THE CONSTRUCTION OF EUROPEAN SOLIDARITY: IDEAS, PRINCIPLES AND DILEMMAS

Yıl 2025, , 1 - 32

Kadri Kaan Renda

https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.1635646

Öz

Although solidarity is one of the core values of the European Union (EU), how the principle of solidarity is understood and implemented is yet to be answered. The Eurozone crisis, which is a continuation of the 2007-2008 Global Financial Crisis, the migrant crisis that emerged as a result of the Arab Spring in 2011, the COVID-19 pandemic that had affected the entire world in the early 2020, the Donbas War that resulted in the occupation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014, and the war between Ukraine and Russia that has been ongoing since February 2022 are developments that question all the benefits of the European integration over the last half century and even have the effect of reversing them. Although the concept of solidarity within the EU has been emphasized more frequently in this era of polycrisis, it has also been the target of criticism that solidarity is ineffective and inadequate, as well as criticism that what is done in the name of solidarity restricts the sovereignty of member states. These crises have consequently led to a questioning of the EU’s legitimacy and the normative foundations of its existence. As far as the future of European integration is concerned, ensuring solidarity requires member states to act in support of each other and the EU.

Within this historical background, the main research objective of this article is to determine the different views put forward about solidarity within the EU. Based on the assumption that the meanings attributed to the concept of solidarity may vary over time, this study will answer the questions of how the idea of European solidarity emerged, through which dilemmas solidarity was discussed during the multiple crises experienced by the European Union, and the role of solidarity in shaping the European normative order. In conclusion, this study argues that there are three fundamental dilemmas affecting the discourse and practices of solidarity. These three fundamental dilemmas include conflicts between: i) national sovereignty and supranational solidarity, ii) voluntarism and responsibility, and iii) cosmopolitan and communitarian approaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union , European integration , Solidarity , sovereignty , polycrises

AVRUPA DAYANIŞMASININ İNŞASI: FİKİRLER, İLKELER VE İKİLEMLER

Öz

Dayanışma, Avrupa Birliği (AB)’nin temel değerlerinden biri olmasına rağmen dayanışma prensibinin nasıl anlaşıldığı ve nasıl uygulandığı konusu tartışmaya açıktır. 2007-2008 Küresel Finansal krizin devamı olan Avro Bölgesi krizi, 2011’de başlayan Arap Baharı’nın bir sonucu olan göçmen krizi, 2020 yılının başlarından itibaren tüm dünyayı etkileyen COVID-19 salgını, 2014’te Kırım’ın Rusya Federasyonu tarafından işgaliyle sonuçlanan Donbas Savaşı ve Şubat 2022’de başlayan Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı Avrupa bütünleşmesinin yarım yüzyıldan fazla süredir elde etmiş olduğu tüm kazanımları sorgulatan ve hatta bunları tersine çevirecek etkiye sahip olan gelişmeler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çoklu kriz ortamında Avrupa Birliği içinde dayanışma kavramı daha sıklıkla vurgulanmaya başlanmasına rağmen, dayanışmanın etkisiz ve yetersiz kaldığı yönünde eleştirilerin yanı sıra dayanışma adına yapılanların üye devletlerinin egemenliklerini kısıtladığı şeklinde eleştirilerinin de hedefi olmuştur. Bu krizler, sonuç olarak, AB’nin meşruiyetinin ve varoluşunun normatif temellerinin de sorgulanmasına sebep olmuşlardır. Avrupa bütünleşmesinin geleceği söz konusu olduğunda AB içi dayanışmanın sağlanması üye devletlerin hem birbirlerini hem de AB’yi destekleyecek şekilde hareket etmelerini gerektirmektedir. Bu tarihsel arka plan çerçevesinde bu makalenin temel sorunsalı AB içindeki dayanışma tartışmalarında ortaya konulan farklı görüşlerin neler olduğunun tespit edilmesidir. Dayanışma kavramına yüklenen anlamların farklı olabileceği öngörüsünden hareketle, Avrupa dayanışmasının fikirsel olarak nasıl ortaya çıktığı, Avrupa Birliği’nin yaşadığı çoklu krizler sırasında dayanışmanın hangi ikilemler üzerinden tartışıldığı ve Avrupa normatif düzeninin şekillenmesinde dayanışmanın yeri soruları bu çalışmada cevaplanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, dayanışma söylemini ve pratiklerini etkileyen üç temel ikilem olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Bu üç temel ikilem: i) ulusal egemenlik-ulusüstü dayanışma, ii) gönüllülük-sorumluluk ve iii) kozmopolitan-komüniteryen yaklaşımlar arasındaki çatışmaları içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği , Avrupa bütünleşmesi , çoklu kriz , dayanışma , egemenlik

Etik Beyan

Etik kuruldan izin alınması gerekli değildir.

Teşekkür

Doç. Dr. Hüsrev Tabak, Doç. Dr. Ali Onur Özçelik, Doç. Dr. Ayşe Gülce Uygun ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Turgay Demir'e makale hakkındaki kıymetli yorumları için teşekkürü borç bilirim.

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