The Psychometric Properties of The Turkish forms of Ben-Toven Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BTWQ)

Öz

Since body dissatisfaction significantly increasesrisk of eating disorders, a powerful measurement tool for predicting this structure is an empirical necessity. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Ben-Toven Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BTWQ) for young women in Turkey. For this purpose, BTWQ, Eating Attitude Test, Self-Esteem Scale and Body Perception Scale were applied to 599 university students. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were used to examine the construct validity of the scale; Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated to examine the reliability values. Unlike the original factor structure of the scale, the data was better adapted to the four factor structure. The internal validity of the Turkish form was .93 for the whole scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the sub-dimensions were as follows: .94 for Fatness, .78 for Humiliation, .68 for Attractiveness, .72 for Strong and Fit. Test-retest reliability was .95 after four weeks. The findings of the study have showed that the validity and reliability scores of the Turkish version of BAQ are within the acceptable
Limits for young females.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• body attitude,Turkish women,validity,reliability

Ben-Tovim Walker Beden Tutum Ölçeği (BTWÖ)’nin Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Beden memnuniyetsizliğinin yeme bozukluğu gelişme riskini önemli oranda arttırması, bu yapıyı yordayacak güçlü ölçüm araçlarına ihtiyaç doğurmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da Ben-Tovim Walker Beden Tutum Ölçeği (Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire)’nin Türkiye’deki genç kadın örneklemindeki psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesidir. Bu doğrultuda BTWÖ, Yeme Tutum Testi (YTT), Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği (BSÖ) ve Vücut Algısı Ölçeği (VAÖ) 599 üniversite öğrencisi kadına uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini incelemek için doğrulayıcı ve açımlayıcı faktör analizi; güvenirlik değerlerinin incelenebilmesi için de Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlık katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Orijinal ölçekten farklı olarak veri dört faktörlü yapıya daha iyi uyum sağlamıştır. Türkçe formun Cronbach Alfa değeri, ölçeğin tamamı için .93 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin alt boyutlarının Cronbach Alfa kat sayıları ise şu şekildedir: Şişmanlık .94, Aşağılama .78, Çekicilik .68, Güçlü ve Fit olma .72’dir. Dört hafta sonra yapılan test-tekrar test güvenirliği ise pozitif yönde .95’dir. Araştırma bulguları genç kadın örnekleminde BTWÖ Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik ölçütlerinin kabul edilebilir sınırlarda olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• beden tutumu,Türk kadınlar,geçerlik,güvenirlik

Kaynakça

1. Bakalım, O. ve Taşdelen-Karçkay, A. (2016). Beden Memnuniyeti Ölçeği: Türk Kadın ve Erkek Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Faktör Yapısı ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 410-422.
2. Beebe, D. W. (1995). The attention to body shape scale: A new measure of body focus. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(3), 486-501.
3. Ben-Tovim, D., & Walker, M. K. (1991). The development of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ), a new measure of women's attitudes towards their own bodies. Psychological Medicine, 21, 775-784.
4. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal Bilimler ıçin çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LİSREL uygulamaları. 4. Baskı, Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 177-330.
5. Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adölesanlarda benlik saygısı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Ana Bilim Dalı, (Uzmanlık Tezi), Ankara.
6. Çukur, C. S., De Guzman, M. R. T., & Carlo, G. (2004). Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical ındividualism–collectivism: A study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(6), 613–634.
7. Demarest, J., & Allen, R. (2000) Body Image: Gender, ethnic, and age differences, The Journal of Social Psychology, 140(4), 465-472.
8. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173−206.

9. Furnham, A., Badmın, N., & Sneade, I. (2002). Body ımage dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise.The Journal of Psychology, 136(6), 581–596.
10. Garfinkel, P. E., & Newman, A. (2001). The eating attitudes test: Twenty-five years later. Eating Weight Disorders. 6(1), 1-24.
11. Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1979). The eating attitudes test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9, 273-279.
12. Grogan, S. (2010). Promoting positive body image in males and females: Contemporary issues and future directions. Sex Roles, 63(9-10), 757-765.
13. Hekimoğlu, F. M. (2019). Düzenleme süreçleri, kadınsılık - erkeksilik algısı, beden memnuniyetsizliği ile yeme tutumları arasındaki ilişki: Bir model önerisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
14. Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-85.
15. Hovardaoğlu, S. (1992). Vücut algısı ölçeği. Psikiyatri, Psikoloji, Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi, 1(1), 11–26.
16. Kagawa, M., Uchida, H., Uenishi, K., Binns, C. W., & Hills, A. P. (2007). Applicability of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) and the Attention to Body Shape scale (ABS) in Japanese males and females. Eating Behaviors, 8(3), 277–284.
17. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.), The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
18. Lopez, V., Corona, R. ve Halfond, R (2013). Effects of gender, media influences, and traditional gender role orientation on disordered eating and appearance concerns among Latino adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36 (4), 727–736.
19. Lowery, S. E., Kurpius, S. E. R., Befort, C., Blanks, E. H., Sollenberger, S., Nicpon, M. F., et al. (2005). Body image, self-esteem, and health-related behaviors among male and female first year college students. Journal of College Student Development, 46 (6), 612–623.
20. Marshall, C. , Lengyel, C. ve Utioh, A. (2012), “Body dissatisfaction among middle-aged and older women”, Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 73(2), 241-247.
21. Micali, N., De Stavola, B., Ploubidis, G., Simonoff, E., Treasure, J., & Field, A. E. (2015). Adolescent eating disorder behaviours and cognitions: gender-specific effects of child, maternal and family risk factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(4), 320-327.
22. Mirza, N. M., Davis, D. ve Yanovski, J. A. (2005). Body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and overweight among inner-city Hispanic children and adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(3), 267-271.
23. Mora, N. (2008). Medya ve Kültürel Kimlik. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 1-14.
24. Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Hildebrandt, T., Karlov, L., Russell, J., Boon, E., Dawson, R. T. ve Touyz, S. W. (2012). A comparison of eating, exercise, shape, and weight related symptomatology in males with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa. Body Image, 9(2), 193–200.
25. Myers, T. A. ve Crowther, J. H. (2007). Sociocultural pressures, thin-ideal internalization, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction: Could feminist beliefs be a moderating factor?.Body Image, 4(3), 296-308.
26. Ng, S. K., Barron, D. & Swami, V. (2015). Factor structure and psychometric properties of Body Appreciation Scale among adults in Hong Kong. Body Image, 13, 1-8.
27. O'Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 32, 396-402.
28. Okumuş, E. (2009). Bedene Müdahalenin Sosyolojisi. Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2, 1-15.
29. Ridgeway, R. T. ve Tylka, T.L. (2005). College men’s perceptions of ideal body composition and shape. Psychol Men Masculinity, 6(3), 209–220.
30. Savaşır, I. ve Erol, N. (1989). Yeme tutum testi: Anoreksiya nervoza belirtileri indeksi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 23,19-25.
31. Selvi, K. (2018). Explorıng men's body image concerns and predisposing factors for muscle dysmorphia in the framework of Self-determinatıon Theory. (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis), Mıddle East Technıcal Unıversıty The Department of Psychology, Ankara.
32. Swami, V. (2015). Cultural influences on body size ideals: Unpacking the impact of westernization and modernization. European Psychologist, 20, 44-51.
33. Swami, V., Özgen, L., Gökçen, E., & Petrides, K. V. (2015). Body image among female university students in Turkey: concurrent translation and validation of three body image measures. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 8(2), 176- 191.
34. Stice, E. ve Shaw, H. E. (2002). Role of body dissatisfaction in the onset and maintenance of eating pathology A synthesis of research findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53 (5),985– 993.
35. Thompson, J. K., & Altabe, M.N. (1991). Psychometric qualities of the figure rating scale. International Journal of Eating Disorder, 10(5), 615-619.
36. Tiggemann, M. (2004). Body image across the adult life span: Stability and change. Body Image,1(1), 29–41.
37. Tiggemann, M. ve Boundy, M. (2008). Effect Of envıronment and appearance complıment on college women's self‐objectification, mood, body shame, and cognıtıve performance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32,399–405.
38. Toghiyani, Z., Kazemi, A., Nekuei,N., Alavi, M., & Beigi, M. (2018). Applicability of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitude Questionnaire in Moslem women. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 23(6), 717-725.
39. Tylkaa, T. L. ve Wood- Barcalowb, N. L. (2015). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12,53-67.
40. van den Berg, P. A., Mond, J., Eisenberg, M., Ackard, D., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2010). The Link between body dissatisfaction and self-esteem in adolescents: Similarities across gender, age, weight status, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(3), 290-296.
41. Weaver, A. D., & Byers, E. S. (2006). The relationships among body ımage, body mass ındex, exercise, and sexual functioning in heterosexual women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 333–339.
42. Wilson, D. B., Musham, C., & Mcleean, M. S. (2004). From mothers to daughters: Transgeneratıonal food and diet communication in an underserved group. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 11(1), 12-17.
43. Woertman, L., & van den Brink, F. (2012). Body image and female sexual functioning and behavior: a review. Journal of Sex Research,49(2-3), 184-211.
44. Xiaojing, A. (2017). Social networking site uses, internalization, body surveillance, social comparison and body dissatisfaction of males and females in mainland China. Asian Journal Of Communication, 27(6), 616–630.
45. Yang, H., Yang Y., Xu, L., Wu, Q., Xu, J., Weng, E., Wang, K., & Cai, S. (2017). The relation of physical appearance perfectionism with body dissatisfaction among school students 9–18 years of age. Personality and Individual Differences,116, 399–404.
46. Yeşildemir, Ö. (2018). Egzersiz yapan bireylerde beslenme durumu, sağlıklı beslenme takıntısı ve yeme davranış bozukluklarının değerlendirilmesi.(Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
47. Yetişgin, M. (2007).Tarih, coğrafya ve sosyo-kültürel ortamın Türk kimliğinin gelişmesine etkileri. Akademik İncelemeler, 2(1), 37-68.