Sovyet Dış Politikası ve Gromıko

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

SOVYET DIŞ POLİTİKASI VE GROMIKO

Öz

Sovyetler Birliği deneyimi 20. yüzyıla damgasını vurmuştur. Bu nedenle Sovyet dış politikası, bu politikanın belirlenme süreci ve uygulayıcıları ayrı ayrı incelenmeye değerdir. Andrey Andreyeviç Gromıko SSCB’nin 28 yıl kesintisiz dışişleri bakanlığını yapan meslekten diplomat biridir. Diplomatik kariyeri 1939’da başlayıp 1985’te sona ermiş, yarım yüzyıla yaklaşan bir sürece yayılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel sorunsalı Sovyet diplomasisine damgasını vurmuş bir diplomat olan Gromıko’dur. Gromıko’nun yaşam öyküsü birbirinden ilginç ve zengin deneyimlerle taçlanmışsa da kendi başına bir bilimsel çalışma konusu olamaz. Bu nedenle, çalışmada Sovyet dış politikası üç döneme ayrılmıştır. Her dönemde Sovyet dış politikasının temel eğilimleri saptanmış ve Gromıko’nun oynadığı rol sorgulanmıştır. Gromıko yalnızca Sovyet diplomasisine değil, uluslararası sisteme damgasını vurmuş yüzyılın en önemli diplomatlarından biridir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gromıko, SSCB, Sovyet dış politikası, politika belirleme süreci, diplomasi

Kaynakça

1. ADOMEIT, Hannes (1986), “Soviet Ideology, Risk-Taking, and Crisis Behaviour,” ROBBIN, F. Laird / HOFFMANN, Erik P. (eds.), Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World (New York: Aldine): 99-108.
2. AHTAMZYAN, A. A. (1967), “Asnovıye Etapı Savyetskay Vneşney Politiki (1917-1967),” Vaprosı İstorii, 10: 113-134.
3. BOWKER, Mike (1997), “Theories of the Cold War,” Russian Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War (Aldershot: Dartmouth): 243-259.
4. BROWN, Archie (1985), “The Foreign Policy-Making Process,” Curtis Keeble (ed.), The Soviet State, The Domestic Roots of Soviet Foreign Policy (London: Gower): 191-216.
5. CARR, Edward Hallett (1961), “The Nazi-Soviet Pact,” ADAMS, Arthur E. (ed.), Readings in Soviet Foreign Policy (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company): 155-160.
6. CHURCHWARD, L. G. (1968), Contemporary Soviet Government (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul).
7. DALLIN, Alexander (1986), “KAL 007: Perceptions and Politics,” Robbin F. Laird & Erik P. Hoffmann, eds., Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World (New York: Aldine): 932- 936.
8. DEGRAS, Jane (ed.) (1953), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy (vol. III, London: Oxford University Press).

9. DEUTSCHER, Isaac (1990), Stalin (C.II, İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar, 2.B) (çev. Selahattin Hilav).
10. DOBRINİN, Anatoliy (1997), Sugubo Doveritelno (Maskva: “Avtor”).
11. EDMONDS, Robin (1983), Soviet Foreign Policy, the Brezhnev Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
12. GATI, Charles (1986), “The Stalinist Legacy in Soviet Foreign Policy,” Robbin F. Laird & Erik P. Hoffmann, eds., Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World (New York: Aldine): 16-28.
13. GELMAN, Harry (1984), The Brezhnev Politburo and the Decline of Detente (London: Cornell University Press).
14. GOLAN, Galia (1991), “Soviet Policy-making in the Middle East: from Stalin to Brezhnev,” Soviet Policies in the Middle East from World War Two to Gorbachev (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 4-19.
15. GOLDGEIER, James M. (1994), Leadership Style and Soviet Foreign Policy (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press).
16. GROMIKO, A. A., PANOMAREV, B. N., ed. (1986), İstoriya Vneşney Politiki SSSR (C. II, Moskova: Nauka).
17. GROMIKO, A. A. (1990), Pamyatnoye (C. II, Moskova: Politiçeskoy Literaturı).
18. GROMYKO, Andrei (1989), Memories (London, Arrow Boks).
19. HALLIDAY, Fred (1990), “The Ends of the Cold War,” New Left Review, 180: 5-23.
20. HAMMER, Darrell P. (1974), USSR: The Politics of Oligarchy (Illinois: The Dryden Press).
21. HOFFMANN Erik P. & LAIRD Robbin F. (1982), “The Scientific-Technological Revolution” and Soviet Foreign Policy (New York: Pergamon Press).
22. HOFFMANN, Erik P. (1987), “Soviet Foreign Policy Aims and Accomplishments from Lenin to Brezhnev,” ROBBİN, F. Laird (ed.), Soviet Foreign Policy (New York: APS): 10-31.
23. HOUGH, Jerry F. (1980), Soviet Leadership in Transition (Washington D. C.: The Brookings Institution).
24. HUNTINGTON, Samuel P. (1978), “Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy,” Foreign Policy, 31: 63-80.
25. İstoriya Rassii v Novayşeye Vremya (1945-2001) (2001) (Moskova: “Olimp”).
26. JONES, Robert A. (1990), The Soviet Concept of ‘Limited Sovereignty’ from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Brezhnev Doctrine (London: MacMillan).
27. KAZANTSEV, Yu. İ. (2002), Mejdunarodnıye Atnaşeniya i Vneşnaya Politika Rassii (Novosibirsk: Sibirskoye Saglaşeniye).
28. KEEBLE, Curtis (1985), “Conclusion: The Implications for Foreign Policy,” Curtis Keeble (ed.), The Soviet State, The Domestic Roots of Soviet Foreign Policy (London: Gower): 217-237.
29. KISSINGER, Henry (1981), Years of Upheaval (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House).
30. KISSINGER, Henry (2002), Diplomasi (İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 3. Basım) (Çev. İbrahim H. Kurt).
31. KORNİYENKO, G. M. (1995), Halodnaya Vayna (Maskva: Mejdunarodnıye Atnaşeniya).
32. KRUŞÇEV, N. S. (1991), XX. Kongre Gizli Raporu (İstanbul: Pencere Yayınları) (Çev., Ahmet Fethi).
33. LYNCH, Allen (1989), The Soviet Study of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
34. MARÇUK, N. İ. (1995), “Vayna v Afganistane: ‘Internatsionalizm’ v Deistvii ili Voorujeniya Agressiya,” Sovyetskaya Vneşnaya Politika v Godı ‘Halodnoy Vaynı (1945-1985) (Maskva: Mejdunarodnıye Atnaşeniya): 453-479.
35. MARINKO, G. (1989), What is the Scientific and Technological Revolution? (Moskow: Progress Publishers).
36. MEDVEDEV, Roy (1986), China and the Superpowers (Oxford: Basil Blackwell) (translated by Harold Shukman).
37. MLEÇİN, Leonid (2001), MİD - Ministrı İnastrannıh Del, Ramantiki i Tsiniki (Moskova: Tsentrpoligraf).
38. NJOLSTAD, Olav (1994), Peacekeeper and Trouble Maker: Jimmy Carter’s Containment Policy, 1977-1978 (Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies).
39. NOGEE, Joseph L. & DONALDSON, Robert H. (1981), Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II (New York: Pergamon Press, 2nd ed.).
40. PANOMAREV, B. N., GROMIKO, A. A., HVASTOV, V. M. (ed.) (1971), İstoriya Vneşney Politiki SSSR, 1945-1970 (C. II, Moskova: Nauka).
41. PIADYSHEV, B. (2002), “Andrei Gromyko: A Portrait,” International Affairs (Moscow), 48/6: 44- 64.
42. PIPES, Richard E. (1962), “Domestic Politics and Foreign Affairs,” Ivo J. Lederer (ed.), Russian Foreign Policy (London: Yale University Press): 145-169.
43. ROSSER, Richard F. (1969), An Introduction to Soviet Policy (N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.).
44. SEMANOV, Sergey (2002), Brejnyev (Moskova: Veçe).
45. SERVICE, Robert (1998), A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
46. SLUSSER, Robert M. (1962), “The Role of the Foreign Ministry”, Ivo J. Lederer (ed.), Russian Foreign Policy (London: Yale University Press): 197-239.
47. SOKOLOV, A. K. ve TYAJELNİKOVA, V. S. (1999), Kurs Sovyetskoy İstorii (Moskova: Vışaya Şkola).
48. Soviet Foreign Policy (1985) (Moscow: Novosti Press).
49. STEELE, Jonathan (1983), The Kremlin’s Foreign Policy – Brezhnev to Andropov (New York: Simon and Schuster).
50. TELLAL, Erel (2000), SSCB-Türkiye İlişkileri, 1953-1964 (Ankara: Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları).
51. TUCKER, Robert C. (1962), “Autocrats and Oligarchs,” LEDERER, Ivo J. (ed.), Russian Foreign Policy (London: Yale University Press): 171-195.
52. ULAM, Adam B. (1959), “Soviet Ideology and Soviet Foreign Policy,” World Politics, XI/2: 153-172.
53. ULAM, Adam B. (1988), The Rivals, America & Russia Since World War II (London: Penguin Books, 9th ed.).
54. ZIMMERMAN, William (1986), “What Do Scholars Know About Soviet Foreign Policy,” ROBBIN, F. Laird / HOFFMANN, Erik P. (eds.), Soviet Foreign Policy in a Changing World (New York: Aldine): 84-98.