Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in Several Food and Beverage Businesses in Istanbul

Öz

In food and beverage businesses, the quality of indoor air is an important factor in maintaining the quality characteristics and shelf life of food. Biological pollutants, such as viruses, yeast, mildew, and bacteria in the indoor air, can cause deterioration of food and harm human health. This study was carried out in Istanbul to evaluate the indoor microbiological air quality of the kitchens of various food businesses. Samples were taken monthly from the indoor air of 10 different food and beverage businesses with an air sampling device for three months and were analyzed microbiologically. According to the results of the analysis, the average total mesophilic aerobe and yeast-mold counts in various parts of the kitchens were calculated to be between 2.16-2.63 log cfu/m3 and 2.37-2.61 log cfu/m3, respectively. While the average air quality was moderate in terms of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria in six of the enterprises and bad in four, seven enterprises were evaluated as bad in terms of total yeast-mold, and three enterprises were evaluated in the middle class. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the enterprises should take necessary corrective-remedial measures to increase the air quality by reducing the microbiological load of the indoor air.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Air hygiene
• kitchen
• quality
• microbial load
• food safety

İstanbul’daki Bazı Yiyecek ve İçecek İşletmelerinde İç Ortam Havasının Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesi

Öz

Yiyecek ve içecek işletmelerinde iç ortam havasının kalitesi, gıdaların kalite özellikleri ve raf ömürlerinin korunmasında önemli bir unsurdur. İç ortam havasındaki virüs, maya-küf, bakteri gibi biyolojik kirleticiler, gıdaların bozulmalarına sebep oldukları gibi insan sağlığına da zarar verebilirler. Bu çalışma, çeşitli gıda işletmelerindeki mutfakların iç ortam mikrobiyolojik kalitelerini değerlendirmek amacıyla İstanbul’da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üç ay boyunca 10 farklı yiyecek ve içecek işletmesinin iç ortam havasından aylık olarak hava örnekleme cihazı ile alınan örnekler mikrobiyolojik açıdan analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre mutfakların çeşitli bölümlerindeki ortalama toplam mezofilik aerob ve maya-küf sayıları sırasıyla 2,16-2,63 log kob/m3 ve 2,37-2,61 log kob/m3 arasında hesaplanmıştır. İşletmelerin altısında toplam mezofilik aerob bakteri açısından ortalama hava kalitesinin orta, dördünde kötü iken, toplam maya-küf açısından yedi işletmenin kötü, üç işletmenin ise orta sınıfta değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre işletmelerin iç ortam havasının mikrobiyolojik yükünü azaltarak, havanın kalitesini arttırmak için gerekli düzeltici-iyileştirici önlemleri alması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hava hijyeni
• mutfak
• kalite
• mikrobiyal yük
• gıda güvenliği

Kaynakça

1. Al-Dagal, M., Mo, O., Fung, D. Y. C., Kastner, C. (1992). A case study of the influence of microbial quality of air on product shelf life in a meat processing plant. Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation (USA), 12, 69–70.
2. Al-Dagal, M., Fung, D. Y. (1993). Aeromicrobiology: An assessment of a new meat research complex. Journal of Environmental Health, 56(1), 7–4.
3. Al Madhoun, W. A., Abed, E.Y., Elmanama, A. A., Kim, H., Xu, X. (2017). Assessment of indoor microbial environment of labs and faculty offices at a university in Gaza, Palestine. O. Eljamal (Ed.), Proceedings of International Exchange and Innovation Conference on Engineering & Sciences (s. 11–14) içinde. Kyushu University.
4. Asif, A., Zeeshan, M., Jahanzaib, M. (2019). Assessment of indoor and outdoor microbial air quality of cafeterias of an educational institute. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(2), 531–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.09.012
5. Beuchat, L. R. (2002, August). Difficulties in eliminating human pathogenic microorganisms on raw fruits and vegetables. N.E. Looney (Ed.), XXVI International Hortamicultural Congress: Hortamiculture, Art and Science for Life-The Colloquia Presentations 642 (s. 151–160) içinde. Acta Horticulturae.
6. Brown, K. L. (Ed.). (2001). Evaluation of Risks of Airborne Contamination of Food Products. Campden and Chorleywood Research Association.
7. Byrne, B., Lyng, J., Dunne, G., Bolton, D. J. (2008). An assessment of the microbial quality of the air within a pork processing plant. Food Control, 19(9), 915–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.08.016 Cabral, J. P. (2010). Can we use indoor fungi as bioindicators of indoor air quality? Historical perspectives and open questions. Science of The Total Environment, 408(20), 4285–4295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.005
8. Crawford, J. A., Rosenbaum, P. F., Anagnost, S. E., Hunt, A., Abraham, J. L. (2015). Indicators of airborne fungal concentrations in urban homes: understanding the conditions that affect indoor fungal exposures. Science of The Total Environment, 517, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.060

9. Çöl, B. G. (2006). Gıda işletmelerinde ortam havasının mikrobiyal yükü üzerine bir araştırma. (Tez no. 192912) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
10. Çöl, B. G., Aksu, H. (2007). Gıda işletmelerinde ortam havasının mikrobiyel yükü üzerine etkili faktörler ve hava örnekleme teknikleri. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 2, 24–47.
11. Dang, D. Y. N., Vuong, H. N., Nguyen, T. T., Phan, T. T. T. (2020). Microbiological contamination of indoor air in university classrooms (Case study: University of Science-Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh city). Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, 62(4), 30–35.
12. Deguchi, N., Yoshizawa, S. (1996). Study on the pollution by common fungi in houses. K. Ikeda, S. Yoshizawa (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (s.149–154) içinde. Institute of Public Health.
13. Després, V. R., Huffman, J. A., Burrows, S. M., Hoose, C., Safatov, A., Buryak, G., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Elbert, W., Andreae, M.O., Pöschl, U., Jaenicke, R. (2012). Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: A Review. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 64(1), 15598. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598
14. Ellerbroek, L. (1997). Airborne microflorain poultry slaughtering establishments. Food Microbiology, 14(6), 527–531. https://doi.org/10.1006/fmic.1997.0119
15. Ferguson, R. M., Garcia‐Alcega, S., Coulon, F., Dumbrell, A. J., Whitby, C., Colbeck, I. (2019). Bioaerosol biomonitoring: Sampling optimization for molecular microbial ecology. Molecular Ecology Resources, 19(3), 672–690. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13002
16. Fernstrom, A., Goldblatt, M. (2013). Aerobiology and its role in the transmission of infectious diseases. Journal of Pathogens, 2013, 493960. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/493960
17. Freire, F. C. O. (2011). A deterioração fúngica de produtos de panificação no Brasil. Embrapa. https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/907492/1/COT11010.pdf
18. Garcia, M. V., Bregão, A. S., Parussolo, G., Bernardi, A. O., Stefanello, A., Copetti, M. V. (2019). Incidence of spoilage fungi in the air of bakeries with different hygienic status. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 290, 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.022
19. Goh, I., Obbard, J. P., Viswanathan, S., Huang, Y. (2000). Airborne bacteria and fungal spores in the indoor environment. A case study in Singapore. Acta Biotechnologica, 20(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200111
20. Qian, J., Hospodsky, D., Yamamoto, N., Nazaroff, W., Peccia, J. (2015). Size resolved emission rates of airborne bacteria and outdoor environments of childcare facilities. Indoor Air, 22, 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00769.x
21. Jericho, K. W, Ho, J., Kozub, G. C. (2000). Aerobiology of a high-line speed cattle abattoir. Journal of Food Protection, 63(11), 1523–1528. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.11.1523
22. Kalliokoski, P., Lignell, U., Meklin, T., Koivisto, J., Nevalainen, A. (2002). Comparison of airborne microbial levels in school kitchen facilities and other school areas. H. Levin, G. Bendy (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (s.444–448) içinde. Indoor Air 2002.
23. Kang, Y. J., Frank, J. F. (1990). Characteristics of biological aerosols in dairy processing plants. Journal of Dairy Science, 73(3), 621–626. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)787127
24. Kim, K. Y., Kim, H. T., Kim, D., Nakajima, J., Higuchi, T. (2009). Distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi in the feedstuff-manufacturing factories. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169(1-3), 1054–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.059
25. Klinmalee, A., Srimongkol, K., Kim Oanh, N. T. (2009). Indoor air pollution levels in public buildings in Thailand and exposure assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 156, 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.059
26. Lee, S. C., Guo, H., Li, W. M., Chan, L. Y. (2002). Inter-comparison of air pollutant concentrations in different indoor environments in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 36(12), 1929–1940. Lee, J. H., Jo, W. K. (2006). Characteristics of indoor and outdoor bioaerosols at Korean high-rise apartment buildings. Environmental Research, 101(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.009
27. Lehto, M., Kuisma, R., Määttä, J., Kymäläinen, H. R., Mäki, M. (2011). Hygienic level and surface contamination in fresh-cut vegetable production plants. Food Control, 22(3-4), 469–475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2010.09.029
28. Luongo, J. C., Fennelly, K. P., Keen, J. A., Zhai, Z. J., Jones, B. W., Miller, S. L. (2016). Role of mechanical ventilation in the airborne transmission of infectious agents in buildings. Indoor Air, 26(5), 666–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12267
29. Madureira, J., Paciência, I., Rufo, J., Ramos, E., Barros, H., Teixeira, J. P., de Oliveira Fernandes, E. (2015a). Indoor air quality in schools and its relationship with children's respiratory symptoms. Atmospheric Environment, 118, 145–156.
30. Madureira, J., Paciência, I., Rufo, J. C., Pereira, C., Teixeira, J. P., de Oliveira Fernandes, E. (2015b). Assessment and determinants of airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations in different indoor environments: Homes, child day-care centres, primary schools and elderly care centres. Atmospheric Environment, 109, 139–146.
31. Maier, R., Pepper, I., Gerba, C. H. (2009). Environmental microbiology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. Mashat, B. (2015). Indoor and outdoor microbial aerosols at the holy mosque: a case study. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6(6), 990–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2015.05.004
32. Nasir, Z. A., Colbeck, I. (2010). Assessment of bacterial and fungal aerosol in different residential settings. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 211, 367–377.
33. Ooraikul, B., Smith, J. P., Koersen, W. J. (1987). Air quality in some Alberta bakeries. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal, 20(5), 387–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0315-5463(87)71337-6 Osimani, A., Garofalo, C., Milanović, V., Taccari, M., Aquilanti, L., Polverigiani, S., Clementi, F. (2016). Indoor air quality in mass catering plants: Occurrence of airborne eumycetes in a university canteen. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 59, 1–10.
34. Pearce, R. A., Sheridan, J. J., Bolton, D. J. (2006). Distribution of airborne microorganisms in commercial pork slaughter processes. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 107, 86–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.029
35. Rajasekar, A., Balasubramanian, R. (2011). Assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in food courts. Building and Environment, 46(10), 2081–2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.021
36. Rodriguez, M., Valero, A., Carrasco, E., Pérez-Rodríguez, F., Posada, G. D., Zurera, G. (2011). Hygienic conditions and microbiological status of chilled ready-to-eat products served in Southern Spanish hospitals. Food Control, 22(6), 874–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.015
37. Rodríguez-Caturla, M. Y, Valero, A., Carrasco, E., Posada, G.D., García-Gimeno, R. M., Zurera, G. (2012). Evaluation of hygiene practices and microbiological status of ready-to-eat vegetable salads in Spanish school canteens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(11), 2332–2340. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5634
38. Sapers, G. M. (2003). Washing and sanitizing raw materials for minimally processed fruit and vegetable products (s. 221–253). CRC Press. Simeray, J., Mandin, D., Chaumont, J. P. (1995). Variations in the distribution of fungal spores in the atmosphere of bake houses. Impact on The Study of Allergies, 34(4), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173139509429056
39. Shilpa, B. S., Pallavi, R., Sindu, B. S., Mahima, M. R., Sowmya, G. (2013). Assessment of bio-aerosols in outdoor and indoor environment of schools: a case study. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 3(6), 131–137.
40. Shin, S. K., Kim, J., Ha, S. M., Oh, H. S., Chun, J., Sohn, J., Yi, H. (2015). Metagenomic insights into the bioaerosols in the indoor and outdoor environments of childcare facilities. PLoS One, 10(5), e0126960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126960
41. Vinayananda, C. O., Deepak, S. J., Rongsensusang, A., Portameen, K., Apparao, V., Dhanalakshmi, B. (2018). Analysis of microbial quality of the air in meat and dairy plants by impaction technique. Bulletin of Environment Pharmacology and Life Science, 7, 7–13.
42. Whyte, P. J. D. C., Collins, J. D., McGill, K., Monahan, C., O'mahony, H. (2001). Distribution and prevalence of airborne microorganisms in three commercial poultry processing plants. Journal of Food Protection, 64(3), 388–391. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.3.388
43. Wood, R. A., Burchett, M. D., Orwell, R. A., Tarran, J., Torpy, F. (2002). Plant/soil capacities to remove harmful substances from polluted indoor air. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnolog, 71, 120–129.
44. Yassin, M. F., Almouqatea, S. (2010). Assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 7, 535–544.