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THE ANATOMY OF THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE AND THE FUNCTIONALITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 1355 - 1383, 31.12.2024

Cihan Daban

https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1447674

Öz

One of the most important issues that came to the agenda after World War II is the issue of genocide. Because the inhumane practices and massacres during the War caused a great global outrage. In response to this situation, the idea of establishing an international criminal court and punishing the criminals was put forward. In line with this idea, the Allied Powers came together and organised the Moscow Conference in 1943. With the joint decision taken at the Conference, the 'London Treaty on the Trial and Punishment of the Great War Criminals of the Axis States of Europe' was signed in 1945. In accordance with this treaty, it was decided to establish the Nuremberg International Criminal Tribunal and to prosecute the top Nazi leaders who had committed war crimes. The second criminal court is the Tokyo Far Eastern International Military Tribunal, established in 1946. This tribunal is tasked with uncovering crimes committed in the Pacific and judging the perpetrators. Another important court is the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Established in 1994 in Tanzania, the purpose of this tribunal has been to find and judge the perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide. Ultimately, this study analyses the causes and consequences of the Rwandan Genocide in general terms. Especially, it writes about the purpose of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, which was established after the genocide, and how it carries out its activities on the genocide. It also includes the advantages and disadvantages of having the seat of the court in Tanzania. The article also covers the extent to which the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is or is not functional in the case of the Rwandan Genocide.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Genocide Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tanzania

Kaynakça

  • Akhavan, P. (1996). The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The politics and pragmatics of punishment. The American Journal of International Law. 90 (3), 501-510.
  • Ataöv, T. (1977). Afrika ulusal kurtuluş mücadeleleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları. No: 411.
  • Baines, E. K. (2003). Body politics and the Rwandan crisis. Third World Quarterly. 24 (3), 479-493.
  • Camargo, C. B. and Gatwa, T. (2018). Informal governance and corruption–transcending the principal agent and collective action paradigms. Rwanda Country Report, July, 1-35.
  • Chakravarty, A. (2006). Gacaca Courts in Rwanda: Explaining divisions within the human rights community. Yale Journal of International Affairs, 1 (2), 132-145.
  • CIA, The World Factbook: Rwanda. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2023.
  • CIA, The World Factbook: Rwanda: People and society. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/#people-and-society Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2023.
  • Clark, J. N. (2010). National unity and reconciliation in Rwanda: A flawed approach?. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 28 (2), 137-154.
  • Craven, M. (2015). Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade. London Review of International Law, 3 (1), 31-59.
  • Crawford, J. (Dec. 15, 2015). Was the UN’S Rwanda Tribunal independent? https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/tribunals/ictr/25134-was-the-un-s-rwanda-tribunal-independent.html Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • Çoban-Öztürk, E. (2010). Modern devlet, biyoiktidar ve soykırım: Ruanda örneği. Adres Yayınları.
  • Çoban-Öztürk, E. (2011). Toplumsal yapılar ve şiddet: Ruanda örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Afrika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1 (1), Güz, 67-114.
  • Çoban-Öztürk, E. (2016). Uzlaşma Süreçleri ve Uluslararası Mahkemenin Sonlandırılması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 12 (48), 37-53.
  • Daban, C. (2017). Dekolonizasyon süreci ve sonrası Afrika. Açılım Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Dagne, T. (2011). Rwanda: Background and current developments. Congressional Research Service, June 1, 1-9.
  • Eriksson, J. (March 1996). The international response to conflict and genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda experience, https://www.oecd.org/countries/rwanda/50189495.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2023.
  • Euronews, (26.09.2021). Ruanda’da 1994’te gerçekleşen soykırımın ‘elebaşı’ Bagosora, Mali’de cezaevinde öldü, https://tr.euronews.com/2021/09/26/ruanda-da-1994-de-gerceklesen-soyk-r-m-n-elebas-bagosora-mali-de-cezaevinde-oldu Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • Faustin, M. (2016). Preventing genocide by fighting against hate speech. International Journal of Advanced Research, 4 (3), 117-132.
  • Ferroggiaro, W. (April 7, 2004). The U.S. and the genocide in Rwanda 1994: The assassination of the presidents and the beginning of the apocalypse, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB119/ Erişim Tarihi: 07.07.2023.
  • Forges, A. D. (2007). Call to genocide: Radio in Rwanda, 1994. A. Thompson. (Ed.). The media and the Rwanda genocide. (ss.41-55), Pluto Press. General act of the Berlin conference on West Africa, 26 February 1885. https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1885GeneralActBerlinConference.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2023.
  • Goodrich, L. M. (1947). From league of nations to United Nations. International Organization, 1 (1), Feb., 3-21. Haspeslagh, S. Safe havens in Rwanda: Operation turquoise. https://www.beyondintractability.org/cic_documents/Safe-Havens-Rwanda.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2023.
  • Hauschıldt, T. (July 15, 2012). Gacaca courts and restorative justice in Rwanda. https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/23858 Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • Holokost Ansiklopedisi. Ruanda: Soykırımın ilk mahkûmiyeti. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/tr/article/rwanda-the-first-conviction-for-genocide#:~:text=Ruanda%20Uluslararas%C4%B1%20Ceza%20Mahkemesinde%20g%C3%B6r%C3%BClen,hapishanede%20m%C3%BCebbet%20hapis%20cezas%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20%C3%A7ekmektedir Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • Human Rights Watch, (16.05.2023). Acknowledging genocide. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-02.htm Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2023.
  • ICG (2001). International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Justice Delayed. Africa Report, No 30, 1-41.
  • International Panel of Eminent Personalities (IPEP), (2000). Rwanda: The preventable genocide. s.59-60, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d1da8752.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 14.07.2023.
  • Jean, M. The Rwandan Genocide: The true motivations for mass killings. http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume1/Moises.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2023.
  • Kabano, J. (2017). Birleşmiş Milletler sisteminin Uluslararası Barış Koruma Sorumluluğu’nda zaafiyeti: Ruanda örneği. Journal of Law, 1 (1), 1-17.
  • Kaufman, Z. D.(11 Feb. 2019). United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3327004 Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2023.
  • Lemkin, R. (1944). Axis rule in occupied Europe: Laws of occupation-analysis of government-proposals for redress. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Luraghi, R. (2000). Sömürgecilik tarihi. (Çev. H. İnal). E Yayınları.
  • Mazrui, A. A. (1993). Introduction. Mazrui, A. A. & C. Wondj. (Ed.) General history of Africa VIII: Africa since 1935, (ss.1-25), UNESCO Publishing.
  • Mcdoom, O. (2005). Rwanda’s ordinary killers: Interpreting popular participation in the Rwandan genocide. Crisis States Programme Working papers, series no. 1, December.
  • Mehu, M. (2018). A colony’s state of sovereignty: Decolonization has yet to take place in Rwanda. City University of New York Academic Works, 1-66.
  • Mennecke, M. (2012). The crime of genocide and international law. https://www.niod.nl/sites/niod.nl/files/International%20Law.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 07.03.2023.
  • Nikuze, D. (2014). The genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda: Origins, causes, implementation, consequences, and the post-genocide era. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 3 (5), 1086-1098.
  • Odman, T. (1996). Eski Yugoslavya ile ilgili Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin kuruluşu ve yasal dayanağı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 45 (1), 131-151.
  • Philipp, C. E. (2003). The International Criminal Court: A brief introduction. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol. 7, 1-69.
  • Plessis, M. d. (2010). The International Criminal Court that Africa wants. Pretoria/South Africa: the Institute for Security Studies Published.
  • Rosenberg, J. (May 07, 2019). A short history of the Rwandan genocide. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-rwandan-genocide-1779931 Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2023.
  • Qasim, S. O. (2014). Savaş suçları ve Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi, KKTC.
  • Orhan, Z. C. (2016). Nuremberg Askeri Ceza Mahkemesi ile Tokyo Uzakdoğu Uluslararası Askeri Mahkemesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Hukuk Bülteni, 7, 1-40.
  • Sellars, K. (2010). Imperfect justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo. The European Journal of International Law, 21 (4), 1085-1102.
  • Sloane, R. D. (2011). The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda. Giorgetti, C. & Brill, F. (Ed.). In the rules, practice, and jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals, (ss.261-282), Boston University School of Law Working Paper No. 11-56, December 8.
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RUANDA SOYKIRIMININ ANATOMİSİ VE RUANDA ULUSLARARASI CEZA MAHKEMESİNİN İŞLEVSELLİĞİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 1355 - 1383, 31.12.2024

Cihan Daban

https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1447674

Öz

II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra gündeme gelen en önemli meselelerden biri soykırım meselesidir. Çünkü Savaş’ta yaşanan insanlık dışı uygulamalar ve katliamlar küresel çapta büyük bir infial oluşturmuştur. Bu durum üzerine bir uluslararası ceza mahkemesinin kurulması ve suçluların cezalandırılması fikri ortaya atılmıştır. Bu fikir doğrultusunda Müttefik Devletler bir araya gelerek 1943 yılında Moskova Konferansı’nı düzenlediler. Konferans’ta alınan ortak kararla 1945 yılında ‘Avrupa Eksen Devletlerinin Büyük Savaş Suçlularının Yargılanması ve Cezalandırılmasına İlişkin Londra Antlaşması’ imzalandı. Bu antlaşma uyarınca Nuremberg Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin kurulmasına ve savaşta suç işleyen Nazi üst düzey yöneticilerin yargılanmasına karar verildi. İkinci ceza mahkemesi de 1946 yılında kurulan Tokyo Uzakdoğu Uluslararası Askeri Mahkemesi’dir. Bu mahkeme Pasifik’te işlenen suçları ortaya çıkarmak ve failleri yargılamakla görevlendirilmiştir. Bir diğer önemli mahkeme ise Ruanda Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’dir. 1994 yılında Tanzanya’da kurulan bu mahkemenin amacı Ruanda Soykırımına sebep olan suçluları bulmak ve yargılamak olmuştur. Nihayetinde bu çalışma Ruanda Soykırımının sebep ve sonuçlarını genel hatlarıyla analiz etmektedir. Özellikle Soykırım sonrası kurulan Ruanda Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin amacını ve soykırıma dair nasıl bir faaliyet yürüttüğünü kaleme almaktadır. Ayrıca, mahkeme merkezinin Tanzanya’da olmasının avantaj ve dezavantajlarını da içermektedir. Söz konusu makale Ruanda Soykırım meselesinde, Ruanda Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin ne ölçüde işlevsel olduğu ya da olmadığı konusunu da ele almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soykırım Ruanda Ruanda Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi Tanzanya

Kaynakça

  • Akhavan, P. (1996). The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The politics and pragmatics of punishment. The American Journal of International Law. 90 (3), 501-510.
  • Ataöv, T. (1977). Afrika ulusal kurtuluş mücadeleleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları. No: 411.
  • Baines, E. K. (2003). Body politics and the Rwandan crisis. Third World Quarterly. 24 (3), 479-493.
  • Camargo, C. B. and Gatwa, T. (2018). Informal governance and corruption–transcending the principal agent and collective action paradigms. Rwanda Country Report, July, 1-35.
  • Chakravarty, A. (2006). Gacaca Courts in Rwanda: Explaining divisions within the human rights community. Yale Journal of International Affairs, 1 (2), 132-145.
  • CIA, The World Factbook: Rwanda. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html Erişim Tarihi: 03.07.2023.
  • CIA, The World Factbook: Rwanda: People and society. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/#people-and-society Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2023.
  • Clark, J. N. (2010). National unity and reconciliation in Rwanda: A flawed approach?. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 28 (2), 137-154.
  • Craven, M. (2015). Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade. London Review of International Law, 3 (1), 31-59.
  • Crawford, J. (Dec. 15, 2015). Was the UN’S Rwanda Tribunal independent? https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/tribunals/ictr/25134-was-the-un-s-rwanda-tribunal-independent.html Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • Çoban-Öztürk, E. (2010). Modern devlet, biyoiktidar ve soykırım: Ruanda örneği. Adres Yayınları.
  • Çoban-Öztürk, E. (2011). Toplumsal yapılar ve şiddet: Ruanda örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Afrika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1 (1), Güz, 67-114.
  • Çoban-Öztürk, E. (2016). Uzlaşma Süreçleri ve Uluslararası Mahkemenin Sonlandırılması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 12 (48), 37-53.
  • Daban, C. (2017). Dekolonizasyon süreci ve sonrası Afrika. Açılım Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Dagne, T. (2011). Rwanda: Background and current developments. Congressional Research Service, June 1, 1-9.
  • Eriksson, J. (March 1996). The international response to conflict and genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda experience, https://www.oecd.org/countries/rwanda/50189495.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2023.
  • Euronews, (26.09.2021). Ruanda’da 1994’te gerçekleşen soykırımın ‘elebaşı’ Bagosora, Mali’de cezaevinde öldü, https://tr.euronews.com/2021/09/26/ruanda-da-1994-de-gerceklesen-soyk-r-m-n-elebas-bagosora-mali-de-cezaevinde-oldu Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • Faustin, M. (2016). Preventing genocide by fighting against hate speech. International Journal of Advanced Research, 4 (3), 117-132.
  • Ferroggiaro, W. (April 7, 2004). The U.S. and the genocide in Rwanda 1994: The assassination of the presidents and the beginning of the apocalypse, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB119/ Erişim Tarihi: 07.07.2023.
  • Forges, A. D. (2007). Call to genocide: Radio in Rwanda, 1994. A. Thompson. (Ed.). The media and the Rwanda genocide. (ss.41-55), Pluto Press. General act of the Berlin conference on West Africa, 26 February 1885. https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1885GeneralActBerlinConference.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2023.
  • Goodrich, L. M. (1947). From league of nations to United Nations. International Organization, 1 (1), Feb., 3-21. Haspeslagh, S. Safe havens in Rwanda: Operation turquoise. https://www.beyondintractability.org/cic_documents/Safe-Havens-Rwanda.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2023.
  • Hauschıldt, T. (July 15, 2012). Gacaca courts and restorative justice in Rwanda. https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/23858 Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • Holokost Ansiklopedisi. Ruanda: Soykırımın ilk mahkûmiyeti. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/tr/article/rwanda-the-first-conviction-for-genocide#:~:text=Ruanda%20Uluslararas%C4%B1%20Ceza%20Mahkemesinde%20g%C3%B6r%C3%BClen,hapishanede%20m%C3%BCebbet%20hapis%20cezas%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20%C3%A7ekmektedir Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • Human Rights Watch, (16.05.2023). Acknowledging genocide. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-02.htm Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2023.
  • ICG (2001). International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Justice Delayed. Africa Report, No 30, 1-41.
  • International Panel of Eminent Personalities (IPEP), (2000). Rwanda: The preventable genocide. s.59-60, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d1da8752.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 14.07.2023.
  • Jean, M. The Rwandan Genocide: The true motivations for mass killings. http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume1/Moises.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2023.
  • Kabano, J. (2017). Birleşmiş Milletler sisteminin Uluslararası Barış Koruma Sorumluluğu’nda zaafiyeti: Ruanda örneği. Journal of Law, 1 (1), 1-17.
  • Kaufman, Z. D.(11 Feb. 2019). United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3327004 Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2023.
  • Lemkin, R. (1944). Axis rule in occupied Europe: Laws of occupation-analysis of government-proposals for redress. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Luraghi, R. (2000). Sömürgecilik tarihi. (Çev. H. İnal). E Yayınları.
  • Mazrui, A. A. (1993). Introduction. Mazrui, A. A. & C. Wondj. (Ed.) General history of Africa VIII: Africa since 1935, (ss.1-25), UNESCO Publishing.
  • Mcdoom, O. (2005). Rwanda’s ordinary killers: Interpreting popular participation in the Rwandan genocide. Crisis States Programme Working papers, series no. 1, December.
  • Mehu, M. (2018). A colony’s state of sovereignty: Decolonization has yet to take place in Rwanda. City University of New York Academic Works, 1-66.
  • Mennecke, M. (2012). The crime of genocide and international law. https://www.niod.nl/sites/niod.nl/files/International%20Law.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 07.03.2023.
  • Nikuze, D. (2014). The genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda: Origins, causes, implementation, consequences, and the post-genocide era. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 3 (5), 1086-1098.
  • Odman, T. (1996). Eski Yugoslavya ile ilgili Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin kuruluşu ve yasal dayanağı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 45 (1), 131-151.
  • Philipp, C. E. (2003). The International Criminal Court: A brief introduction. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol. 7, 1-69.
  • Plessis, M. d. (2010). The International Criminal Court that Africa wants. Pretoria/South Africa: the Institute for Security Studies Published.
  • Rosenberg, J. (May 07, 2019). A short history of the Rwandan genocide. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-rwandan-genocide-1779931 Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2023.
  • Qasim, S. O. (2014). Savaş suçları ve Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi, KKTC.
  • Orhan, Z. C. (2016). Nuremberg Askeri Ceza Mahkemesi ile Tokyo Uzakdoğu Uluslararası Askeri Mahkemesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Hukuk Bülteni, 7, 1-40.
  • Sellars, K. (2010). Imperfect justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo. The European Journal of International Law, 21 (4), 1085-1102.
  • Sloane, R. D. (2011). The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda. Giorgetti, C. & Brill, F. (Ed.). In the rules, practice, and jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals, (ss.261-282), Boston University School of Law Working Paper No. 11-56, December 8.
  • Sloane, R. D., The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. http://www.bu.edu/law/workingpapers-archive/documents/sloaner120811.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2023.
  • Stanton, G. H., Could the Rwandan Genocide have been Prevented?. http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Rwanda02CouldThe_Rwandan_Genocıde_Have_Been_Prevented.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2023.
  • Skalnik, P. (2001-2002). Chiefdoms and kingdoms in Africa: Why they are neither states nor empires. https://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/chiefdomsandkingdoms.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2023.
  • Tomar, C. Ruanda: Orta Afrika’da bir ülke. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ruanda Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023.
  • Topuz, H. (1971). Kara Afrika: Bir kıtanın dünü bugünü ve yarını. İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları. United Nations Security Council. https://www.irmct.org/specials/ictr-remembers/docs/res955-1994_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2023.
  • Wage, D. & Lois, H. (July 19, 2004). A case study on the Arusha Peace Agreement. https://consensus.fsu.edu/academic_directory/2004casestudies/HaighWageRwandaCaseStudy.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2023.
  • Weiss, T. G. (2015). The United Nations: before, during and after 1945. International Affairs, 91 (6), 1221-1235.
  • Van-Schaack, B. (2008). Engendering genocide: The Akayesu case before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Human Rights Advocacy Stories. Santa Clara Univ.: Foundation Press. Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 08-55.
  • Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2014). Propaganda and conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129 (4), December, 1947-1994.
  • (2001). International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda: Justice delayed. International Crisis Group/ Africa Report, N0 30, 7 June.
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2023.
  • Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/english/rome_statute(e).pdf Erişim Tarihi:18.08.2023.
  • (December 23, 2015). Rwanda: International tribunal closing its doors: Governments should bring remaining genocide suspects to justice. https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/23/rwanda-international-tribunal-closing-its-doors Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2023.
  • Soykırım Suçunun Önlenmesi ve Cezalandırılması Sözleşmesi. https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/Dokuman/2312020093827bm_11.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2023.
  • Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. s. 49-57, https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/ictr_EF.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2023.
  • T.C. Dış İlişkiler ve Avrupa Birliği Genel Müdürlüğü, “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi (UCM)”, https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/uluslararasi-ceza-mahkemesi-ucm28022020101834 Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2024.
  • The ICTR in brief. https://unictr.irmct.org/en/tribunal Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2023.
  • (31 July 2015). United Nations General Assembly Security Council, Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. https://unictr.irmct.org/sites/unictr.org/files/legal-library/150731-annual-report-en.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2023.
  • What is genocide. https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20110210-what-is-genocide.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2023.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Afrika Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cihan Daban 0000-0002-2890-2415

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Daban, C. (2024). RUANDA SOYKIRIMININ ANATOMİSİ VE RUANDA ULUSLARARASI CEZA MAHKEMESİNİN İŞLEVSELLİĞİ. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 15(3), 1355-1383. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1447674
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