Health Cognition Questionnaire- COVID-19 Form: Adaptation Study

Öz

The purpose of this study was to adapt the Health Cognition Questionnaire for COVID-19 and to evaluate psychometric properties of the scale for people who were infected and not infected with COVID-19. With the COVID-19 Form of the scale, it was aimed to evaluate dysfunctional beliefs specific to COVID-19 pandemic associated with health anxiety. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 747 people, of which 372 (220 women, 152 men) diagnosed with COVID-19 between the ages of 18-87, and 375 (221 women, 154 men) not diagnosed with COVID-19 between the ages of 18-75. Sociodemographic Information and Health Data Form, Health Cognition Questionnaire COVID-19 Form, Health Anxiety Scale and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-42) were given to the participants. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that, both forms of the scale, which were applied separately to the groups who were diagnosed and not diagnosed with COVID-19, had a four-factor structure, similar to the original and Turkish versions, and showed the same item distribution. Factors of the test-retest reliability were found satisfactory, and Cronbach alpha coefficient varied between .68-.87 for individuals who were not diagnosed with Covid-19 and .70-.80 for individuals who were diagnosed with COVID-19. Confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed that The Health Cognition Questionnaire- COVID-19 Form is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate the dysfunctional beliefs related to COVID-19 for individuals diagnosed or not diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey. Moreover, it is assumed that this scale will be helpful as a guide for preventive studies to be applied in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• health cognitions
• covid-19 cognitions
• health anxiety
• cognitive behavioral theory

Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi-COVID-19 Formu: Adaptasyon Çalışması

Öz

Bu çalışma Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi’nin (Health Cognition Questionnaire) COVID-19 kapsamında kullanımı için uyarlanması ve COVID-19 tanısı alan ve almayan örneklem için psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Ölçeğin COVID-19 Formu ile sağlık kaygısıyla ilişkili COVID-19 pandemisine özgü işlevsel olmayan inançların belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemini, COVID-19 tanısı almış 18-87 yaş arasındaki 372 (220 Kadın, 152 Erkek), COVID-19 tanısı almamış 18-75 yaş aralığındaki 375 (221 Kadın, 154 Erkek) olmak üzere toplam 747 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılara Sosyodemografik Bilgi ve Sağlık Veri Formu, Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi COVID-19 Formu, Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği ile Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres Skalası [DASS-42] sunulmuştur. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, ölçeğin COVID-19 tanısı almış ve almamış gruplara ayrı olarak uygulanan her iki formun da orijinal ve Türkçe’ye daha önce uyarlanmış versiyonuna uygun şekilde hastalıkla baş etmede güçlük, tıbbi hizmetlerin yetersizliği, hastalığın korkutuculuğu ve hastalık olasılığı olmak üzere dört faktörlü yapı ile aynı madde dağılımı gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Test-tekrar test güvenirliği dışında faktörler iç tutarlık sayıları COVID-19 tanısı almamış örneklem için .68-.87 ve Covid-19 tanısı almış örneklem için ise .70-.80 arasındadır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile de değerlendirilen Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi-COVID-19 Formu’nun Türkiye’de COVID-19 tanısı alan ve almayan kişiler için COVID-19 ile ilgili işlevsel olmayan inançlarını değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir değerlendirme aracı olduğu bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin ayrıca COVID-19 pandemisinde uygulanacak müdahale çalışmaları için rehber oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sağlık Bilişleri
• covid-19 bilişleri
• duygu sağlık anksiyetesi
• bilişsel davranışçı teori

Kaynakça

1. Asmundson, G., ve Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211
2. Aydemir, Ö., Kırpınar, İ., Satı, T., Uykur, B., ve Cengisiz, C. (2013). Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği’nin Türkçe için güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 50, 325-331. https://doi: 10.4274/npa.y6383
3. Bilgel, N., ve Bayram, N. (2010). Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS- 42): Psychometric properties. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 47, 118-26. https://doi: 10.4274/npa.5344
4. Deale, A. (2007). Psychopathology and treatment of severe health anxiety. Psychiatry, 6(6), 240–246.
5. Fergus, T. A. (2014). Health-related dysfunctional beliefs and health anxiety: Further evidence of cognitive specificity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(3), 248-259. https://doi:10.1002/jclp.22012
6. Fulton, J. J., Marcus, D. K., ve Merkey, T. (2011). Irrational health beliefs and health anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 527-538. https://doi: 10.1002/jclp.20769
7. Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Janzen, J. A., Kehler, M. D., Leclerc, J. A., Sharpe, D., ve Bourgault-Fagnou, M. D. (2012). Core cognitions related to health anxiety in self- reported medical and non-medical samples. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 167-178. https://doi: 10.1007/s10865-011-9339-3
8. Hagger, M. S., ve Orbell, S. (2003). A meta-analytic review of the common-sense model of illness representations. Psychology & Health, 18(2), 141–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/088704403100081321

9. Jungmann, S. M. ve Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239
10. Kızılkurt, K. O., Yılmaz, A., Noyan, C. O., ve Dilbaz N. (2021). Health anxiety during the early phases of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and its relationship with postpandemic attitudes, hopelessness, and psychological resilience. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 57(1), 399-407. https://doi: 10.1111/ppc.12646
11. Leventhal, H., Benyamini, Y., Brownlee, S., Diefenbach, M., Leventhal, E. A., Patrick-Miller, L., ve Robitaille, C. (1997). Illness representations: Theoretical foundations. K. J. Petrie ve J. A. Weinman (Edl.), Perceptions of Health and Ill-ness içinde (ss. 19–46). Australia: Harwood Academic Publishers.
12. Lipsitt, D. R. (2001). The time has come to speak of many things. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17(4), 249-256.
13. Lovibond, P. F., ve Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-342. https://doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
14. MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., ve Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https:///doi/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
15. Marcoulides, G., ve Schumacher, R. (2001). New Developments and Techniques in Structural Equation Modeling. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
16. Marcus, D. K., Gurley, J. R., Marchi, M. M., ve Bauer, C. (2007). Cognitive and perceptual variables in hypochondriasis and health anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 127-139. https://doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.003
17. Okuyan, C. B., Karası, F., ve Polat, F. (2020). COVID-19'un Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Sağlık Kaygısı Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi. Van Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi (Özel Sayı), 13, 45-52.
18. Rief, W., Hiller, W., ve Margraf, J. (1998). Cognitive aspects of hypochondriasis and the somatization syndrome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(4), 587-595.
19. Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., ve Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Front Psychiatry, 7(11), 790. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
20. Saadati, N., Afshari, P., Boostani, H., Beheshtinasab, M., Abedi, P., ve Maraghi, E. (2021). Health anxiety and related factors among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study from Iran. BMC Psychiatry 21(1), 1-7. https://doi:0.1186/s12888-021-03092-7.
21. Salkovskis, P. M., ve Warwick, H. M. C. (1986). Morbid preoccupations, health anxiety and reassurance: A cognitive behavioural approach to hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24(5), 597-602.
22. Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., ve Clark, D.M. (2002). The Health Anxiety Inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 32, 843-853. https://doi: 10.1017/s0033291702005822.
23. Salkovskis, P. M., ve Warwick, H. M. C. (2001). Meaning, misinterpretations, and medicine: A cognitive-behavioral approach to understanding health anxiety and hypochondriasis. V. Starcevic ve D. R. Lipsitt (Edl.), Hypochondriasis: Modern perspectives on an ancient malady içinde (ss. 202–222). Oxford University Press.
24. Sauer, K. S., Jungmann, S. M., ve Witthöft, M. (2020). Emotional and behavioral consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of health anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and distress (In)tolerance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1-18. https://doi: 10.3390/ijerph17197241.
25. Shevlin, M., ve Miles, J. N. V. (1998). Effects of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(1), 85–90. https://doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00055-5.
26. Sim, K., Chan, Y. H., Chong, P. N., Chua, H. C., & Soon, S. W. (2010). Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(2), 195- 202.
27. Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.).Boston: Pearson Education Inc. Taylor S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing sitesinden alınmıştır: https://www.cambridgescholars.com/downlo ad/sample/65716
28. Ullman, J. B. (2001). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnick & L. S. Fidell (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics (4th ed& pp 653- 771). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
29. Warwick, H. M. C., ve Salkovskis, P. M. (1990). Hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(2), 105-117.
30. Wearden, A., Perryman, K., ve Ward, V. (2006). Adult attachment, reassurance seeking and hypochondriacal concerns in college students. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(6), 877-886
31. Yılmaz, Ö., ve Dirik, G. (2018). Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi (SBA)’nin Türkçe versiyonunun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(13), 337-366. https://doi:10.7816/nesne-06-13-05.