The Economic Structure of Power under Turkish Structural Adjustement: Prices, Growth and Accumulation,” SENSES, F. (ed.), Recent Industrialization Experience of Turkey in a Global Context (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press).