Team Cognition and Interaction Analysis in Organizations: Insights from Memristor Metaphor

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 273 - 295, 29.07.2025

Murat Ulubay , Tunç D. Medeni , Demet Soylu

https://doi.org/10.48139/aybukulliye.1534829

Öz

Computer networks and information systems have long served as rich sources of analogies and metaphors in the study of human cognitive processes and collective information processing. This paper explores how these metaphors have provided valuable insights and led to the development of conceptual constructs such as TMS that extend beyond individual cognition to encompass collective intelligence in group settings. Building on this foundation, we introduce the "memristor"—a circuit element that combines memory and resistance, allowing for the creation and storage of various states, akin to mental states—as a novel metaphor to represent an interaction pattern and dimension in human collaborative thinking. The memristor, in its technical sense, involves variable and manipulable resistance, and it is metaphorically used here to characterize the productive role of resistance and dissent in collaborative thought processes. This metaphor informs the development of new interaction categories that are integrated into an expanded Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) scheme. The proposed scheme includes four additional categories for productive dissent: X1 (Accepts criticism), X2 (Self-distancing to discuss disagreement), X3 (Constructive criticism, alternative opinion), and X4 (Questions underlying assumptions). Additionally, the scheme incorporates X5, a category for the counterproductive dismissal of disagreement. The paper discusses the implications of unifying certain categories of dissent and outlines the potential for future empirical validation of the expanded model within this emerging research paradigm.

Anahtar Kelimeler

memristor , collective intelligence , interaction process analysis , team cognition , organizations

Memristör Metaforu Perspektifi ile Örgütlerde Takım Bilişi ve Etkileşim Analizi

Öz

Computer networks and information systems have long served as rich sources of analogies and metaphors in the study of human cognitive processes and collective information processing. This paper explores how these metaphors have provided valuable insights and led to the development of conceptual constructs such as TMS that extend beyond individual cognition to encompass collective intelligence in group settings. Building on this foundation, we introduce the "memristor"—a circuit element that combines memory and resistance, allowing for the creation and storage of various states, akin to mental states—as a novel metaphor to represent an interaction pattern and dimension in human collaborative thinking. The memristor, in its technical sense, involves variable and manipulable resistance, and it is metaphorically used here to characterize the productive role of resistance and dissent in collaborative thought processes. This metaphor informs the development of new interaction categories that are integrated into an expanded Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) scheme. The proposed scheme includes four additional categories for productive dissent: X1 (Accepts criticism), X2 (Self-distancing to discuss disagreement), X3 (Constructive criticism, alternative opinion), and X4 (Questions underlying assumptions). Additionally, the scheme incorporates X5, a category for the counterproductive dismissal of disagreement. The paper discusses the implications of unifying certain categories of dissent and outlines the potential for future empirical validation of the expanded model within this emerging research paradigm.

Anahtar Kelimeler

memristor , collective intelligence , interaction process analysis , team cognition , organizations

Kaynakça

• Addas, S. and Pinsonneault, A. (2010). It use and the interruption of npd knowledge work. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2010.461
• Andrews, J. L., Kerr, D., Mislevy, R. J., Davier, A. A. v., Hao, J., & Liu, L. (2017). Modeling collaborative interaction patterns in a simulation-based task. Journal of Educational Measurement, 54(1), 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/jedm.12132
• Argote, L. (2015). An opportunity for mutual learning between organizational learning and global strategy researchers: transactive memory systems. Global Strategy Journal, 5(2), 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1096
• Austin, J. (2003). Transactive memory in organizational groups: the effects of content, consensus, specialization, and accuracy on group performance.. Journal of Applie Psychology, 88(5), 866-878. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.866
• Bales, R. F. (1950). Interaction process analysis: A method for the study of small groups. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley
• Bao, H., Zhou, H., Li, J., Pei, H., Tian, J., Yang, L., Miao, X. (2022). Toward memristive in-memory computing: principles and applications. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-022-00025-4
• Chua, L. (1971). Memristor-The missing circuit element. In IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory (Vol. 18, Issue 5, pp. 507–519).
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/tct.1971.1083337
• Clegg, S. R. (1989). Frameworks of Power. doi:10.4135/9781446279267
• Cooke, N. J., & Gorman, J. C. (2009). Interaction-based measures of cognitive systems. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making,3, 27–46.
• Cooke, N. J., Gorman, J. C., Myers, C. W. and Duran, J. L. (2013). Interactive Team Cognition. Cognitive Science, 37(2), 255–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12009
• Colman, A. M. (2015). Oxford dictionary of psychology.
• Dai, F., Chen, H., Qiang, Z., Liang, Z., Huang, B., & Wang, L. (2020). Automatic analysis of complex interactions in microservice systems. Complexity, 2020, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2128793
• Daniel, S. and Jordan, M. (2017). Effects of a heedful interrelating intervention on collaborative teams. Active Learning in Higher Education, 18(3), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787417715201
• Di Ventra, M., Pershin, Y. V., & Chua, L. O. (2009). Circuit Elements With Memory: Memristors, Memcapacitors, and Meminductors. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 97, Issue 10, pp. 1717–1724).
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2021077
• Ding, X. (2023). The interactive effects of communication network structure and organizational size on task performance in project-based organizations: the mediating role of bootleg innovation behavior. Buildings, 14(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010098
• Druckman, D. (2003). Linking micro and macro‐level processes: interaction analysis in context. International Journal of Conflict Management, 14(3/4), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022897
• Erkelens, R., Hooff, B., Huysman, M., & Vlaar, P. (2015). Learning from locally embedded knowledge: facilitating organizational learning in geographically dispersed settings. Global Strategy Journal, 5(2), 177-197. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1092
• Evans, A., Wobbrock, J. O., & Davis, K. (2016). Modeling collaboration patterns on an interactive tabletop in a classroom setting. Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work &Amp; Social Computing. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819972
• Fahy, P. (2006). Online and face-to-face group interaction processes compared using Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis (IPA). The European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 9. http://www.eurodl.org/materials/contrib/2006/Patrick_J_Fahy.pdf
• Fisher, D. M. (2014). Distinguishing between taskwork and teamwork planning in teams: Relations with coordination and interpersonal processes. American Psychological Association (APA). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034625
• Fitch, C. and Adams, C. (2006). Managing mobile provision for community healthcare support: issues and challenges. Business Process Management Journal, 12(3), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1108/14637150610667971
• Ford, J. D. (1980). The Occurrence of Structural Hysteresis in Declining Organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 5(4), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.2307/257464
• Gan, R. (2023). Knowledge heterogeneity and corporate innovation performance: the mediating influence of task conflict and relationship conflict. Plos One, 18(10), e0292283. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292283
• Giddens, A. (1979). Central problems in social theory: Action, structure, and contradiction in social analysis. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
• Guler, J., Roberts, M., Medina‐Mora, M., Robles, R., Gureje, O., Keeley, J. and Reed, G. (2018). Global collaborative team performance for the revision of the international classification of diseases: a case study of the world health organization field studies coordination group. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18(3), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.07.001
• Harvey, S., & Kou, C. Y. (2013). Collective engagement in creative tasks: The role of evaluation in the creative process in groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58, 346–386. doi:10.1177/0001839213498591
• Hayes, B. (2011) The Memristor. American Scientist. March-April 2011, 99:2. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-memristor
• Hollingshead, A. (1998). Retrieval processes in transactive memory systems.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 659-671. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.659.
• Hussain, S. and Joshi, D. (2016). Precursors and outcomes of organizational cutltre in higher education: a theoretical perspective.. International Journal of Advanced Research, 4(6), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/623
• Katila, J. and Raudaskoski, S. (2020). Interaction analysis as an embodied and interactive process: multimodal, co-operative, and intercorporeal ways of seeing video data as complementary professional visions. Human Studies, 43(3), 445-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-020-09553-4
• Kauffeld, S. (2006b). Self-directed work groups and team competence. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79, 1–21. doi:10.1348/096317905X53237
• Kauffeld, S., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., & Meinecke, A. L. (2018). The Advanced Interaction Analysis for Teams (act4teams) Coding Scheme. Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781316286302.022
• Kates, N., Arroll, B., Currie, E., Hanlon, C., Gask, L., Klasen, H., … & Williams, M. (2018). Improving collaboration between primary care and mental health services. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 20(10), 748-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2018.1471218
• Lewis, K. (2003). Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: Scale development and validation. American Psychological Association (APA). https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.587
• Maitlis, S. (2005). The social processes of organizational sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 21-49. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.15993111
• Majdandzic, A., Podobnik, B., Buldyrev, S. et al. Spontaneous recovery in dynamical networks. Nature Phys 10, 34–38 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2819
• Mammen, A. (2024). The mediating effect of heedful interrelating on self determination and thriving at work among university faculty members. Revista De Gestão Social E Ambiental, 18(5), e06809. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n5-150
• Medeni, T.D. and Medeni, I.T. (2012). Reflection and Refraction for Knowledge Management Systems. International Journal of eBusiness and eGovernment Studies, 4(1). Erişim adresi: https://www.sobiad.org/eJOURNALS/journal_IJEBEG/arhieves/2012_1/tunc_mede ni.pdf.
• Mathieu, J., Maynard, M. T., Rapp, T., & Gilson, L. (2008). Team Effectiveness 1997-2007: A Review of Recent Advancements and a Glimpse Into the Future. In Journal of Management (Vol. 34, Issue 3, pp. 410–476). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316061
• Medeni, T. D. (2022). Memristors for societal action and change. In The Journal of Economic Research & Business Administration (Vol. 140, Issue 2). al-Farabi Kazakh National University. https://doi.org/10.26577/be.2022.v140.i2.010
• Medeni, T.D., Soylu, D. and Medeni, I.T. (2019). Suggesting a humor-oriented action based learning system for gamification to design information and learning management systems. Retrieval address: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8965510.
• Orme-Johnson, D., Cavanaugh, K., Dillbeck, M., & Goodman, R. (2022). Field-effects of consciousness: a seventeen-year study of the effects of group practice of the transcendental meditation and tm-sidhi programs on reducing national stress in the united states. World Journal of Social Science, 9(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjss.v9n2p1
• Pershin, Y., La Fontaine, S., & Di Ventra, M. (2008). Memristive model of amoeba’s learning. In Nature Precedings. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1038/npre.2008.2431.1
• Rios, L. A., Rachinskii, D., & Cross, R. (2017). A model of hysteresis arising from social interaction within a firm. Journal of Physics: Conference Series , 811(1), Article 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/811/1/012011
• Schulz-Hardt, S., Brodbeck, F. C., Mojzisch, A., Kerschreiter, R., & Frey, D. (2006). Group decision making in hidden profile situations: Dissent as a facilitator for decision quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1080–1093. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1080
• Schütte, M., Friesen, R., & Jung, J. (2019). Interactional analysis: a method for analysing mathematical learning processes in interactions., 101-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15636-7_5
• Strukov, D., Snider, G., Stewart, D. et al. The missing memristor found. Nature 453, 80–83 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06932
• Su, Z., Wang, W., Li, L. et al. Emergence of hysteresis loop in social contagions on complex networks. Sci Rep 7, 6103 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06286-w
• Tschan, F., Semmer, N. K., Vetterli, M., Gurtner, A., Hunziker, S., & Marsch, S. U. (2010). Developing Observational Categories for Group Process Research Based on Task and Coordination Requirement Analysis: Examples from Research on Medical Emergency-Driven Teams. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-642-15355-6_6
• Tsoukas, H. (2009). A Dialogical Approach to the Creation of New Knowledge in Organizations. Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0435
• Urbini, F., Callea, A., Chirumbolo, A., Talamo, A., Ingusci, E., & Ciavolino, E. (2018). Team performance in the italian nhs: the role of reflexivity. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 32(2), 190-205. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhom-07-2017-0180
• Di Ventra, M., Pershin, Y. V., & Chua, L. O. (2009). Circuit Elements With Memory: Memristors, Memcapacitors, and Meminductors. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 97, Issue 10, pp. 1717–1724). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2021077
• Wegner, D. (1987). Transactive memory: a contemporary analysis of the group mind., 185-208.
• Wegner, D. M. (1995). A computer network model of human transactive memory. Social Cognition, 13(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1995.13.3.319
• Weick K., E., Roberts K., H. (1993) Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science Quarterly 38(3): 357–81.
• Welc, A., Saha, B., & Adl-Tabatabai, A. (2008). Irrevocable transactions and their applications.. https://doi.org/10.1145/1378533.1378584
• Wikipedia (n.d.) Hysteresis (economics) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis_(economics)
• Winter, W. and Ferreira, A. (1967). Interaction process analysis of family decision‐making. Family Process, 6(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1967.00155.x
• Yener, S. and Kuntman, Hakan. (2014). Fully CMOS memristor based chaotic circuit. Radioengineering. 23. 1140-1149.
• Yener, S., Mutlu, R. and Kuntman, H. (2015). A new memristor-based low-pass filter topology and its small-signal solution using MacLaurin series, Optoelectronics And Advanced Materials – Rapid Communications 9, 1-2, p. 266 – 273
• Yoo, Y. and Kanawattanachai, P. (2001). Developments of transactive memory systems and collective mind in virtual teams. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 9(2), 187-208. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028933