Ebeveynlik Biçimleri ve Sınırda Kişilik Arasındaki İlişkide Şema Alanları ve Duygu Düzenlemenin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 517 - 541, 30.09.2023

Deniz Tetir , Burçin Akın Sarı

https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1288001

Öz

Bu çalışmada, algılanan ebeveynlik biçimleri ve sınırda kişilik örüntüsü arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyum bozucu şema alanları ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre, koşullu/başarı odaklı ebeveynlik biçimindeki (anne ve baba) artışın kopukluk ve yüksek standartlar şema alanları ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla kişilerin sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca anneye ilişkin algılanan sömürücü/istismar edici ebeveynlik biçimindeki artışın hem doğrudan hem de kopukluk şema alanı aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı; babaya ilişkin algılanan sömürücü/istismar edici ebeveynlik biçimi için ise buna ek olarak duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün de aracı rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Anneye ilişkin algılanan aşırı koruyucu/evhamlı ebeveynlik biçiminin yüksek standartlar şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeyi üzerinde yordayıcı bir rolü bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bunun yanında babaya ilişkin algılanan değişime kapalı/duyguları bastıran ebeveynlik biçiminin hem doğrudan hem de kopukluk şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeyi üzerinde yordayıcı bir rolü bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Son olarak babaya ilişkin algılanan aşırı izin veren/sınırsız ebeveynlik biçimindeki artışın kopukluk şema alanı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü aracılığıyla sınırda kişilik belirti düzeylerini yordadığı görülmüştür. Sınırda kişilik belirtilerinin etiyolojisinde özellikle fiziksel ve cinsel istismarın üzerinde durulmasına rağmen bu çalışmada erken dönem yaşantılar çeşitli ebeveynlik tutumları aracılığıyla daha kapsamlı bir bakış açısıyla ele alınarak sınırda kişilik belirtilerinin gelişmesinde etkili olan temel duygusal ihtiyaçların önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Algılanan ebeveynlik biçimleri, Sınırda kişilik, Şema alanları, Duygu düzenleme

The Mediating Role of Schema Domains and Emotion Regulation in the Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and Borderline Personality

Öz

The aim of the current study was to examine the mediating roles of early maladaptive schema domains and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and borderline personality traits. According to analysis results, the increase in perceived conditional/achievement focused parenting (i.e., maternal, and paternal) predicted borderline personality traits through the mediation of disconnection and unrelenting standards schema domains and emotion regulation difficulties. Moreover, the increase in perceived maternal exploitative/abusive parenting predicted borderline personality traits through both directly and the mediation of disconnection schema domain. Additively, the increase in perceived paternal exploitative/abusive parenting predicted borderline personality traits also through emotion regulation difficulties as well as schema domains. It has been understood the increase in perceived maternal overprotective/anxious parenting had a predictive role on the borderline personality traits through unrelenting standards schema domain and emotion regulation difficulties. Furthermore, perceived paternal restricted/emotionally inhibited parenting predicted increases in borderline personality traits in two ways: directly and through the mediation of disconnection schema domain and emotion regulation difficulties. Finally, perceived paternal over permissive/boundless parenting predicted borderline personality traits through disconnection schema domain and emotion regulation difficulties. Although physical and sexual abuse has been especially emphasized in the etiology of borderline personality symptoms, this study highlighted the importance of basic emotional needs that might play a role in the development of borderline personality symptoms by addressing the early life experiences more comprehensively on the basis of different parenting styles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Perceived parenting styles, Borderline personality, Schema domains, Emotion regulation

Kaynakça

• Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2013). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal elkitabı (DSM- 5).
• Arntz, A., Klokman, J. ve Sieswerda, S. (2005). An experimental test of the schema mode model of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy, 36, 226–339.
• Arntz, A. ve van Genderen, H. (2014). Sınır Kişilik Bozukluğu için Şema Terapi (2. Baskı). (M. Şaşıoğlu ve S. Kohen, Çev.). Psikonet Yayınları.
• Aydemir, Ö., Demet, M. M., Danacı, A. E., Deveci, A., Taşkın, E. O., Mızrak, S., Şimşek, E. ve İçelli, İ. (2006). Borderline kişilik envanterinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması, güvenirlik ve geçerliliği. Türkiye’de Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8(1), 6-10.
• Bernstein, D. P., Arntz, A. ve de Vos, M. (2007). Schema focused therapy in forensic settings: Theoretical model and recommendations for best clinical practice. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 6(2), 169–183.
• Bertele, N., Talmon, A., Gross, J. J., Schmahl, C., Schmitz, M. ve Niedtfeld, I. (2022). Childhood maltreatment and borderline personality disorder: The mediating role of difficulties with emotion regulation. Journal of Personality Disorders, 36(3), 264-276. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2022.36.3.264
• Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H. ve Lundh, L. G. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
• Brownell, C. A. ve Kopp, C. B. (2007). Transitions in toddler socioemotional development: Behavior, understanding, relationships. İçinde C. A. Brownell ve C. B. Kopp (Edl.), Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations (ss. 1–39). The Guilford Press.
• Cheavens, J. S., Zachary Rosenthal, M., Daughters, S. B., Nowak, J., Kosson, D., Lynch, T. R. ve Lejuez, C. W. (2005). An analogue investigation of the relationships among perceived parental criticism, negative affect, and borderline personality disorder features: The role of thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(2), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.006
• Colarusso, C. A. (1992). Child and adult development: A psychoanalytic introduction for clinicians. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Cummings, E. M. ve Davies, P. (1996). Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8(1), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007008
• Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Losoya, S. H. ve Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child development, 72(4), 1112-1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00337
• Fox, N. A. ve Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Motivation and Emotion, 27(1), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023622324898
• Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F. ve Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243
• Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. İçinde J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (ss. 3–20). Guilford.
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
• Hernandez, A., Arntz, A., Gaviria, A. M., Labad, A. ve Gutiérrez-Zotes, J. A. (2012). Relationships between childhood maltreatment, parenting style, and borderline personality disorder criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(5), 727-736. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2012.26.5.727
• Huang, C., Yu, Y., Sørensen, H. T., Liu, B., Vested, A., Cnattingius, S., Qin, G. ve Li, J. (2021). Maternal education before childbirth and cardiovascular diseases in offspring during early adulthood: A Danish population-based cohort study. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 37(12), 1951-1958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2021.07.005
• Jordão, A. B. ve Ramires, V. R. R. (2010). Vínculos afetivos de adolescentes borderline e seus pais. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 26(1), 89-98.
• Jovev, M. ve Jackson, H. J. (2004). Early maladaptive schemas in personality disordered individuals. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(5), 467-478.
• Karatzias, T., Jowett, S., Begley, A. ve Deas, S. (2016). Early maladaptive schemas in adult survivors of interpersonal trauma: Foundations for a cognitive theory of psychopathology. European Journal of sychotraumatology, 7(1), 30713. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.30713
• Koerner, N., Tallon, K. ve Kusec, A. (2015). Maladaptive core beliefs and their relation to generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(6), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2015.1042989
• Law, K. C., Khazem, L. R. ve Anestis, M. D. (2015). The role of emotion dysregulation in suicide as considered through the ideation to action framework. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.014
• Leichsenring, F. (1999). Development and first results of the Borderline Personality Inventory: A self-report instrument for assessing borderline personality organization. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73(1), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA730104
• Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder.
• Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A. ve Sieswerda, S. (2005). Schema modes and childhood abuse in borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36(3), 240–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.05.006
• Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S. ve Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development (Oxford, England), 16(2), 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
• Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non-clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory and Practice, 13(6), 405-413.
• Nordahl, H. M., Holthe, H. ve Haugum, J. A. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas in patients with or without personality disorders: Does schema modification predict symptomatic relief? Clinical Psychology ve Psychotherapy, 12(2), 142-149.
• Orue, I., Calvete, E. ve Padilla, P. (2014). Brooding rumination as a mediator in the relation between early maladaptive schemas and symptoms of depression and social anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 37(8), 1281-1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.004
• Petrocelli, J. V., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B. ve Campbell, L. F. (2001). Cognitive schemas as mediating variables of the relationship between the self-defeating personality and depression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(3), 183-191.
• Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D. P. ve Young, J. (2011). Schema therapy: Distinctive features. Routledge.
• Reiner, I. C. ve Spangler, G. (2013). Representations of early attachment experiences and personality in adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 20, 38-45.
• Roelofs, J., Lee, C., Ruijten, T. ve Lobbestael, J. (2011). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(4), 471-479.
• Roelofs, J., Onckels, L. ve Muris, P. (2013). Attachment quality and psychopathological symptoms in clinically referred adolescents: The mediating role of early maladaptive schema. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 377-385.
• Scott, L. N., Stepp, S. D. ve Pilkonis, P. A. (2014). Prospective associations between features of borderline personality disorder, emotion dysregulation, and aggression. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(3), 278-288. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000070
• Sheffield, A., Waller, G., Emanuelli, F., Murray, J. ve Meyer, C. (2009). Do schema processes mediate links between parenting and eating pathology? European Eating Disorders Review, 17(4), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-096810.1002/erv.v17:410.1002/erv.922
• Shorey, H. S. ve Snyder, C. R. (2006). The role of adult attachment styles in psychopathology and psychotherapy outcomes. Review of General Psychology, 10, 1-20.
• Soygüt, G. ve Çakır, Z. (2009). Ebeveynlik biçmleri ile psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişkilerde kişilerarası Şemaların aracı rolü: Şema odaklı bir bakış [The mediating role of the interpersonal schemas between parenting styles and psychological symptoms: A schema focused view]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(2), 144–152.
• Soygüt, G., Çakır, Z. ve Karaosmanoğlu, A. (2008). Ebeveynlik biçimlerinin değerlendirilmesi: Young Ebeveynlik Ölçeği’nin psikometrik özelliklerine ilişkin bir değerlendirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(22), 17-30.
• Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A. ve Çakır, Z. (2009). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların değerlendirilmesi: Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3’ün psikometrik özelliklerine ilişkin bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 75-84.
• Specht, M. W., Chapman, A. ve Cellucci, T. (2009). Schemas and Borderline Personality Disorder symptoms in incarcerated women. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(2),256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.12.005
• Stepp, S. D., Whalen, D. J., Scott, L. N., Zalewski, M., Loeber, R. ve Hipwell, A. E. (2014). Reciprocal effects of parenting and borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescent girls. Development and psychopathology, 26(2), 361-378. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413001041
• Svahn, M. F., Hargreave, M., Nielsen, T. S., Plessen, K. J., Jensen, S. M., Kjaer, S. K. ve Jensen, A. (2015). Mental disorders in childhood and young adulthood among children born to women with fertility problems. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 30(9), 2129–2137. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev172
• Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A. ve Joiner Jr, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
• Wilkinson, R. B. ve Walford, W. A. (2001). Attachment and personality in the psychological health of adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(4), 473-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00151-3
• Yiğit, İ., ve Yiğit, M. G. (2017). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 1-9.
• Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach.
• Young, J. (1994). Young Ebeveynlik Ölçeği. Basılmamış Rapor.
• Young, J. E. ve Klosko, J. S. (1994). Reinventing your life.
• Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. ve Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide.