A REVIEW ON PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS DURING DIVORCE PROCESS

Yıl 2022, , 88 - 111, 28.02.2022

Ayşegül Sayan Karahan

https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.943037

Cited By: 3

Öz

The present review descriptively introduced psychological interventions employed during divorce process to contribute to the development of effective mental health practices. As a life crisis, divorce might have negative impacts both on spouses and children. In recent years, the terms such as constructive and healthy divorce have also started to be underlined in the related literature. In fact, increasing divorce rates necessitate well-established post-divorce support programs. Hence, more information regarding psychological interventions during divorce process is needed to employ effective practices for affected families. Psychological post-divorce interventions usually aim to reduce the negative effects of the termination of the marriage and to support the family members in terms of functional coping skills. Such interventions might include the entire family, a subsystem (e.g., spouses, parents, siblings) or the affected individual alone. Psychological interventions during divorce process might also be delivered in the form of psychotherapy, mediation, or psychoeducational programs. In psychotherapy settings, cognitive-behavioral therapy, forgiveness therapy, and grief therapy can be employed depending on the nature and intensity of the problems. Accordingly, the principles, approaches, and stages of psychological interventions during divorce process were summarized in the current review. Particularly, lack of longitudinal and controlled studies in post-divorce interventions, inadequacy of training for conducting such programs, and contextual factors compromising the effectiveness were emphasized. The limitations of the current literature on psychological interventions during divorce process were also addressed and suggestions have been made for future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

divorce, divorce therapy, divorce counseling

Boşanma Sürecinde Psikolojik Müdahaleler Üzerine Bir Derleme

Öz

Bu derlemede boşanma sürecinde etkili uygulamalara temel oluşturmasına katkı sağlamak amacıyla psikolojik müdahaleler betimsel düzeyde ele alınmaktadır. Bir kriz durumu olan boşanmanın eşler ve varsa çocukları üzerinde olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. Son yıllarda ise buna ek olarak yapıcı ve sağlıklı boşanma kavramlarından bahsedilmektedir. Boşanma oranlarındaki artış ile beraber boşanma sonrası yaşam düzenlemelerine destek ihtiyacı da artmaktadır. Ruh sağlığı alanında çalışanların boşanma sonrası uyum ile ilgili yetkin ve etkili uygulamalar oluşturabilmelerini desteklemek amacıyla boşanma sürecinde psikolojik müdahalelerin neler olduğu, nasıl yapıldığı ve bu müdahalelerin hangi koşullarda daha etkili olduğunu içeren bilgilere gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Boşanma sürecindeki psikolojik müdahaleler, evliliğin sonlanması aşamasında aile üyelerinin olumsuz etkiler yaşamasını azaltmayı ve başa çıkma becerileri kazanmalarını desteklemeyi amaçlayan bir yaklaşımdır. Boşanma sürecinde psikolojik müdahaleler boşanma aşamasındaki tüm aile üyelerine, eşler, ebeveynler ya da kardeşler gibi bir alt sistemi oluşturan aile üyelerine veya sadece bir aile üyesine yönelik olarak sunulabilmektedir. Boşanma sürecinde psikolojik müdahaleler; psikoterapi, arabuluculuk ya da psikoeğitsel programlar şeklinde verilebilmektedir. Psikoterapi yaklaşımında; bilişsel-davranışçı terapi, affetme terapisi, yas terapisi gibi farklı yaklaşımlar kullanılabilmektedir. Boşananlar arasındaki çatışmanın düzeyine göre kullanılabilecek yaklaşımlar farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Boşanma sürecinde psikolojik müdahalelerin ilkeleri, yaklaşımları, aşamaları özetlenmiştir. Boşanma sürecinde psikolojik müdahaleleri ele alan yurt dışı ve yurt içi araştırmalar ele alındığında bu alanda bir gereksinim olduğu görülmektedir. Boşanma sürecinde psikolojik müdahaleler alanında kontrollü ve boylamsal çalışmaların eksikliği, boşanma sürecinde psikolojik müdahalelere özgü spesifik eğitimlerin yetersizliği ve boşanma alanında etkililiğin değerlendirilirken nelerden etkilenebileceği konuları vurgulanmıştır. Boşanma sürecinde psikolojik müdahaleleri ele alan mevcut literatürdeki sınırlılıklar ele alınmış, daha ileri araştırmalar için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

boşanma, boşanma terapisi, boşanma danışmanlığı

Kaynakça

• Abosaidi Moghadam, N., Sanagouye Moharer, G., Shirazi, M. (2020). Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on feelings of loneliness, shame, and guilt in female applicants for divorce. Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(1), 35-54. https://doi.org/10.29252/apsy.14.1.35
• Ahrons, C. (1979). The binuclear family: Two households, one family. Alternative Lifestyles, 2, 449–515. https://doi.org/10.2307/584469
• Ahrons, C. (1980). Divorce: A crisis of family transition and change. Family Relations, 29, 533-540. https://doi.org/10.2307/584469
• Ahrons, C. (1994). The good divorce. Keeping your family together when your marriage comes apart (1. basım). New York: Harper Collins.
• Anderson, S. A. ve Sabatelli, R. M. (2000). Family interaction: A multigenerational perspective (1. basım). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
• Appell, J. (2006). Divorce doesn’t have to be that way: A handbook for the helping professional (1. basım). California: Impact Publishers.
• Arıkan, Ç. (1996). Halkın boşanmaya ilişkin tutumları araştırması (2. basım). Ankara: Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı.
• Arsu, F., Erbay, E., Ünal, F. G. ve Gürgan, U. (2018, 26-28 Ekim). Grupla psikolojik danışmanın boşanmış aile çocuklarının öznel iyi oluş ve boşanmaya uyum düzeylerine etkisi [Sözlü bildiri]. Uluslararası Necatibey Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Kongresi, Balıkesir, Türkiye.
• Asanjarani, F., Jazayeri, R., Fatehizade, M., Etemadi, O. ve Mol, J. D. (2018). The effectiveness of Fisher’s rebuilding group intervention on divorce adjustment and general health of Iranian divorced women. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 59(2), 108-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2017.1375334
• Asghar, J. (2017). Developing a psycho-educational package based on Satir’s model for conflicting couples and it’s effectiveness on reducing inefficient coping strategy and divorce probability. Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 8(30), 107-130.
• Bacon, B. L. ve McKenzie, B. (2004). Parent education after serapation/divorce: Impact of the level of parental conflict on outcomes. Family Court Review, 42(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.2004.tb00635.x
• Buehler, C., Betz, R., Ryan, C. M., Legg, B. H. ve Trotter, B. B. (1992). Description and evaluation of the orientation for divorcing parents: Implications for post divorce prevention programs. Family Relations, 4, 154–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/585621
• Byrne, R. C. (1990). The effectiveness of the beginning experience workshop: A paraprofessional group marathon workshop for divorce adjustment. Journal of Divorce, 13, 101–20. https://doi.org/10.1300/J279v13n04_07
• Casarjian, R. (1992). Forgiveness: A bold choice for a peaceful heart (1. basım). New York: Bantam. Chilcoat, H. D. ve Breslau, N. (1996). Alcohol disorders in young adulthood: Effects of transitions into adult roles. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 339–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137261
• Clarke-Stewart, A. ve Brentano, C. (2006). Divorce: Causes and consequences (1. basım). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
• Çamkuşu-Arifoğlu, B. (2006). Çocuklar için boşanmaya uyum programının çocukların boşanmaya uyum, kaygı ve depresyon düzeylerine etkisi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Dağlıoğlu, D. (2020). Aile hukukuna ilişkin uyuşmazlıklarda arabuluculuk. ASBÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 551-587. https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.798790
• Dozier, B. (2004). Two-home families: A step-by-step model for preserving parent-child relationships after divorce strikes (1. basım). Indiana: Iuniverse.
• Emery, R. E. (1994). Renegotiating family relationships: Divorce, child custody, and mediation (2. basım). New York: Guilford.
• Emery, R. E. (1999). Marriage, divorce, and children’s adjustment (2. basım). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Emery, R. E. (2004). The truth about children and divorce: Dealing with the emotions so you and your children can thrive (1. basım). New York: Viking Adult.
• Emery, R. E., Sbarra, D. ve Grover, T. (2005). Divorce mediation: Research and reflections. Family Court Review, 43(1), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2005.00005.x
• Faust, R. G. (1987). A model of divorce adjustment for use in family service agencies. Social Work, 32(1), 78-80. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/32.1.78
• Fetsch, R. ve Surdam, J. (1981). New beginnings: Group techniques for coping with losses due to divorce. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 59(6), 395-397. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4918.1981.tb00580.x
• Fisher, B. F. (1976). Identifing and meeting the needs of formerly married people through a divorce adjustment seminar [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Northern Colorado University.
• Flanigan, B. (1992). Forgiving the unforgivable: Overcoming the bitter legacy of intimate wounds (1. basım). New York: Collier.
• Froiland, D. J. ve Hozman, T. L. (1977). Counseling for constructive divorce. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 55(9), 525-529. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4918.1977.tb05239.x
• Gale, J., Mowerly, R. L., Herrman, M. S. ve Hollett, N. L. (2002). Considering effective divorce mediation: Three potential factors. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 19(4), 389-420. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.3890190403
• Geasler, M. J. ve Blaisure, K. R. (1999). 1998 nationwide survey of court-connected divorce education programs. Family Court Review, 37(1), 36-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.1999.tb00527.x
• Glaser, R. D. ve Borduin, C. M. (1986). Models of divorce therapy: An overview. The American Journal of Psychotherapy, 40(2), 233-242. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1986.40.2.233
• Goodman, M., Bonds, D., Sandler, I. ve Braver, S. (2004). Parent psychoeducational programs and reducing the negative effects of interparental conflict following divorce. Family Court Review, 42(2), 263-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.2004.tb00648.x
• Gray, C. (1996). When therapy is not in the client’s best interest: Adapting clinical interventions to the stages of divorce. Journal of Divorce ve Remarriage, 26, 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v26n01_06
• Green, J. (2010). Divorce therapy: Helping families seperate and reorganize. Jonah Green and Associates, LLC sitesinden alınmıştır: https://www.childandfamilymentalhealth.com/pdf/divorce-therapy.pdf
• Gurman, A. ve Kniskern, B. (1981). Research on marital and family therapy: Progress, perspective, and prospect. İçinde S. Garfield ve A. Bergin (Edl.), Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
• Hackney, H. ve Bernard, J. M. (1990). Dyadic adjustment processes in divorce counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01474.x
• Hartmann, J. (2004). Interventions for the separated and divorced: Functions and effectiveness [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Philipps-University of Marburg.
• Hetherington, E. M. (1989). Coping with family transitions: Winners, losers and survivors. Child Development, 60, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131066
• Hetherington, E. M., Cox, M. ve Cox, R. (1982). Play and social interaction in children following divorce. Journal of Social Issues, 35(4), 26-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1979.tb00812.x
• Hetherington, E. M. ve Kelly, J. (2002). For better or for worse: Divorce reconsidered (1. basım). New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
• Isaacs, M. B., Montalvo, B. ve Abelshon, D. (2000). Therapy of the difficult divorce (1. basım). Northwall NJ: Book-Mart Press.
• Johnston, J. R. ve Roseby, V. (1997). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce (2. basım). New York: The Free Press.
• Kaya, T. (2009). İstanbul’da yaşayan boşanmış kadın ve erkeklerin boşanma deneyimleri [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Yeditepe Üniversitesi.
• Kessler, S. (1975). The American way of divorce: Prescriptions for change (1. basım). Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Kessler, S. (1978). Building skills in divorce adjustment groups. Journal of Divorce, 2(2), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1300/J279v02n02_05
• Kressel, K. (1980). Patterns of coping in divorce and some implications for clinical practice. Family Relations, 29(2), 234-240. https://doi.org/10.2307/584079
• Kressel, K. ve Deutsch, M. (1977). Divorce therapy: An in-depth survey of therapists’ views. International Journal of Conflict Management, 16, 413-443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1977.00413.x
• Lebow, J. L. (2005). Integrative family therapy for families experiencing high-conflict divorce. İçinde J. L. Lebow (Edl.), Handbook of Clinical Family Therapy (ss. 516-543). New Jersey: John Wiley ve Sons, Inc.
• Lee, J. M. ve Hett, G. G. (1990). Post-divorce adjustment: An assessment of a group intervention. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 24, 199–209.
• Leick, N. ve Davidsen-Nielsen, M. (1991). Healing pain: Attachment, loss and grief therapy (1. basım). London: Routledge.
• Macoby, E. ve Mnookin, R. H. (1992). Dividing the child: Social ve legal dilemmas of custody (1. basım). Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
• Mahmoodabadi, H. Z. ve Zarei, F. (2018). The effect of divorce counseling based on Gottman’s approach on the self-efficacy in divorce management of couples applying for divorce. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health, 2(2). 219-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/sbrh.v2i2.283
• Margulies, S. (2007). Working with divorcing spouses: How to help clients navigate the emotional and legal minefield (1. basım). New York: The Guilford Press.
• McClure, T. E. (2002). Postjudgement conflict and cooperation following court-connected parent education. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 38(1-2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v38n01_01
• McIntosh, J. ve Deacon-Wood, H. B. (2003). Group interventions for separated parents in entrenched conflict: An exploration of evidance based frameworks. Journal of Family Studies, 9(2), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.9.2.187
• McKenry, P. C., Clark, K. A. ve Stone, G. (1999). Evaluation of a parent education program for divorcing parents. Family Relations, 48(2), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.2307/585076
• Nichols, M. P. ve Schwartz, R. C. (1998). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (4. basım). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn ve Bacon.
• Nuhoğlu, H. (2019). Boşanma çalışmalarında metafor kullanımı. İçinde Ö. Altındağ, O. Tatlıcıoğlu ve Y. Kryvenko (Edl.), Current Problems and Approaches in Social Work. IJOPEC Publication.
• O’Leary, K. D. ve Turkewitz, H. (1978). Marital therapy from a behavioral perspective. İçinde T. J. Paolino and B. S. McCrady (Edl.), Marriage and Marital Therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
• Oz, S. (1994). Decision making in divorce therapy: Cost-cost comparisons. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 20(1), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1994.tb01014.x
• Öngider, N. (2013). Bilişsel davranışçı terapinin boşanma sonrasında kadınların depresyon, anksiyete ve yalnızlık semptomlarında etkinliği: Bir pilot çalışma. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2, 147-155.
• Özgüven, İ. E. (2000). Evlilik ve aile terapisi (1. basım) PDREM Yayınları: Ankara.
• Panahifar, S., Yousefi, N. ve Amani, A. (2014). The effectiveness of schema based couple therapy on early maladaptive schemata adjustment and the increase of divorce applicants adaptability. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(9), 339-346.
• Pietsch, U. K. (2000). Facilitating post-divorce transition using narrative therapy. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 1(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1300/J398v01n01_05
• Pledge, D. S. (1992). Marital separation/divorce: A review of individual responses to a major life stressor. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 17(3/4), 151-181. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v17n03_10
• Pollet, S. L. ve Lombreglia, M. (2008). A nationwide survey of mandatory parent education. Family Court Review, 46(2), 375-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2008.00207.x
• Rye, M. S., Pargament, K. I. ve Pan, W. (2005). Can group interventions facilitate forgiveness of an ex-spouse? A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 880–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.880
• Salts, C. J. (1983). Divorce adjustment groups are not for all divorcees. Personnel Guidance Journal, 62(1), 37-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2164-4918.1983.tb00115.x
• Sedighi, K., Saffarian Toosi, M., Khadivi, G. (2021). Effectiveness of mindfulness based cognitive therapy on anxiety and depression of divorce women. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 19(1), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.29252/rbs.19.1.149
• Shaw, L. A. (2010). Divorce mediation outcome research: A meta-analysis. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 27, 447–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.20006
• Sigal, A., Sandler, I., Wolchik, S. ve Braver, S. (2011). Do parent education programs promote healthy postdivorce parenting? Critical distinctions and a review of the evidence. Family Court Review, 49(1), 120-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2010.01357.x
• Simon, S. B. ve Simon, S. (1990). Forgiveness: How to make peace with your past and get on with your life (1. basım). New York: Warner.
• Spillane-Grieco, E. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral family therapy with a family in high-conflict divorce: A case study. Clinical Social Work Journal, 28(1), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005167926689
• Sprenkle, D. H. ve Storm, C. L. (1983). Divorce therapy outcome research: A substantive and methodological review. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(3), 239-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01509.x
• Strouse, J. ve Roehrle, B. (2011). A meta-analysis of intervention outcome studies for adults undergoing separation and divorce. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 13(4), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2011.9715665
• Sucu, İ. (2007). Boşanmış kadınların boşanma nedenleri ve boşanma sonrası toplumsal kabulleri (Sakarya ili örneği) [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Sakarya Üniversitesi.
• Sürerbiçer, F. S. (2008). Boşanmış bireylerin deneyimlerine göre evlilik eğitimi gereksinimi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Şen, B. (2013). Boşanma süreci ve arabuluculuğu [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Şentürk-Aydın, R. ve Nazlı, S. (2014). Yaşam becerileri eğitim programının boşanmış aile çocuklarının uyum düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 14(33), 127-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.21560/spcd.81402
• Textor, M. R. (1989). The divorce and divorce therapy handbook (1. basım). Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aranson, Inc.
• Thiessen, J. D, Avery, A. W. ve Joanning, H. (1980). Facilitating postdivorce adjustment among women: a communication skills training approach. Journal of Divorce, 4, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1300/J279v04n02_03
• Wallerstein, J. S. ve Blakeslee, S. (1989). Second chances: Men, women and children a decade after divorce (1. basım). New York: Tichnor ve Fields.
• Walsh, F. (1991). Promoting healthy functioning in divorced and remarried families. İçinde A. S. Gurman ve D. P. Kniskern (Edl.), Handbook of Family Therapy: Vol. 2. (ss. 525–545). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
• Welch, G. ve Granvold, D. (1977). Seminars for separated/ divorced: An educational approach to post-divorce adjustment. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 3(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926237708405346
• Wiseman, R. S. (1975). Crisis theory and the process of divorce. Social Casework, 56(4), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104438947505600402
• Wong, S. L. (2018). EMDR based divorce recovery group: A case sudy. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 12(2), 58-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.12.2.58
• Yazıcı, H. (2018). Bazı hakların korunması açısından boşanma sürecinde arabuluculuk: Beklenti, endişe ve öneriler. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 103-120. https://doi.org/0000-0003-3069-9636