“Artık Daha Sakinim”: Profesyonel Şoförlere Yönelik Bir Öfke Yönetimi Müdahalesinin Nitel Değerlendirmesi

Öz

Profesyonel otobüs şoförleri, yüksek iş talepleri, zorlu trafik koşulları ve kişilerarası etkileşim yoğunluğu nedeniyle sürücü öfkesine yatkın bir meslek grubudur. Öfke yönetimi müdahalelerinin etkinliği ağırlıklı olarak nicel sonuçlar kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş olsa da katılımcıların müdahale deneyimlerini ve değişim süreçlerine ilişkin algılarını yansıtan nitel kanıtlar sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu çalışma, boylamsal, randomize kontrollü bir öfke yönetimi müdahalesinin nitel değerlendirme bileşenini sunmaktadır. Müdahale sonrasında, sekiz oturumluk öfke yönetimi grup terapisini tamamlayan, yüksek düzeyde öfkeye sahip 66 profesyonel otobüs şoföründen üç açık uçlu soruya verdikleri yanıtlar yazılı olarak toplanmıştır. Veriler, Kirkpatrick'in tepki düzeyi ve Kraiger, Ford ve Salas tarafından önerilen bilişsel, duygusal ve beceri temelli öğrenme çıktıları çerçevesinde, tümdengelimli içerik analizi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bilişsel çıktıların hem iş hem de iş dışı bağlamda en sık bildirilen tema olduğu görülmüştür. Katılımcılar özellikle bilişsel yeniden çerçeveleme, alternatif bakış açıları benimseme ve çözüm odaklı düşünme alanlarındaki kazanımları vurgulamışlardır. Duygusal çıktılarda, sakinleşme, öfke ve stresin azalması öne çıkmıştır; işe yönelik duygu ve tutumlarda da olumlu değişiklikler bildirilmiştir. Davranış kontrolü gibi beceri temelli sonuçlar da sıklıkla bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca, işle ilgili davranışlarda iyileşmeler, kazanımların aile ve yakın ilişkilere genelleştirildiği bildirilmiştir. Tepki düzeyinde ise, müdahaleye yönelik yüksek kabul edilebilirlik ve katılımcıların müdahalenin örgüt düzeyinde yaygınlaştırılmasına ilişkin beklentiler ifade edilmiştir. Genel olarak, bulgular öfke yönetimi grup terapisinin profesyonel sürücüler arasında bilişsel, duygusal ve davranışsal alanlarda anlamlı kazanımlar sağladığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• öfke yönetimi
• otobüs şoförleri
• BDT
• katılımcı değerlendirmeleri
• algılanan kazanımlar

“I Feel Calmer Now”: A Qualitative Evaluation of an Anger Management Intervention for Professional Drivers

Öz

Professional bus drivers constitute an occupational group that is particularly prone to driver anger due to high job demands, challenging traffic conditions, and frequent interpersonal interactions. Although the effectiveness of anger management interventions has predominantly been evaluated using quantitative outcomes, qualitative evidence capturing participants’ experiences of the intervention and their perceptions of change processes remains limited. This study reports the qualitative evaluation component of a randomized controlled trial and a longitudinal anger management intervention. Post-intervention, written responses to three open-ended questions were collected from 66 professional bus drivers with elevated levels of driver anger who completed an eight-session anger management group therapy. Data were analysed using deductive content analysis, guided by Kirkpatrick’s reaction level and the cognitive, affective, and skill-based learning outcomes framework proposed by Kraiger, Ford, and Salas. Cognitive outcomes emerged as the most frequently reported domain in both work-related and non-work contexts. Participants particularly highlighted gains in cognitive reframing, adopting alternative perspectives, and solution-focused thinking. In the affective outcomes, feelings of calm and reduced anger and stress were prominent; positive changes in feelings and attitudes toward work were also reported. Skill-based outcomes—such as, behavioural control—were also commonly reported. Also, improvements were reported in work-related behaviours, while gains were generalized to family and close relationships. Findings at the reaction level indicated high program acceptability and participants’ expectations regarding the dissemination of the intervention at the organizational level. Overall, the findings suggest that anger management group programs yield meaningful perceived gains across cognitive, emotional, and behavioural domains among professional drivers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• anger management
• bus drivers
• CBT
• participant evaluations

Kaynakça

1. Ābele, L., Haustein, S., Møller, M., & Zettler, I. (2020). Links between observed and self-reported driving anger, observed and self-reported aggressive driving, and personality traits. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 140, 105516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105516
2. Adavikottu, A., & Velaga, N. R. (2021). Analysis of factors influencing aggressive driver behavior and crash involvement. Traffic Injury Prevention, 22(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2021.1965590
3. Aktaş, B., & Bostancı Daştan, N. (2025). The effect of coping with anger psychoeducation on trait anger and anger expressions of nursing students: A randomized controlled trial. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 20(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2025.02.011
4. Anderson, J. R., Stith, S. M., Johnson, M. D., Strachman-Miller, M. M., Amanor-Boadu, Y., & Linkh, D. J. (2013). Multi-couple group and self-directed prep formats enhance relationship satisfaction and improve anger management skills in air force couples. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 41(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2012.671104
5. Arafa, A., El-Setouhy, M., & Hirshon, J. M. (2019). Driving behavior and road traffic crashes among professional and nonprofessional drivers in South Egypt. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 26(4), 372-378. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2019.1638419
6. Beech, B., & Leather, P. (2006). Workplace violence in the health care sector: A review of staff training and integration of training evaluation models. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(1), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2005.05.004
7. Chen, L., Ye, Z., Shafait, Z., & Zhu, H. (2022). The effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity: the mediating role of negative affect and moderating role of interpersonal harmony. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 796355. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.796355
8. Deffenbacher, J. L. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral conceptualization and treatment of anger. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18(2), 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.12.004

9. Deffenbacher, J. L. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for angry drivers. In E. Fernandez (Ed.), Treatments for anger in specific populations: Theory, application, and outcome (pp. 15-32). Oxford University Press.
10. Deffenbacher, J. L. (2016). A review of interventions for the reduction of driving anger. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42(2), 411-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.024
11. Deffenbacher, J. L., Oetting, E. R., & Lynch, R. S. (1994). Development of a driving anger scale. Psychological Reports, 74(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.1.83
12. Deffenbacher, J. L., Stephens, A. N., & Sullman, M. J. (2016). Driving anger as a psychological construct: Twenty years of research using the Driving Anger Scale. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42(2), 236-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.021
13. DiGiuseppe, R., & Tafrate, R. C. (2001). A comprehensive treatment model for anger disorders. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(3), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.3.262
14. Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
15. Eisapareh, K., Nazari, M., Kaveh, M. H., Cousins, R., & Mokarami, H. (2023). Effects of an educational intervention program based on the PRECEDE–PROCEED model for anger management and driving performance of urban taxi drivers: A comparison of traditional and online methods. Safety Science, 157, 105933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105933
16. Feng, Z., Zhan, J., Ma, C., Lei, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, W., & Wang, K. (2018). Is cognitive intervention or forgiveness intervention more effective for the reduction of driving anger in Chinese bus drivers? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 55, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.02.039
17. Gidron, Y., Slor, Z., Toderas, S., Herz, G., & Friedman, S. (2015). Effects of psychological inoculation on indirect road hostility and simulated driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 30, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.01.012
18. Grodnitzky, G. R., & Tafrate, R. C. (2000). Imaginal exposure for anger reduction in adult outpatients: a pilot study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31(3-4), 259-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7916(01)00010-6
19. Hart, T., Brockway, J. A., Maiuro, R. D., Vaccaro, M., Fann, J. R., Mellick, D., Harrison-Felix, C., Barber, J., & Temkin, N. (2017). Anger self-management training for chronic moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: results of a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 32(5), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000316
20. Haustein, S., Holgaard, R., Ābele, L., Andersen, S. K., & Møller, M. (2021). A cognitive-behavioural intervention to reduce driving anger: Evaluation based on a mixed-method approach. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 156, 106144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106144
21. Henwood, K. S., Chou, S., & Browne, K. D. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of CBT informed anger management. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(Part B), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.011
22. Herrero-Fernández, D. (2016). Psychophysiological, subjective and behavioral differences between high and low anger drivers in a simulation task. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42(Part 2), 365-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.12.015
23. Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
24. Kazemeini, T., Ghanbari-e-Hashem-Abadi, B., & Safarzadeh, A. (2013). Mindfulness based cognitive group therapy vs cognitive behavioral group therapy as a treatment for driving anger and aggression in Iranian taxi drivers. Psychology, 4(8), 638–644. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.48091
25. Kirkpatrick, D., & Kirkpatrick, J. (2008). Evaluating training programs: The four levels. (3rd ed.) Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
26. Knapp, P., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive therapy: Foundations, conceptual models, applications and research. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 30(2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462008000600003
27. Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A Guideline of selecting and reporting Intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
28. Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. (1993). Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 311-328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.311
29. Lee, A. H., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2018). Anger and aggression treatments: A review of meta-analyses. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.004
30. Lamontagne, A. D., Keegel, T., Louie, A. M., Ostry, A., & Landsbergis, P. A. (2007). A systematic review of the job-stress intervention evaluation literature, 1990-2005. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 13(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2007.13.3.268
31. Lök, N., Bademli, K., & Canbaz, M. (2018). The effects of anger management education on adolescents’ manner of displaying anger and self-esteem: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(4), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.10.010
32. Nesbit, S. M., & Conger, J. C. (2012). Predicting aggressive driving behavior from anger and negative cognitions. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(6), 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2012.07.003
33. Novaco, R. W. (2016). Anger. In G. Fink (Ed.), Stress: Concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior (pp. 285–292). Elsevier Academic Press.
34. Osgood, J. M., Kase, S. E., Zaroukian, E. G., & Quartana, P. J. (2021). Online intervention reduces hostile attribution bias, anger, aggressive driving, and cyber-aggression, results of two randomized trials. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(2), 310-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10147-8
35. Öz, B., Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2010). Professional and non-professional drivers’ stress reactions and risky driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 13(1), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2009.10.001
36. Saini, M. (2009). A meta-analysis of the psychological treatment of anger: Developing guidelines for evidence-based practice. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 37(4), 473-488. https://jaapl.org/content/jaapl/37/4/473.full.pdf
37. Sertel-Berk, Ö. (2020). Kronik ağrı sendromlarında psikolojik uygulamalar gevşeme egzersizi klinisyen el kitabı. (1st ed.) Mentis.
38. Sidani, S., Epstein, D. R., Fox, M., & Collins, L. (2018). The contribution of participant, treatment, and outcome factors to treatment satisfaction. Research in Nursing & Health, 41(6), 572-582. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21909
39. Sitzmann, T., Brown, K. G., Casper, W. J., Ely, K., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2008). A review and meta-analysis of the nomological network of trainee reactions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.280
40. Tang M. (2001). Clinical outcome and client satisfaction of an anger management group program. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(4), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740106800406
41. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events Theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews (Vol. 18, pp. 1–74). Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
42. Yasak, Y., & Esiyok, B. (2009). Anger amongst Turkish drivers: Driving Anger Scale and its adapted, long and short version. Safety Science, 47(1), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.02.003
43. Yenice, E. (2025). Toplu taşıma otobüs şoförlerine yönelik öfke yönetimi grup terapisi müdahalesinin geliştirilmesi ve etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Istanbul University.
44. Young-Southward, G., Jackson, A., & Dunan, J. (2020). Group CBT for mild to moderate depression and anxiety: An evaluation of patient satisfaction within a primary care mental health team. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13(e8). http://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000057
45. Yun, K., & Yoo, Y. S. (2021). Effects of the anger management program for nurses. Asian Nursing Research, 15(4), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2021.07.004
46. Zeren, Ş. G., Erus, S. M., Amanvermez, Y., Buyruk Genç, A., & Duy, B. (2022). Danışanların çevrimiçi psikolojik danışma deneyimleri: Memnuniyet ve terapötik işbirliği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(1), 634–658. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.843542