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Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 78 Sayı: 4, 785 - 811, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1116938

Öz

Eğitim gibi temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamayan kadınlar, demokratik gelişmelerden yararlanmada zorluklar çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, 2002-2018 dönemi boyunca gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan 165 ülkede demokrasinin kadınların iş gücüne katılımı üzerindeki etkisinde eğitimin aracılık rolünü incelemektedir. Bu amaçla Driscoll-Kraay tahmincisi kullanılarak sabit etkiler modeli uygulanmıştır. Modelde, istihdamda cinsiyet eşitsizliğini temsil eden kadın bölü erkek iş gücüne katılma oranı bağımlı değişkendir. Bu değişken, kadınların demokratik düzenlemelerden erkeklere göre daha fazla yararlanıp yararlanmadığını göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Ek olarak model, demokrasi düzeyi ile eğitim endeksi arasında bir etkileşim terimine sahiptir. Bu etkileşim terimi, demokrasinin kadınların iş gücüne katılımı üzerindeki etkisini artırmak için eğitim endeksinin hangi eşik düzeyinin uygun olduğunu anlamaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel sonucuna göre demokrasinin kadın bölü erkek iş gücüne katılma oranı üzerindeki etkisinde eğitimin aracılık rolü vardır. Eğer eğitim endeksi eşik değeri (0.64) aşarsa, demokrasi kadınların iş gücüne katılımını pozitif etkilemektedir. Bu
bulgudan hareketle politika yapıcılar, iş gücüne katılımda cinsiyet eşitliği için demokratikleşme politikalarını geliştirirken eğitim altyapısına yönelik yatırımlara odaklanmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Altan, Cemal (2011), “Eğitim-Siyasal Eğilim İlişkisi: Mersin Örneği”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1): 313-329.
  • Anyanwu, John C. and Darline Augustine (2013), “Gender Equality in Employment in Africa: Empirical Analysis And Policy Implications”, African Development Review, 25(4): 400-420.
  • Assaad, Ragui A., Rana Hendy, Moundir Lassassi and Shaimaa Yassin (2020), “Explaining the MENA Paradox: Rising Educational Attainment Yet Stagnant Female Labor Force Participation”, Demographic Research, 43(28): 817-850.
  • Balaev, Mikhail (2014), “Improving Models of Democracy: The Example of Lagged Effects of Economic Development, Education and Gender Equality”, Social Science Research, 46: 169-183.
  • Baltagi, Badi H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons).
  • Baltagi, Badi H. and Ping X. Wu (1999), “Unequally Spaced Panel Data Regressions with AR(1) Disturbances”, Econometric Theory, 15(6): 814-823.
  • Barro, Robert J. and Jong-Wha Lee (2001), “International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates And Implications”, Oxford Economic Papers, 53(3): 541-563.
  • Bayanpourtehrani, Ghazal and Kevin Sylwester (2013), “Democracy and Female Labor Force Participation: An Empirical Examination”, Social Indicators Research, 112(3): 749-762.
  • Bhargava, Alok, Luisa Franzini and Wiji Narendranathan (1982), “Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model”, The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4): 533-549.
  • Bishaw, Alemayehu (2013), “The Impact of Education on Rural Women’s Participation in Political and Economic Activities”, International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 6(2): 23-31.
  • Bloom, David E., David Canning, Günther Fink and Jocelyn E. Finlay (2009), “Fertility, Female Labor Force Participation, and the Demographic Dividend”, Journal of Economic Growth, 14(2): 79-101.
  • Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba and Kay Lehman Schlozman (1995), “Beyond Ses: Are Source Model of Political Participation”, American Political Science Review, 89(2): 271-294.
  • Breusch, Trevor Stanley and Adrian Rodney Pagan (1979), “A Simple Test for Heteroskedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation”, Econometrica, 47(5): 1287-1294.
  • Breusch, Trevor Stanley and Adrian Rodney Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1): 239-253.
  • Burns, Nancy, Kay Lehman Schlozman and Sidney Verba (2001), The Private Roots of Public Action (London: Harvard University Press).
  • Contreras, Dante and Gonzalo Plaza (2010), “Cultural Factors in Women’s Labor Force Participation in Chile”, Feminist Economics, 16(2): 27-46.
  • Cook, R. Dennis and Sanford Weisberg (1983), “Diagnostics for Heteroskedasticity in Regression”, Biometrika, 70(1): 1-10.
  • Çağatay, Nilüfer, and Şule Özler (1995), “Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-term Development and Structural Adjustment”, World Development, 23(11): 1883-1894.
  • Çağlar, Nedret (2011), “Kadının Siyasal Yaşama Katılımı ve Kota Uygulamaları”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 3(4): 56-79.
  • Dahlerup, Drude and Lenita Freidenvall (2005), “Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Representation for Women”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7(1): 26-48.
  • Deininger, Klaus, Songqing Jin, Hari K. Nagarajan and Sudhir K. Sing (2020), “Political Reservation and Female Labor Force Participation in Rural India”, World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper No: 9350.
  • Desbordes, Rodolphe and Vincenzo Verardi (2017), “Foreign Direct Investment and Democracy: A Robust Fixed Effects Approach to a Complex Relationship”, Pacific Economic Review, 22(1): 43-82.
  • Doepke, Matthias and Michele Tertilt (2009), “Women’s Liberation: What’s in It For Men”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(4): 1541-1591.
  • Doepke, Matthias, Michele Tertilt and Alessandra Voena (2012), “The Economics and Politics of Women’s Rights”, Annual Review of Economics, 4(1): 339-372.
  • Driscoll, John C. and Aart C. Kraay (1998), “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4): 549-560.
  • Dutta, Meghna (2018), “Globalization, Corruption and Woman Empowerment”, Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 37(3): 327-343.
  • Elbahnasawy, Nasr G. (2020), “Democracy, Political Instability, and Government Tax Effort in Hydrocarbon-dependent Countries”, Resources Policy, 65: 1-16.
  • Eser, Hamza Bahadır ve Pınar Sarışahin (2016), “Cinsiyet- Siyasal Katılım İlişkisi: SDÜ Örnek Olayı”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 7(15): 38-58.
  • Frees, Edward W. (1995), “Assessing Cross-sectional Correlation in Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 69(2): 393-414.
  • Frees, Edward W. (2004), Longitudinal and Panel Data: Analysis and Applications in the Social Sciences (Wisconsin: Cambridge University Press).
  • Friedman, Milton (1937), “The Use of Ranks to Avoid The Assumption of Normality Implicit in The Analysis of Variance”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32(200): 675-701.
  • Ghani, Ejaz, Anandi Mani and Stephen D. O’Connell (2013), “Can Political Empowerment Help Economic Empowerment? Women Leaders and Female Labor Force Participation in India”, World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper No 6675.
  • Glaeser, Edward Ludwig, Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto and Andrei Shleifer (2007), "Why does Democracy Need Education?", Journal of Economic Growth, 12(2): 77-99.
  • Goetz, Anne Marie and Rob Jenkins (2016), “Gender, Security and Governance: The Case of Sustainable Development Goal 16”, Gender & Development, 24(1): 127-137.
  • Goldin, Claudia (1994), “The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History”, National Bureau Of Economic Research, Working Paper No: 4707
  • Greene, William H. (2012), Econometric Analysis (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Inc.).
  • Hausman, Jerry (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46: 1251-1271.
  • Huber, Evelyne and John D. Stephens (2000), “Partisan Governance, Women's Employment and the Social Democratic Service State”, American Sociological Review, 65(3): 323-342.
  • Hughes, Melanie and Pamela Paxton (2008), “Continuous Change, Episodes and Critical Periods: A Framework for Understanding Women’s Political Representation Over Time”, Politics & Gender, 4(2): 233-264.
  • Iversen, Torben and Frances Rosenbluth (2008), “Work and Power: The Connection Between Female Labor Force Participation and Female Political Representation”, Annual Review of Political Science, 11: 479-495.
  • İnce, Meltem (2010), “How the Education Affects Female Labor Force? Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2): 634-639.
  • Kapani, Münci (2019), Politika Bilimine Giriş (Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi).
  • Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010), “The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues”, World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper No: 5430.
  • Koyuncu, Cüneyt ve Eda Özen (2017), “Kurumsal Faktörler Kadın İşgücü Katılımını Etkiler mi?: Panel Analiz”, VI. International Balkan and Near Eastern Social Sciences Konferans Serisi, IBANESS, Ohrid, Makedonya, 197-206.
  • Lincove, Jane Arnold (2008), “Growth, Girls' Education, and Female Labor: A Longitudinal Analysis”, The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(2): 45-68.
  • Lind, Jo Thori and Halvor Mehlum (2010), With or Without U? The Appropriate Test for a U-shaped Relationship”, Oxford Bulletin of Economic Statistics, 72(1): 109-18.
  • Lv, Zhike and Rudai Yang (2018), “Does Women’s Participation in Politics Increase Female Labor Participation? Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”, Economics Letters, 170 (C): 35-38.
  • Matland, Richard E. (1998), “Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries”, Legislatives Studies Quarterly, 23(1): 109-125.
  • Moghadam, Valentine M. (2005), “Women's Economic Participation in the Middle East: What Difference has the Neoliberal Policy Turn Made?”, Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 1(1): 110-146.
  • Patterson, Katie (2013), Education and Female Labor Market Participation in the Middle East: A Case Study of Turkey and Saudi Arabia, Undergraduate Honors Thesis, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder.
  • Pınarcıoğlu, Nihal Şirin (2017), “Eril Siyasette Kadın Temsili (Mi?)”, Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1/1): 12-24.
  • Piccone, Ted (2017), “Democracy, Gender Equality, and Security”, Brookings Institution Policy Brief.
  • Psacharopoulos, George and Zafiris Tzannatos (1989), “Female Labor Force Participation: An International Perspective”, World Bank Research Observer, 4(2): 187-201.
  • Sackey, Harry A. (2005), “Female Labour Force Participation in Ghana: The Effects of Education”, African Economic Research Consortium, 150: 2-46.
  • Sahu, Tapan Kumar and Kusum Yadav (2018), “Women’s Education and Political Participation”, International Journal of Advanced Education and Research, 3(6): 65-71.
  • Sezen, Saim (1994), Seçim ve Demokrasi (Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları).
  • Slotwinski, Michaela and Alois Stutzer (2018), “Women Leaving the Playpen: The Emancipating Role of Female Suffrage”, CESIFO, Working Paper No 7002.
  • Spierings, Niels, Jeroen Smits and Mieke Verloo (2009), “On the Compatibility of Islam and Gender Equality. Effects of Modernization, State Islamization, and Democracy on Women’s Labor Market Participation in 45 Muslim Countries”, Social Indicators Research, 90(3): 503-522.
  • Straughn, Jeremy Brooke and Angie L. Andriot (2011), “Education, Civic Patriotism, and Democratic Citizenship: Unpacking the Education Effect on Political Involvement”, Sociological Forum, 26(3): 556-580.
  • Şahin, Funda (2011), Kadınların Siyasal Katılımları Çerçevesinde Kadın Meclislerinin Yerel Siyasetteki Etkinlikleri ve Üye Profilleri, Uzmanlık Tezi, Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Tam, Henry (2011), “U-shaped Female Labor Participation with Economic Development: Some Panel Data Evidence”, Economics Letters, 110(2): 140-142.
  • Tremblay, Manon (2007), “Democracy, Representation, and Women: A Comparative Analysis”, Democratization, 14 (4): 533-553.
  • UNDP (2020), Technical Notes, Human Development Report 2020, The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (New York, USA).
  • Varol, Fatih (2017), “The Determinants of Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey: A Binary Logit Analysis”, Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(2): 92-108.
  • Verhulst, Brad (2012), “Integrating Classical and Contemporary Explanations of Political Participation”, Twin Research and Human Genetics, 15(1): 42-51.
  • Verick, Sher (2014), “Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries”, IZA World Of Labor, Working Paper No: 87.
  • White, Halbert (1980), “A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity”, Econometrica, 48(4): 817-838.
  • Wyndow, Paula, Jianghong Li and Eugen Mattes (2013), “Female Empowerment as a Core Driver of Democratic Development: A Dynamic Panel Model from 1980 to 2005”, World Development, 52(C): 34-54.
  • Yevdokimov, Yuri, Leonid Melnyk, Oleksii Lyulyov, Olga Panchenko and Victoria Kubatko (2018), “Economic Freedom and Democracy: Determinant Factors in Increasing Macroeconomic Stability”, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(2): 279-290.

The Moderating Role of Education in the Effect of Democracy on Female Labor Force Participation: Panel Data Analysis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 78 Sayı: 4, 785 - 811, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1116938

Öz

Women who can not provide for their basic needs, such as education, have difficulty benefiting from democratic developments. This study examines the moderating role of education in the impact of democracy on female labor force participation in 165 developed and developing countries during the period from 2002 to 2018. For this purpose, the fixed effects model is performed using the Driscoll-Kraay estimator. In the model, the female-to-male labor force participation rate, representing gender inequality in employment, is the dependent variable. This variable is essential to ascertain whether women benefit from democratic regulations more than men. In addition, the model has an interaction term between the democracy level and the education index. This interaction term helps to understand which threshold level of education index is appropriate to increase the effect of democracy on female labor force participation. According to the study's main result, education has a moderating role in the effect of democracy on the female-to-male labor force participation rate. If the education index exceeds the threshold value (0.64), democracy positively affects female labor force participation. Based on this finding, policymakers should focus on investments in education infrastructure while developing democratization policies for gender equality in labor force participation.

Kaynakça

  • Altan, Cemal (2011), “Eğitim-Siyasal Eğilim İlişkisi: Mersin Örneği”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1): 313-329.
  • Anyanwu, John C. and Darline Augustine (2013), “Gender Equality in Employment in Africa: Empirical Analysis And Policy Implications”, African Development Review, 25(4): 400-420.
  • Assaad, Ragui A., Rana Hendy, Moundir Lassassi and Shaimaa Yassin (2020), “Explaining the MENA Paradox: Rising Educational Attainment Yet Stagnant Female Labor Force Participation”, Demographic Research, 43(28): 817-850.
  • Balaev, Mikhail (2014), “Improving Models of Democracy: The Example of Lagged Effects of Economic Development, Education and Gender Equality”, Social Science Research, 46: 169-183.
  • Baltagi, Badi H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons).
  • Baltagi, Badi H. and Ping X. Wu (1999), “Unequally Spaced Panel Data Regressions with AR(1) Disturbances”, Econometric Theory, 15(6): 814-823.
  • Barro, Robert J. and Jong-Wha Lee (2001), “International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates And Implications”, Oxford Economic Papers, 53(3): 541-563.
  • Bayanpourtehrani, Ghazal and Kevin Sylwester (2013), “Democracy and Female Labor Force Participation: An Empirical Examination”, Social Indicators Research, 112(3): 749-762.
  • Bhargava, Alok, Luisa Franzini and Wiji Narendranathan (1982), “Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model”, The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4): 533-549.
  • Bishaw, Alemayehu (2013), “The Impact of Education on Rural Women’s Participation in Political and Economic Activities”, International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 6(2): 23-31.
  • Bloom, David E., David Canning, Günther Fink and Jocelyn E. Finlay (2009), “Fertility, Female Labor Force Participation, and the Demographic Dividend”, Journal of Economic Growth, 14(2): 79-101.
  • Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba and Kay Lehman Schlozman (1995), “Beyond Ses: Are Source Model of Political Participation”, American Political Science Review, 89(2): 271-294.
  • Breusch, Trevor Stanley and Adrian Rodney Pagan (1979), “A Simple Test for Heteroskedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation”, Econometrica, 47(5): 1287-1294.
  • Breusch, Trevor Stanley and Adrian Rodney Pagan (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1): 239-253.
  • Burns, Nancy, Kay Lehman Schlozman and Sidney Verba (2001), The Private Roots of Public Action (London: Harvard University Press).
  • Contreras, Dante and Gonzalo Plaza (2010), “Cultural Factors in Women’s Labor Force Participation in Chile”, Feminist Economics, 16(2): 27-46.
  • Cook, R. Dennis and Sanford Weisberg (1983), “Diagnostics for Heteroskedasticity in Regression”, Biometrika, 70(1): 1-10.
  • Çağatay, Nilüfer, and Şule Özler (1995), “Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-term Development and Structural Adjustment”, World Development, 23(11): 1883-1894.
  • Çağlar, Nedret (2011), “Kadının Siyasal Yaşama Katılımı ve Kota Uygulamaları”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 3(4): 56-79.
  • Dahlerup, Drude and Lenita Freidenvall (2005), “Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Representation for Women”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7(1): 26-48.
  • Deininger, Klaus, Songqing Jin, Hari K. Nagarajan and Sudhir K. Sing (2020), “Political Reservation and Female Labor Force Participation in Rural India”, World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper No: 9350.
  • Desbordes, Rodolphe and Vincenzo Verardi (2017), “Foreign Direct Investment and Democracy: A Robust Fixed Effects Approach to a Complex Relationship”, Pacific Economic Review, 22(1): 43-82.
  • Doepke, Matthias and Michele Tertilt (2009), “Women’s Liberation: What’s in It For Men”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(4): 1541-1591.
  • Doepke, Matthias, Michele Tertilt and Alessandra Voena (2012), “The Economics and Politics of Women’s Rights”, Annual Review of Economics, 4(1): 339-372.
  • Driscoll, John C. and Aart C. Kraay (1998), “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4): 549-560.
  • Dutta, Meghna (2018), “Globalization, Corruption and Woman Empowerment”, Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 37(3): 327-343.
  • Elbahnasawy, Nasr G. (2020), “Democracy, Political Instability, and Government Tax Effort in Hydrocarbon-dependent Countries”, Resources Policy, 65: 1-16.
  • Eser, Hamza Bahadır ve Pınar Sarışahin (2016), “Cinsiyet- Siyasal Katılım İlişkisi: SDÜ Örnek Olayı”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 7(15): 38-58.
  • Frees, Edward W. (1995), “Assessing Cross-sectional Correlation in Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 69(2): 393-414.
  • Frees, Edward W. (2004), Longitudinal and Panel Data: Analysis and Applications in the Social Sciences (Wisconsin: Cambridge University Press).
  • Friedman, Milton (1937), “The Use of Ranks to Avoid The Assumption of Normality Implicit in The Analysis of Variance”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32(200): 675-701.
  • Ghani, Ejaz, Anandi Mani and Stephen D. O’Connell (2013), “Can Political Empowerment Help Economic Empowerment? Women Leaders and Female Labor Force Participation in India”, World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper No 6675.
  • Glaeser, Edward Ludwig, Giacomo A. M. Ponzetto and Andrei Shleifer (2007), "Why does Democracy Need Education?", Journal of Economic Growth, 12(2): 77-99.
  • Goetz, Anne Marie and Rob Jenkins (2016), “Gender, Security and Governance: The Case of Sustainable Development Goal 16”, Gender & Development, 24(1): 127-137.
  • Goldin, Claudia (1994), “The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History”, National Bureau Of Economic Research, Working Paper No: 4707
  • Greene, William H. (2012), Econometric Analysis (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Inc.).
  • Hausman, Jerry (1978), “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46: 1251-1271.
  • Huber, Evelyne and John D. Stephens (2000), “Partisan Governance, Women's Employment and the Social Democratic Service State”, American Sociological Review, 65(3): 323-342.
  • Hughes, Melanie and Pamela Paxton (2008), “Continuous Change, Episodes and Critical Periods: A Framework for Understanding Women’s Political Representation Over Time”, Politics & Gender, 4(2): 233-264.
  • Iversen, Torben and Frances Rosenbluth (2008), “Work and Power: The Connection Between Female Labor Force Participation and Female Political Representation”, Annual Review of Political Science, 11: 479-495.
  • İnce, Meltem (2010), “How the Education Affects Female Labor Force? Empirical Evidence from Turkey”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2): 634-639.
  • Kapani, Münci (2019), Politika Bilimine Giriş (Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi).
  • Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010), “The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues”, World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper No: 5430.
  • Koyuncu, Cüneyt ve Eda Özen (2017), “Kurumsal Faktörler Kadın İşgücü Katılımını Etkiler mi?: Panel Analiz”, VI. International Balkan and Near Eastern Social Sciences Konferans Serisi, IBANESS, Ohrid, Makedonya, 197-206.
  • Lincove, Jane Arnold (2008), “Growth, Girls' Education, and Female Labor: A Longitudinal Analysis”, The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(2): 45-68.
  • Lind, Jo Thori and Halvor Mehlum (2010), With or Without U? The Appropriate Test for a U-shaped Relationship”, Oxford Bulletin of Economic Statistics, 72(1): 109-18.
  • Lv, Zhike and Rudai Yang (2018), “Does Women’s Participation in Politics Increase Female Labor Participation? Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”, Economics Letters, 170 (C): 35-38.
  • Matland, Richard E. (1998), “Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries”, Legislatives Studies Quarterly, 23(1): 109-125.
  • Moghadam, Valentine M. (2005), “Women's Economic Participation in the Middle East: What Difference has the Neoliberal Policy Turn Made?”, Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 1(1): 110-146.
  • Patterson, Katie (2013), Education and Female Labor Market Participation in the Middle East: A Case Study of Turkey and Saudi Arabia, Undergraduate Honors Thesis, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder.
  • Pınarcıoğlu, Nihal Şirin (2017), “Eril Siyasette Kadın Temsili (Mi?)”, Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1/1): 12-24.
  • Piccone, Ted (2017), “Democracy, Gender Equality, and Security”, Brookings Institution Policy Brief.
  • Psacharopoulos, George and Zafiris Tzannatos (1989), “Female Labor Force Participation: An International Perspective”, World Bank Research Observer, 4(2): 187-201.
  • Sackey, Harry A. (2005), “Female Labour Force Participation in Ghana: The Effects of Education”, African Economic Research Consortium, 150: 2-46.
  • Sahu, Tapan Kumar and Kusum Yadav (2018), “Women’s Education and Political Participation”, International Journal of Advanced Education and Research, 3(6): 65-71.
  • Sezen, Saim (1994), Seçim ve Demokrasi (Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları).
  • Slotwinski, Michaela and Alois Stutzer (2018), “Women Leaving the Playpen: The Emancipating Role of Female Suffrage”, CESIFO, Working Paper No 7002.
  • Spierings, Niels, Jeroen Smits and Mieke Verloo (2009), “On the Compatibility of Islam and Gender Equality. Effects of Modernization, State Islamization, and Democracy on Women’s Labor Market Participation in 45 Muslim Countries”, Social Indicators Research, 90(3): 503-522.
  • Straughn, Jeremy Brooke and Angie L. Andriot (2011), “Education, Civic Patriotism, and Democratic Citizenship: Unpacking the Education Effect on Political Involvement”, Sociological Forum, 26(3): 556-580.
  • Şahin, Funda (2011), Kadınların Siyasal Katılımları Çerçevesinde Kadın Meclislerinin Yerel Siyasetteki Etkinlikleri ve Üye Profilleri, Uzmanlık Tezi, Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Tam, Henry (2011), “U-shaped Female Labor Participation with Economic Development: Some Panel Data Evidence”, Economics Letters, 110(2): 140-142.
  • Tremblay, Manon (2007), “Democracy, Representation, and Women: A Comparative Analysis”, Democratization, 14 (4): 533-553.
  • UNDP (2020), Technical Notes, Human Development Report 2020, The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (New York, USA).
  • Varol, Fatih (2017), “The Determinants of Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey: A Binary Logit Analysis”, Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(2): 92-108.
  • Verhulst, Brad (2012), “Integrating Classical and Contemporary Explanations of Political Participation”, Twin Research and Human Genetics, 15(1): 42-51.
  • Verick, Sher (2014), “Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries”, IZA World Of Labor, Working Paper No: 87.
  • White, Halbert (1980), “A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity”, Econometrica, 48(4): 817-838.
  • Wyndow, Paula, Jianghong Li and Eugen Mattes (2013), “Female Empowerment as a Core Driver of Democratic Development: A Dynamic Panel Model from 1980 to 2005”, World Development, 52(C): 34-54.
  • Yevdokimov, Yuri, Leonid Melnyk, Oleksii Lyulyov, Olga Panchenko and Victoria Kubatko (2018), “Economic Freedom and Democracy: Determinant Factors in Increasing Macroeconomic Stability”, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(2): 279-290.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gökhan Demirtaş 0000-0002-6757-5613

Sevil Çiçek 0000-0002-8735-7656

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 78 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Demirtaş, G., & Çiçek, S. (2023). Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 78(4), 785-811. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1116938
AMA Demirtaş G, Çiçek S. Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi. SBF Dergisi. Aralık 2023;78(4):785-811. doi:10.33630/ausbf.1116938
Chicago Demirtaş, Gökhan, ve Sevil Çiçek. “Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 78, sy. 4 (Aralık 2023): 785-811. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1116938.
EndNote Demirtaş G, Çiçek S (01 Aralık 2023) Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 78 4 785–811.
IEEE G. Demirtaş ve S. Çiçek, “Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi”, SBF Dergisi, c. 78, sy. 4, ss. 785–811, 2023, doi: 10.33630/ausbf.1116938.
ISNAD Demirtaş, Gökhan - Çiçek, Sevil. “Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 78/4 (Aralık 2023), 785-811. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1116938.
JAMA Demirtaş G, Çiçek S. Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi. SBF Dergisi. 2023;78:785–811.
MLA Demirtaş, Gökhan ve Sevil Çiçek. “Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, c. 78, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 785-11, doi:10.33630/ausbf.1116938.
Vancouver Demirtaş G, Çiçek S. Demokrasinin Kadınların İş Gücüne Katılımı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Eğitimin Aracılık Rolü: Panel Veri Analizi. SBF Dergisi. 2023;78(4):785-811.