Erken Dönem İçselleştirilen Bağlanma Deneyimlerinin Hikâyelerle Değerlendirilmesi: Bağlanma Senaryosu Değerlendirme Yönteminin Türkçe Uyarlaması

Yıl 2019, , 244 - 270, 01.10.2019

Meltem Anafarta-şendağ

https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.525056

Öz

Bu çalışmada, erken dönem bağlanma deneyimlerinin ‘güvenli üs senaryosu’ olarak
temsil edildiği görüşü temelinde geliştirilmiş olan ve yarı-projektif bir teknik olan
Bağlanma Senaryo Değerlendirme (BSD) Yöntemi’nin Türkçe uyarlaması yapılmıştır.
Yaşları 18–58 arasında değişen toplam 197 katılımcı ile çalışma tamamlanmıştır.
BSD’nin yanısıra çalışmada Kısa Semptom Envanteri, Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal
Destek Ölçeği, Başa Çıkma Yolları Ölçeği, Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri (YİYEII) ve Weschler Yetişkinler için Zekâ Ölçeği-Geliştirilmiş Form (WYZÖ-G) uygulanmıştır.
BSD-Türkçe’nin test-tekrar test ve puanlayıcılar arası güvenirlik katsayılarının tatminkâr
düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Iraksak geçerlik kapsamında BSD performansının bilişsel
yetenek düzeyinden bağımsız olduğu, WYZÖ-G ile ilişkisizliği test edilerek saptanmıştır.
Yakınsak geçerlik kapsamında ise, güvenli üs senaryo bilgi düzeyinin psikolojik belirtiler
ve romantik ilişkilerde bağlanma kaygı düzeyi ile negatif, sosyal destek algısı, sosyal
destek arayışı ve problem odaklı başa çıkma ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur.
Ayrıca, BSD’nin sağlıklı yetişkin ve klinik örneklemi beklendik düzeyde ayırt edebildiği
sonucuna da ulaşılmıştır. Erken dönem deneyimlerinde şekillenen bağlanma
temsillerinin, güvenli üs senaryosu olarak tanımlanmasının kuramsal katkıları ve bu
senaryoların yarı-projektif bir teknik olarak BSD yöntemi ile ölçümlenebilmesinin
uygulamaya yönelik katkıları tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca bilişsel terapi sürecinde, bağlanmanın
güvenli üs bilişsel senaryoları kapsamında ele alınmasının olası faydaları vurgulanmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bağlanma temsilleri, güvenli üs, bilişsel senaryo

Teşekkür

Bu makale yazara ait; “The psychometric qualities of the knowledge of secure base script-prompt word outline method: Multi-sample evaluation of the validity and the reliability. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, (2007)” tez çalışmasından güncellenerek üretilmiştir. Teşekkür: Doktora araştırmam süresince değerli desteğini yol göstericiliğini esirgemeyen tez danışmanım sayın Prof. Dr. A. Nuray Karancı’ya ve bilgi birikimlerini bütün içtenlikleriyle benimle paylaşan Prof. Dr. Harriet Salatas Waters ve Prof. Dr. Everett Waters’a en samimi teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Assessment of Internalized Early Attachment Experience through Scripts: Turkish Adaptation of the Attachment Script Assessment Procedure

Öz

The purpose of the study was to conduct the Turkish adaptation of the Attachment Script
Assessment (ASA) procedure; a semi-projective technique that is based on the
assumption that attachment experiences is internalized as ‘secure base scripts’. The
study was completed with 197 adult participants between the ages of 18 and 58. In
addition to ASA, Brief Symptom Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social
Support, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Experiences in Close Relationships-II (ECR-II),
and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) were administered. Results
revealed a satisfactory level of test-retest, and interrater reliability. Divergent validity
was established by supporting the lack of significant correlation between ASA and WAISR. Convergent validity of ASA was established through positive correlations with
perceived social support, seeking social support, problem focused coping and negative
correlations with psychological symptoms and attachment anxiety. Also, ASA scores
were shown to be successful in discriminating the psychiatric clinical sample from a
nonclinical sample. The results were discussed both in terms of the theoretical
contribution of conceptualizing attachment representations as cognitive secure base
scripts and in terms of the practical contribution of the ASA providing an unobtrusive
way of assessing these scripts. Also, possible contributions of focusing secure base scripts
in cognitive therapies have been discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Attachment representations, secure base, cognitive scripts

Kaynakça

• Ainsworth, M. D. S, Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: Assesed in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford.
• Benoit, D., & Parker, K. C. (1994). Stability and transmission of attachment across three generations. Child Development, 65(5), 1444-1456.
• Bosmans, G. (2016). Cognitive behaviour therapy for children and adolescents: Can attachment theory contribute to its efficacy? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(4), 310-328. doi: 10.1007/s10567-016-0212-3
• Bost, K. K., Shin, N., Mcbride, B. A., Brown, G. L., Vaughn, B.E., Coppola, G., Verissimo, M., Monteiro, L. & Korth, B. (2006). Maternal secure base scripts, children's attachment security, and mother–child narrative styles. Attachment and Human Development, 8(3), 241-260. doi:10.1080/14616730600856131
• Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of child’s tie to his mother. The International Journal of PsychoAnalysis, 39(5), 350-373.
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation, anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. London: Hogarth.
• Bretherton, I. (1990). Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11(3), 237-252.
• Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 228-283.
• Chen, C. K., Waters, H. S., Hartman, M., Zimmerman, S., Miklowitz, D. J., & Waters, E. (2013). The secure base script and the task of caring for elderly parents: Implications for attachment theory and clinical practice. Attachment and Human Development, 15(3), 332-348. doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.782658
• Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1380-1397.
• Coppola, G., Vaughn, B. E., Cassibba, R., & Costantini, A. (2006). The attachment script representation procedure in an Italian sample: Associations with Adult Attachment Interview scales and with maternal sensitivity. Attachment and Human Development, 8(3), 209-219. doi: 10.1080/14616730600856065
• Craik, K. J. W. (1967). The nature of explanation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Crowell, J. A., & Owens, G. (1996). Current Relationship Interview and scoring system. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
• Derogatis, L. R. (1992). Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manualII. Clinical Psychometric Research, Inc.: New York.
• Dykas, M. J., Woodhouse, S. S., Cassidy, J., & Waters, H. S. (2006). Narrative assessment of attachment representations: Links between secure base scripts and adolescent attachment. Attachment and Human Development, 8(3), 221-240. doi: 10.1080/14616730600856099
• Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yıldız, H. (2001). Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17-25.
• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: W. W. Norton.
• Fivush, R., & Sales, J. M. (2006). Coping, attachment, and mother-child narratives of stressful events. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(1), 125-150.
• Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 464-475. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.466
• Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.350
• Freud, S. (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud içinde (pp. 77-175). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Furman, W., Simon, V. A., Shaffer, L., & Bouchey, H. A. (2002). Adolescents’ working models and styles for relationships with parents, friends, and romantic partners. Child Development, 73(1), 241- 255.
• Garratt, G., Ingram, R. E., Rand, K. L., & Sawalani, G. (2007). Cognitive processes in cognitive therapy: Evaluation of the mechanisms of change in the treatment of depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14(3), 224-239. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00081.x
• Groh, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2009). Adults’ autonomic and subjective emotional response to infant vocalizations: The role of secure base script knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 889- 893. doi: 10.1037/a0014943
• Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524.
• Hinde, R. (1988). Continuities and discontinuities: Conceptual issues and methodological considerations. M. Rutter (Ed.), Studies of psychosocial risk içinde (pp. 367–383). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hisli Şahin, N., & Durak, A. (1994). Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 44-56.
• Karancı, A. N., Alkan N., Akşit B., Sucuoğlu H., & Balta E. (1999). Gender differences in psychological distress, coping, social support and related variables following the 1995 Dinar (Turkey) earthquake. North American Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 189-204.
• Kesimci, A. (2003). Perceived social support, coping strategies and stress-related growth as predictors of depression and hopelessness in breast cancer patients. Unpublished Masters’ Thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Klein, M. (1926). Infant analysis. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 7, 31-63.
• Main, M. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development, 33(1), 48- 61. doi: 10.1159/000276502
• Main, M., & Goldwyn, R. (1994). Adult attachment rating and classification system, Version 6.0. Unpublished Manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and inter-group tolerance. Psychological Inquiry, 18(3), 139–156. doi:10.1080/10478400701512646.
• Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W. (2010). Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4), 419-432. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006
• Rodrigues-Doohlab, L. Zevallos, A., Turan, B. & Green, J. (2003, April). Attachment scripts across cultures. Paper presented at the meeting of the SRCD. Available at www.psychology. sunysb.edu/attachment/srcd2003/posters/srcd2003_rodrigues.pdf
• Safran, J. D. (1990). Towards a refinement of cognitive therapy in light of interpersonal theory: I. Theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 10(1), 87-105. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90108-M
• Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). Yetişkin bağlanma boyutları için yeni bir ölçüm: Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II’nin Türk örnekleminde psikometrik açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8(16), 1-11.
• Sezgin, N., Baştuğ, G., Karaağaç, S. Y., Yılmaz, B. (2017). Wechsler Yetişkinler İçin Zekâ Ölçeği Gözden Geçirilmiş Formu (WAIS-R) Türkiye standardizasyonu: Ön çalışma. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), 451-480.
• Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., Oriña, M. M., & Grich, J. (2002). Working models of attachment, support giving, and support seeking in a stressful situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(5), 598-608.
• Steele, R. D., Waters, T. E., Bost, K. K., Vaughn, B. E., Truitt, W., Waters, H. S., Booth-LaForce, C., & Roisman, G. I. (2014). Caregiving antecedents of secure base script knowledge: A comparative analysis of young adult attachment representations. Developmental Psychology, 50(11), 2526- 2538. doi: 10.1037/a0037992
• Steiner, M. C., Arjomand, M., & Waters, H. S. (2003). Adolescent representations of close relationships: Organized around a secure base script? (poster). Society Research Child Development. Tampa, Florida.
• Thompson, R. A., & Raikes, H. A. (2003). Toward the next quarter-century: Conceptual and methodological challenges for attachment theory. Development and Psychopathology, 15(3), 691-718. doi: 10.1017/S0954579403000348
• Vaughn, B. E., Veríssimo, M., Coppola, G., Bost, K. K., Shin, N., & Korth, B. (2006). Maternal attachment script representations: Longitudinal stability and associations with stylistic features of maternal narratives. Attachment and Human Development, 8(3), 199-208. doi: 10.1080/14616730600856024
• Warren, S. L., Bost, K. K., Roisman, G. I., Silton, R. L., Spielbergerg, J. M., Engels, A.S., Choi, E., Sutton, B. P., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2010). Effects of adult attachment and emotional distractors on brain mechanisms of cognitive control. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1818-1826. doi:10.1177/0956797610388809
• Waters, T. E., Bosmans, G., Vandevivere, E., Dujardin, A., & Waters, H. S. (2015). Secure base representations in middle childhood across two Western cultures: Associations with parental attachment representations and maternal reports of behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 51(8), 1013-1025. doi: 10.1037/a0039375
• Waters, E., Corcoran, D., & Anafarta, M. (2005). Attachment, other relationships, and the theory that all good things go together. Human Development, 48(1-2), 80-84. doi: 10.1159/000083217
• Waters, E., Crowell, J., Elliott, M., Corcoran, D., & Treboux, D. (2002). Bowlby's secure base theory and the social/personality psychology of attachment styles: Work (s) in progress. Attachment and Human Development, 4(2), 230-242. doi: 10.1080/14616730210154216
• Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71(3), 684- 686.
• Waters, H. S., & Rodrigues-Doolabh, L. (2001, April). Are attachment scripts the building blocks of attachment representations? Paper presented at the meeting of the SRCD. Available at: www.psychology.sunysb.edu / attachment/ srcd2001/srcd2001.htm
• Waters, H. S., & Waters, E. (2006). The attachment working models concept: Among other things, we build script-like representations of secure base experiences. Attachment and Human Development, 8(3), 185-197. doi: 10.1080/14616730600856016
• Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Psychological Corp., NewYork.
• Winnicott, D. W. (1953). Transitional objects and transitional phenomena. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 34, 89-97.
• Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (3rd ed.). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlen, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Forley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Percieved Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-45.