Araştırma Makalesi
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Adult Temperament Questionnaire: Validity and Reliability Studies

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 404 - 423, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1051763

Öz

To the best of our knowledge, there is not any questionnaire in Turkish measuring adult temperament that could be used both with the community and clinical samples. Thus, the purpose of the study was to translate The Adult Temperament Questionnaire-Short Form, which has already been translated into several languages, to Turkish and to examine the reliability and validity of the Turkish version. The questionnaire was distributed to 462 university students and adults from different socioeconomic statuses and professions in Ankara. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 65 years (M=22.97). 274 (%59.3) of them were females, 188 (%40.7) of them were males. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to examine construct validity, and also internal consistency reliabilities were calculated. Five factors, namely impulsive negative affect (α = .77), sensory sensitive negative affect (α = .80), extraversion (α =.75), effortful control (α =.75), and sensitivity (α =.83) were extracted after exploratory factor analysis. Impulsive negative affect includes frustration and inhibitory control; sensory sensitive negative affect includes discomfort and high-intensity pleasure; extraversion includes positive affect and sociability; effortful control includes attentional control and activation control; and sensitivity includes general perceptual sensitivity, associative perceptual sensitivity, affective perceptual sensitivity, and sadness. Internal consistency coefficients ranged from .60 to .79. The correlations between the factors of temperament scale and personality traits were significant. The current findings suggested that The Adult Temperament Questionnaire-Turkish version had acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Thus, this scale can be used with Turkish samples.

Kaynakça

  • Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., ve Ye, R. (1993). Children’s temperament in the US and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7, 359-377. http://dx.doi.org./10.1002/per.2410070506
  • Akiskal, H. S., Mendlowiczc, M. V., Jean-Louise, G., Rapaportg, M. H., Kelsoea, J. R., Gillina, J. C., ve Smith, T. L. (2005). TEMPS-A: Validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 45 – 52. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.012
  • Arkar, H., Sorias, O., Tunca, Z., Şafak, C., Alkın, T., Binnur-Akdede, B., Şahin, S., Akvardar, Y., Sarı, Ö., Özerdem, A., ve Cimilli, C. (2005). Mizaç ve Karakter Envanteri’nin Türkçe formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(3), 190-204.
  • Bates, J. E., Schermerhorn, A., ve Petersen, I. T. (2012). Temperament and parenting in developmental perspective. İçinde M. Zentner ve R. L. Shiner (Edl.), Handbook of Temperament (ss. 425-441). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Buss, A. H., ve Plomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  • Buss, A. H., ve Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Capaldi, D. M., ve Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Development and validation of an early adolescent temperament measure. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 153-173. http://dx.doi.org./10.1177/0272431692012002002
  • Carey, W. B., ve McDevitt, S. D. (1978). Revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Pediatrics, 61(5), 735-739.
  • Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. R., Chen, H., Cen, G., ve Stewart, S. L. (1998). Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 677-686
  • Chen, X., Yang, F., ve Fu, R. (2012). Culture and temperament. İçinde M. Zentner ve R. L. Shiner (Edl.), Handbook of Temperament (ss. 462-478). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Clark, L. A., Kochanska, G., ve Ready, R. (2000). Mothers’ personality and its interaction with child temperament predictors of parenting behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 274-285. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.274
  • Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., ve Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use. St Louis, MO: Center for Psychobiology of Personality.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coplan, R. J., Reichel, M., ve Rowan, K. (2009). Exploring the associations between maternal personality, child temperament, and parenting: A focus on emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 241-246. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.011
  • Costa, P. T., ve McCrae, R. R. (2008). The revised neo personality inventory (neo-pi-r). The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment, 2(2), 179-198.
  • Derryberry, D., ve Rothbart, M. K. (1988). Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 958-966. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037//0022-3514.55.6.958
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Applied Social Research Methods Series, 26.
  • Digman, J. M., ve Shemelyov, A. G. (1996). The structure of temperament and personality in Russian children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 341-351. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.341
  • Enders, C.K. (2001). A primer on maximum likelihood algorithms available for use with missing data. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(1), 128-141, http://dx.doi.org./10.1207/S15328007SEM0801_7.
  • Evans, D. E., ve Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Developing a model for adult temperament. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 868-888. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.jrp.2006.11.002
  • Fullard, W., McDevitt, S. C., ve Carey, W. B. (1984). Assessing temperament in one to three-year old children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 9, 205-216. http://dx.doi.org./10.1093/jpepsy/9.2.205
  • Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., Chess, S., Hinde, R. A., ve McCall, R. B. What is temperament? Four approaches. Child Development, 58, 505-529. http://dx.doi.org./10.2307/1130527
  • Grist, C. L., ve McCord, D. M. (2010). Individual differences in preschool children: Temperament or personality? Infant and Child Development, 19, 264-274. http://dx.doi.org./10.1002/icd.663
  • Karreman, A., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. A. G., ve Deković, M. (2008). The relation between parental personality and observed parenting: The moderating role of preschoolers’ effortful control. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 723-734. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.005
  • Kristal, J. (2005). The temperament perspective: Working with children’s behavioral styles. New York: Paul H. Brookes Press.
  • Köse, S., Sayar, K., Ak, İ., Aydın, N., Köselioğlu, Ü., Kırpınar, İ., Reeves, R. A., Przybeck, T. R., ve Cloninger, C. B. (2004). Mizaç ve Karakter Envanteri (Türkçe TCI): Geçerlik, güvenirliği ve faktör yapısı. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 14(3), 107-131
  • Laverdière, O., Diguer, L., Gamache, D., ve Evans, D. E. (2010). The French adaptation of the short form of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 212-219. http://dx.doi.org./10.1027/1015-5759/a000028
  • McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebickova, M., Avia, Sanz, J., Sanchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kusdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., Saunders, P. R., ve Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173-186. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173
  • Prior, M., Sanson, A., ve Oberklaid, F. (1989). The Australian temperament project. İçinde G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates ve M. K. Rothbart (Edl.), Temperament in Childhood (ss. 537-556). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Prior, M., Sanson, A., Smart, D., ve Oberklaid, F. (2000). Pathways from infancy to adolescence: Australian Temperament Project: 1983–2000. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
  • Putnam, S.P., Gartstein, M. A., ve Rothbart, M.K. (2006). Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior & Development, 29, 386–401. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.004
  • Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569–578. http://dx.doi.org./10.2307/1129176
  • Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 207-212. http://dx.doi.org./10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00505.x
  • Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., ve Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122–135. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122
  • Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., ve Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children’s Behaviour Questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394-1408. http://dx.doi.org./10.1111/1467-8624.00355 ·
  • Rothbart, M. K. ve Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. İçinde M. E. Lamb ve A. L. Brown (Edl.), Advances in Developmental Psychology (ss. 37-86). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Rowe, D. C., ve Plomin, R. (1977). Temperament in early childhood. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 150-156. http://dx.doi.org./10.1207/s15327752jpa4102_5
  • Saucier, G. (1994). Mini markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 506-516. http://dx.doi.org./10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8
  • Strelau, J. (1987). The concept of temperament in personality research. European Journal of Personality, 1, 107-117. http://dx.doi.org./10.1002/per.2410010205
  • Thomas, A., ve Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Vahip, S., Kesebir, S., Alkan, M., Yazıcı, O., Akiskal, K. K., ve Akiskal, H. S. (2005). Affective temperaments in clinically-well subjects in Turkey: Initial psychometric data on the TEMPS-A. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 113-125. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.011
  • Whiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 669–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00064-7
  • Wiltink, J., Vogelsang, U., ve Beutel, M. E. (2006) Temperament and personality: The German version of the adult temperament questionnaire (ATQ). Psycho-Social Medicine, 3, 1-15
  • Zuckerman, M. (2012). Models of adult temperament. İçinde M. Zentner ve R. L. Shiner (Edl.), Handbook of Temperament (ss. 41-66). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Yetişkin Mizaç Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 404 - 423, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1051763

Öz

Alan yazına bakıldığında yetişkin mizacını klinik örneklemin yanı sıra toplum örnekleminde de değerlendiren bir ölçeğin Türkçe adaptasyonunun bulunmadığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, birçok farklı dile çevrilen Yetişkin Mizaç Ölçeği-Kısa Formunun (Adult Temperament Questionnaire-Short Form) Türkçe’ye uyarlamasını yaparak, güvenirliğini ve geçerliğini incelemektir. Ölçek Ankara’da yaşayan öğrenciler ve farklı sosyoekonomik düzey ve meslek gruplarından oluşan kişiler olmak üzere 462 kişiye uygulanmıştır. Örneklemi oluşturanların yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında değişmektedir (Ort= 22.97). Örneklemin 274’ü kadın (%59.3), 188’i erkektir (%40.7). Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini ölçmek için açımlayıcı faktör analizi, güvenirliğini incelemek için iç tutarlığına bakılmıştır. Faktör analizi sonunda dürtüsel negatif duygulanım (α = .77), duyusal duyarlı negatif duygulanım (α = .80), dışadönüklük (α = .75), çaba gerektiren kontrol (α = .75) ve duyarlılık (α = .83) olmak üzere 5 faktör bulunmuştur. Dürtüsel negatif duygulanım boyutu, tepkisellik ve ketleyici kontrol alt boyutlarından; duyusal duyarlı negatif duygulanım boyutu, rahatsız olma ve keyif alma alt boyutlarından; dışadönüklük boyutu pozitif duygulanım ve sosyallik alt boyutlarından; çaba gerektiren kontrol boyutu, dikkat kontrolü ve aktivasyon kontrolü alt boyutlarından ve duyarlılık boyutu, genel algısal hassasiyet, çağrışımlı hassasiyet, duygusal algısal hassasiyet, ve üzüntüye duyarlılık alt boyutlarından oluşmaktadır. Alt boyutların iç tutarlılık katsayıları ise .60 ile .79 arasında değişmektedir. Mizacın alt boyutları ile kavramsal olarak eşdeğer olan kişilik alt boyutları arasındaki korelasyonlar anlamlıdır. Bulgular, Türkçeye uyarlanan Yetişkin Mizaç Ölçeği’nin psikometrik olarak kabul edilebilir düzeylerde güvenilir ve geçerli olduğunu göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., ve Ye, R. (1993). Children’s temperament in the US and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7, 359-377. http://dx.doi.org./10.1002/per.2410070506
  • Akiskal, H. S., Mendlowiczc, M. V., Jean-Louise, G., Rapaportg, M. H., Kelsoea, J. R., Gillina, J. C., ve Smith, T. L. (2005). TEMPS-A: Validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 45 – 52. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.012
  • Arkar, H., Sorias, O., Tunca, Z., Şafak, C., Alkın, T., Binnur-Akdede, B., Şahin, S., Akvardar, Y., Sarı, Ö., Özerdem, A., ve Cimilli, C. (2005). Mizaç ve Karakter Envanteri’nin Türkçe formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(3), 190-204.
  • Bates, J. E., Schermerhorn, A., ve Petersen, I. T. (2012). Temperament and parenting in developmental perspective. İçinde M. Zentner ve R. L. Shiner (Edl.), Handbook of Temperament (ss. 425-441). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Buss, A. H., ve Plomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  • Buss, A. H., ve Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Capaldi, D. M., ve Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Development and validation of an early adolescent temperament measure. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 153-173. http://dx.doi.org./10.1177/0272431692012002002
  • Carey, W. B., ve McDevitt, S. D. (1978). Revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Pediatrics, 61(5), 735-739.
  • Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. R., Chen, H., Cen, G., ve Stewart, S. L. (1998). Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 677-686
  • Chen, X., Yang, F., ve Fu, R. (2012). Culture and temperament. İçinde M. Zentner ve R. L. Shiner (Edl.), Handbook of Temperament (ss. 462-478). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Clark, L. A., Kochanska, G., ve Ready, R. (2000). Mothers’ personality and its interaction with child temperament predictors of parenting behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 274-285. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037//0022-3514.79.2.274
  • Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., ve Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use. St Louis, MO: Center for Psychobiology of Personality.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coplan, R. J., Reichel, M., ve Rowan, K. (2009). Exploring the associations between maternal personality, child temperament, and parenting: A focus on emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 241-246. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.011
  • Costa, P. T., ve McCrae, R. R. (2008). The revised neo personality inventory (neo-pi-r). The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment, 2(2), 179-198.
  • Derryberry, D., ve Rothbart, M. K. (1988). Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 958-966. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037//0022-3514.55.6.958
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Applied Social Research Methods Series, 26.
  • Digman, J. M., ve Shemelyov, A. G. (1996). The structure of temperament and personality in Russian children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 341-351. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.341
  • Enders, C.K. (2001). A primer on maximum likelihood algorithms available for use with missing data. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(1), 128-141, http://dx.doi.org./10.1207/S15328007SEM0801_7.
  • Evans, D. E., ve Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Developing a model for adult temperament. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 868-888. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.jrp.2006.11.002
  • Fullard, W., McDevitt, S. C., ve Carey, W. B. (1984). Assessing temperament in one to three-year old children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 9, 205-216. http://dx.doi.org./10.1093/jpepsy/9.2.205
  • Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., Chess, S., Hinde, R. A., ve McCall, R. B. What is temperament? Four approaches. Child Development, 58, 505-529. http://dx.doi.org./10.2307/1130527
  • Grist, C. L., ve McCord, D. M. (2010). Individual differences in preschool children: Temperament or personality? Infant and Child Development, 19, 264-274. http://dx.doi.org./10.1002/icd.663
  • Karreman, A., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. A. G., ve Deković, M. (2008). The relation between parental personality and observed parenting: The moderating role of preschoolers’ effortful control. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 723-734. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.005
  • Kristal, J. (2005). The temperament perspective: Working with children’s behavioral styles. New York: Paul H. Brookes Press.
  • Köse, S., Sayar, K., Ak, İ., Aydın, N., Köselioğlu, Ü., Kırpınar, İ., Reeves, R. A., Przybeck, T. R., ve Cloninger, C. B. (2004). Mizaç ve Karakter Envanteri (Türkçe TCI): Geçerlik, güvenirliği ve faktör yapısı. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 14(3), 107-131
  • Laverdière, O., Diguer, L., Gamache, D., ve Evans, D. E. (2010). The French adaptation of the short form of the Adult Temperament Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 212-219. http://dx.doi.org./10.1027/1015-5759/a000028
  • McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebickova, M., Avia, Sanz, J., Sanchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kusdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., Saunders, P. R., ve Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173-186. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173
  • Prior, M., Sanson, A., ve Oberklaid, F. (1989). The Australian temperament project. İçinde G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates ve M. K. Rothbart (Edl.), Temperament in Childhood (ss. 537-556). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Prior, M., Sanson, A., Smart, D., ve Oberklaid, F. (2000). Pathways from infancy to adolescence: Australian Temperament Project: 1983–2000. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
  • Putnam, S.P., Gartstein, M. A., ve Rothbart, M.K. (2006). Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior & Development, 29, 386–401. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.004
  • Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569–578. http://dx.doi.org./10.2307/1129176
  • Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 207-212. http://dx.doi.org./10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00505.x
  • Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., ve Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122–135. http://dx.doi.org./10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122
  • Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., ve Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children’s Behaviour Questionnaire. Child Development, 72, 1394-1408. http://dx.doi.org./10.1111/1467-8624.00355 ·
  • Rothbart, M. K. ve Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. İçinde M. E. Lamb ve A. L. Brown (Edl.), Advances in Developmental Psychology (ss. 37-86). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Rowe, D. C., ve Plomin, R. (1977). Temperament in early childhood. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 150-156. http://dx.doi.org./10.1207/s15327752jpa4102_5
  • Saucier, G. (1994). Mini markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 506-516. http://dx.doi.org./10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8
  • Strelau, J. (1987). The concept of temperament in personality research. European Journal of Personality, 1, 107-117. http://dx.doi.org./10.1002/per.2410010205
  • Thomas, A., ve Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Vahip, S., Kesebir, S., Alkan, M., Yazıcı, O., Akiskal, K. K., ve Akiskal, H. S. (2005). Affective temperaments in clinically-well subjects in Turkey: Initial psychometric data on the TEMPS-A. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 113-125. http://dx.doi.org./10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.011
  • Whiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 669–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00064-7
  • Wiltink, J., Vogelsang, U., ve Beutel, M. E. (2006) Temperament and personality: The German version of the adult temperament questionnaire (ATQ). Psycho-Social Medicine, 3, 1-15
  • Zuckerman, M. (2012). Models of adult temperament. İçinde M. Zentner ve R. L. Shiner (Edl.), Handbook of Temperament (ss. 41-66). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Merve Gölcük 0000-0002-9843-6720

Sibel Kazakberument

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 11 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gölcük, M., & Kazakberument, S. (2022). Yetişkin Mizaç Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(2), 404-423. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1051763