Loneliness as a Clinical Fact: Loneliness and Psychological Disorders

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 24, 25.06.2018

Hanife Kahraman

https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.435926

Cited By: 4

Öz

Rapid changes in structure of society varying between life styles to work conditions to
overcrowding makes loneliness a common problem of urban life. Research has shown
that loneliness is directly related to psychological disorders. Although loneliness in
psychological disorders can be described objectively, it is very difficult for clinicians
and researchers to define the nature of this experience, since the experience itself is
subjective. In the light of existing literature, the qualitative characteristics and origins
of the loneliness experienced in psychological disorders for the cases seen at the City
Women's Counseling Center for help are discussed. Loneliness is a basic symptom in
selected psychological disorders, or the person may experience loneliness as a severe
problem throughout their life with disorder. Psychological disorders identified
include: schizophrenia, social anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder, borderline
personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder,
withdrawn personality disorder, and dependent personality disorder. Case examples
presented in this article were randomly selected from the clients who applied for
counseling to the City Women's Counseling Center and met the diagnostic criteria
based on DSM-V. It is hoped that the case examples discussed in this article will
assist counselors in determining intervention methods that will ensure that the
client's needs are appropriately meet. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

loneliness, aloneness, psychological disorders

Klinik Bir Olgu Olarak Yalnızlık: Yalnızlık ve Psikolojik Bozukluklar

Öz

Yalnızlık, içinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda, hızla değişen çevresel ve toplumsal koşullar
nedeniyle her geçen gün daha fazla sorun haline gelmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar
yalnızlığın psikolojik bozukluklarla doğrudan ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Psikolojik
bozukluklarda yaşanan yalnızlık objektif olarak tanımlanabilmesine rağmen,
deneyimin kendisinin sübjektif olmasından dolayı klinisyenler ve araştırmacılar
tarafından bu deneyimin niteliğinin tanımlanması oldukça güçtür. Bu makalede,
yardım almak amacıyla danışma merkezine başvuran vakalar üzerinden, psikolojik
bozukluklarda yaşanan yalnızlığın niteliksel özellikleri ve kökenleri literatürdeki
bilgiler ışığında tartışılmıştır. Seçilen psikolojik bozukluklarda yalnızlık temel bir
bulgudur ya da bozukluğu yaşadığı sürede, kişi yalnızlığı ciddi bir sorun olarak
deneyimlemektedir. Belirlenen psikolojik bozukluklar şunlardır: şizofreni, sosyal
kaygı bozukluğu, otizm spektrum bozukluğu borderline kişilik bozukluğu, narsistik
kişilik bozukluğu, şizoid kişilik bozukluğu, çekingen kişilik bozukluğu ve bağımlı
kişilik bozukluğu. Makalede sunulan vaka örnekleri, Belediye’ye bağlı kadın danışma
merkezine yardım almak amacıyla başvuran ve tanı kriterlerini karşılayan danışanlar
arasından rastgele seçilmiştir. Başvuran danışanların tanı kriterlerini karşılayıp
karşılamadığına DSM-5 Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru El Kitabı kullanılarak bakılmıştır. Bu
makalede tartışılan vaka örneklerinin alanda çalışan kişilerin, danışanın ihtiyacını
ona uygun ve doğru bir şekilde karşılamasını sağlayacak müdahale yöntemlerini
belirlemesine katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmüştür. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

yalnızlık, tek başınalık, psikolojik bozukluklar

Kaynakça

• Akbağ, M. ve İmamoğlu, S. E. (2010). The prediction of gender and attachment styles on shame, guilt, and loneliness. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10, 669-682. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., Washington, DC: Author. Attwood, T. (2000). Strategies for improving the social integration of children with Asperger syndrome. Autism, 4, 85–100. doi:10.1177/1362361300004001006.
• Baumeister R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 3, 497-529. Bauminger, N. ve Kasari, C. (2000). Loneliness and friendship in high-functioning children with autism. Child Development, 71, 447–456. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00156.
• Blatt, S. J., Auerbach, J. S. ve Levy, K. N. (1997). Mental Representations in Personality Development, Psychopathology, and the Therapeutic Process. Review of General Psychology, 1(4), 351-374.
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
• Davison, G. C. ve Neale, J. M. (1997). Anormal Psikolojisi. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
• Brown, L. H., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I. ve Kwapil, T. R. (2007). When the need to belong goes wrong: the expression of social anhedonia and social anxiety in daily life. 778-782.
• Cacioppo, J. T., ve Patrick, B. (2008). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. New York: W. W. Norton.
• Coplan, R. J. ve Bowker, J. C. (2013). All Alone Multiple Perspectives on the Study of Solitude. İçinde R. J. Coplan ve J. C. Bowker (Ed.), Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone (pp. 3-13). Somerset: Wiley-Blackwell.
• DeWall, C. N. ve Bushman, B. J. (2011). Social acceptance and rejection: the sweet and the bitter. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 4, 256–260.
• Duy, B. (2003). Bilişsel-davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı grupla psikolojik danışmanın yalnızlık ve fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlar üzerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). The neural bases of social pain: Evidence for shared representations with physical pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 2, 126-135. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182464dd1.
• Ernst, J. M. ve Cacıoppo, J. T. (1999). Lonely hearts: Psychological perspectives on loneliness. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 8, 1-22.
• Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1952). Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1959). Loneliness. Psychiatry, 22, 1-15.
• Griffin, J. (2017). The Lonely Society. Erişim: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/
• Gunderson, J. G. (1996). The borderline patient's intolerance of aloneness: insecure attachments and therapist availability. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 6,752-8.
• Heinrich, L. M. ve Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695–718
• Horowitz, L. M., French, R. D. ve Anderson, C. A. (1982). The prototype of a lonely person. İçinde, L. A. Peplau ve D. Perlman (Ed.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy (pp. 183−205). New York: Wiley. İlhan, (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yalnızlık: cinsiyet rolleri ve bağlanma stillerinin yalnızlığı yordama güçleri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12, 4, 2377-2396.
• Kasari, C. ve Sterling, L. (2013). Loneliness and social isolation in children with autism spectrum disorder. İçinde, R. J. Coplan ve J. C. Bowker (Ed.), Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone (pp. 409-426). Somerset: Wiley-Blackwell. Katz, J. C.,ve Buchholz, E. S. (1999).“I did it myself”: The necessity of solo play for preschoolers. Child Development, 55, 2212–2225.
• Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. New York: Aronson.
• Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Klein, M. (1975). On the sense of loneliness. In M. Klein (Ed.), Envy and gratitude and other Works, 1946–1963. The writings of Melanie Klein (Vol. 3, pp. 300–313). New York: Free Press. (Original paper published 1963).
• Klonsky, E. D. (2008). What is emptiness? Clarifying the 7th criterion for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 4, 418-426.
• Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
• Kwapil, T. R. Silvia, P. J. ve Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2013). Social anhedonia and solitude. İçinde, R. J. Coplan ve J. C. Bowker (Ed.), Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone (pp. 371-390). Somerset: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Kring, A. M., Johnson, S. L., Davison, G. C. ve Neale, J. M. (2014). Abnormal psychology, 12th edition dsm-5 update. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Kupersmith, J. B., Sigda, K. B., Sedikides, C., ve Voegler, M. E. (1999). Social self-discrepancy theory and loneliness during childhood and adolescence. İçinde, K. J. Rotenberg, ve S. Hymel, (Ed.). Loneliness in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 263-279). New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Larson, R. W. (1997). The emergence of solitude as a constructive domain of experience in early adolescence. Child Development, 68, 1, 80-93 Larson, R. W. ve Lee, M. (1996). The Capacity to Be Alone as a Stress Buffer. The Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 5-16. Long, C. R. ve Averill, J.R. (2003). Solitude: An exploration of benefits of being alone, journal for the theory of social behavior, 33, 1, 21–44. doi: 10.1111/1468-5914.00204. Karnick, P. M. (2005). Feeling lonely: Theoretical perspectives. nursing science quarterly, 18, 1, 7-12. doi: 10.1177/0894318404272483 Mahler, M., Pine, F. ve Bergman A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation. New York: Basic Books, Inc. MacDonald, G. ve Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 2, 202–223
• McGraw, J. G. (2010). Intimacy and Isolation. Amsterdam, New York: Value Inquiry Book Series/Philosophy and Psychology.
• McGraw, J. G. (2012). Personality Disorders and States of Aloneness. New York: Value Inquiry Book Series/Philosophy and Psychology.
• Martens, W. H. J. (2010). Schizoid personality disorder linked to unbearable and inescapable loneliness. European Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 38-45.
• Mushtaq, R., Shoib, S. Shah, T., ve Mushtaq, S. (2014). Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8, 9, 1-4
• Meehan, K. B., Levy, K. N., Temes, C. M. ve Detrixhe, J. (2013). Solitude and personality disorders. İçinde, R. J. Coplan, ve J. Bowker (Ed.), A Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone (pp. 427-444). Somerset: Wiley- Blackwell.
• Millon, T. ve Davis, R. D. (1996). Schizoid personality disorders: The asocial pattern. İçinde, T. Millon ve R. D. Davis (Ed.), Disorders of personality DSM-IV TM and Beyond. New York: Wiley & Sons. Nietzsche, F. W. (1997). Böyle Buyurdu Zerdüşt (T. Oflazoğlu, Çev). İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
• Peplau, L. A. ve Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. İçinde, L. A. Peplau ve D. Perlman (Ed.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research And Therapy. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Perlman, D. ve Peplau, L. A. (1984) Loneliness research: survey of empirical findings. İçinde, L.A. Peplau ve S.E. Goldston (Eds) Preventing the Harmful Consequences of Severe and Persistent Loneliness (pp. 13-46). Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office. Piaget, J. (1932). The Language and Thought of the Child. London, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Rubin, K. H. (2013). Foreword, on solitude, withdrawal, and social isolation. In R. J. Coplan ve J. C. Bowker (Ed.), Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone (pp. xii-xviii). Somerset, Wiley-Blackwell. Shevlin, M., McElroy, E. ve Murphy, J. (2015). Loneliness mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology: evidence from the adult psychiatric morbidity survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 59–601. doi: 10.1007/s00127-014-0951-8 Silvia, P. J. ve Kwapil, T. R. (2011). Aberrant asociality: how individual differences in social anhedonia illuminate the need to belong. Journal of Personality, 79, 1315-1332 Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. New York: Norton. Weeks, M. S. ve Asher, S. R. (2012). Loneliness in childhood: Toward the next generation of assessment and research. In J. B. Benson (Eds.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior, Volume 42. New York: Academic Press Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Westen, D. ve Shedler, J. (2007). Personality diagnosis with the shedler-westen assessment procedure (SWAP): Integrating clinical and statistical measurement and prediction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 4, 810–822 White, S. W. ve Roberson-Nay, R. (2009). Anxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 7, 1006–1013. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0713-8
• Winnicott, D. W., (1965). The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment, Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
• Yılmaz, E. ve Karaca, F. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal destek ve yalnızlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 18, 2, 71-79.