Terapi Sürecinde Karşı Aktarım ve Terapötik İttifakın İlişkisi Üzerine Sistematik Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 358 - 399, 30.09.2025

Berin Aslan , Seda Sapmaz Yurtsever

https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1671161

Öz

Bu çalışmada, karşı aktarımın psikoterapi süreci içerisindeki rolünü ortaya koymak amacıyla, terapötik ittifak ve karşı aktarım arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendiren çalışmaların gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, önceden belirlenen anahtar kelimeler ile Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsycNET, MEDLINE, TR Dizin ve Ulakbim veri tabanlarında yayınlanmış Türkçe ve İngilizce makaleler 1999 (Ocak)-2024 (Aralık) yılları kısıtında taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda dahil etme ölçütlerini karşılayan 15 çalışma gözden geçirilmiştir. İncelenen araştırmalarda karşı aktarım, farklı biçimlerde tanımlanarak terapist ya da dış gözlemciler tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Terapötik ittifak ise genellikle Bordin’in kuramına dayalı geliştirilmiş ölçeklerle incelenmiş ve bu değerlendirmelerde terapist, danışan ve süpervizör gibi farklı kaynaklardan veri toplanmıştır. Araştırmaların bulguları bir arada değerlendirildiğinde ise karşı aktarım ile terapötik ittifakla ilişkisine dair farklılaşan sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Kesitsel araştırma bulguları, olumsuz karşı aktarımın terapötik ittifakı zayıflattığını; olumlu karşı aktarımın ise terapötik ittifakı destekleyebildiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bunun haricinde boylamsal araştırmalar, olumlu karşı aktarımın yardımcı etkisinin yalnızca tedavinin başlangıç aşamasında gözlemlendiğini, tedavinin ilerleyen aşamalarında ise terapötik ittifakın gücünü zayıflattığını göstermiştir. Karşı aktarımın terapötik ilerlemeye olan en önemli katkısı ise etkili bir şekilde yönetildiğinde terapötik ittifakı desteklemesi olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, olumlu karşı aktarım ile terapötik ittifak arasındaki sonuçlar daha karmaşıkken, olumsuz karşı aktarımın terapötik ittifak için zedeleyici olduğu konusunda bir uzlaşı söz konusudur. Bununla birlikte, karşı aktarımın olumsuz etkilerinin uygun şekilde telafi edilmesi ile olumlu terapötik kazanımların elde edilebileceğine dair bulgular, terapi süreci açısından umut vericidir. Bu derlemenin bulguları, terapötik ilişkinin inşa edilmesi ve etkin bir biçimde sürdürülmesi için klinisyenlerin karşı aktarım dinamiklerini fark etme ve yönetmeye yönelik terapötik becerilerini geliştirmelerinin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

karşı aktarım , terapötik ittifak , terapötik ilişki , psikoterapi süreci

A Systematic Review on the Relationship Between Countertransference and Therapeutic Alliance in the Therapy Process

Öz

This study aimed to explore the role of countertransference within psychotherapy by reviewing research on the relationship between countertransference and the therapeutic alliance. Articles published in Turkish and English between January 1999 and December 2024 were searched using specific keywords across Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsycNET, MEDLINE, TR Dizin, and Ulakbim. Fifteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Countertransference was defined in various ways and assessed either by therapists or external observers. At the same time, the therapeutic alliance was generally evaluated using Bordin’s theoretical framework with data collected from therapists, clients, and supervisors. Overall, the findings presented mixed results regarding their relationship. Cross-sectional studies indicated that negative countertransference tends to weaken the therapeutic alliance, whereas positive countertransference may enhance it. In contrast, longitudinal studies suggested that the beneficial effects of positive countertransference are mostly evident during early treatment stages but may diminish or even impair the alliance in later phases. The most significant contribution of countertransference to therapy appears to be its capacity to support the therapeutic alliance when effectively managed. In conclusion, despite the complex findings regarding positive countertransference, there is a broad consensus that negative countertransference harms the therapeutic alliance. Importantly, some studies show that these adverse effects can be addressed and transformed into positive therapeutic outcomes, which is encouraging for the therapy process. These results underscore the importance for clinicians to develop skills in recognizing and managing countertransference dynamics to foster and maintain a strong therapeutic relationship.

Anahtar Kelimeler

countertransference , therapeutic alliance , therapeutic relationship , psychotherapy process

Kaynakça

• Abargil, M. ve Tishby, O. (2024). Changes in countertransference and changes in patient working alliance and outcome: An empirical study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 71(5), 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000743
• Ackerman, S. J. ve Hilsenroth, M. J. (2003). A review of therapist characteristics and techniques positively impacting the therapeutic alliance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00146-0
• Amari, N. ve Mahoney, A. (2022). Working relationally with adolescents who have experienced complex interpersonal trauma: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15(1), 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00349-x
• Aron, L. (1991). The patient’s experience of the analyst’s subjectivity. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 1(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889109538884
• Aveline, M. (2005). The person of the therapist. Psychotherapy Research, 15(3), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500090902
• Baldwin, S. A. ve Imel, Z. E. (2013). Therapist effects: Findings and methods. İçinde M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5. Basım, ss. 258 –297). Wiley.
• Barreto, J. F. ve Matos, P. M. (2018). Mentalizing countertransference? A model for research on the elaboration of countertransference experience in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(3), 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2177
• Barzilay, S., Yaseen, Z. S., Hawes, M., Gorman, B., Altman, R., Foster, A. ve Galynker, I. (2018). Emotional responses to suicidal patients: Factor structure, construct, and predictive validity of the Therapist Response Questionnaire-Suicide Form. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00104
• Baum, O. E. (1973). Further thoughts on countertransference. Psychoanalytic Review, 60(1), 127-140.
• Betan, E., Heim, A. K., Zittel Conklin, C. ve Westen, D. (2005). Countertransference phenomena and personality pathology in clinical practice: An empirical investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(5), 890-898. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.89
• Beutler, L. E. (1997). The psychotherapist as a neglected variable in psychotherapy: An illustration by reference to the role of therapist experience and training. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 4(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14682850.1997.tb00098.x
• Beutler, L. E., Machado, P. P. P. ve Neufeldt, S. A. (1994). Therapist variables. İçinde A. E. Bergin ve S. L. Garfield (Edl.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4. Basım, ss. 229–269). John Wiley & Sons.
• Bhatia, A. ve Gelso, C. J. (2018). Therapists’ perspective on the therapeutic relationship: Examining a tripartite model. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 31(3), 271-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2017.1302409
• Bohart, A. C. ve Wade, A. G. (2013). The client in psychotherapy. İçinde M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6. Basım, ss. 219-257). John Wiley & Sons.
• Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085885
• Breivik, R., Wilberg, T., Evensen, J., Røssberg, J. I., Dahl, H. S. J. ve Pedersen, G. (2020). Countertransference feelings and personality disorders: a psychometric evaluation of a brief version of the Feeling Word Checklist (FWC-BV). BMC Psychiatry, 20, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02556-6
• Brenner, C. (1979). The value of ambiguity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 27(3), 407–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517902700301
• Brysk, B. (1987). Treatment alliance in a character-disordered and affective-disordered population: scale development, correlates and outcome two to three years after intake. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
• Calati, R., Cohen, L. J., Schuck, A., Levy, D., Bloch-Elkouby, S., Barzilay, S. ve Galynker, I. (2020). The modular assessment of risk for imminent suicide (MARIS): A validation study of a novel tool for suicide risk assessment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.001
• Cameron, S. K., Rodgers, J. ve Dagnan, D. (2018). The relationship between the therapeuticalliance and clinical outcomes in cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with depression: A meta‐analytic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(3), 446-456. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2180
• Cartwright, C., Barber, C., Cowie, S. ve Thompson, N. (2018). A trans-theoretical training designed to promote understanding and management of countertransference for trainee therapists. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 517-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1252071
• Cartwright, C., Rhodes, P., King, R. ve Shires, A. (2015). A pilot study of a method fo teaching clinical psychology trainees to conceptualise and manage countertransference. Australian Psychologist, 50(2), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12092
• Colli, A., Tanzilli, A., Dimaggio, G. ve Lingiardi, V. (2014). Patient personality and therapist response: An empirical investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020224
• Crits-Christoph, P., Baranackie, K., Kurcias, J., Beck, A., Carroll, K., Perry, K. ve Zitrin, C. (1991). Meta-analysis of therapist effects in psychotherapy outcome studies. Psychotherapy Research, 1, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503309112331335511
• Culina, I., Fiscalini, E., Martin‐Soelch, C. ve Kramer, U. (2022). The first session matters: Therapist responsiveness and the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 30(1), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2783
• Dahl, H. S. J., Røssberg, J. I., Bøgwald, K. P., Gabbard, G. O. ve Høglend, P. A. (2012). Countertransference feelings in one year of individual therapy: An evaluation of the factor structure in the Feeling Word Checklist-58. Psychotherapy Research, 22(1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2011.622312
• Dalenberg, C. J. (2004). Maintaining the safe and effective therapeutic relationship in the context of distrust and anger: Countertransference and complex trauma. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41(4), 438-447. http://doi.org/10.1037/00333204.41.4.438
• Datz, F., Parth, K., Rohm, C., Madanoglu, S., Seidman, C. ve Löffler-Stastka, H. (2016). Dimensions of activity in countertransference and therapist reactions: Therapist reactions during sessions with depressed patients. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 62(4), 322-335. https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2016.62.4.322
• DeFife, J., Drill, R., Beinashowitz, J., Ballantyne, L., Plant, D., Smith-Hansen, L. ve Nakash, O. (2015). Practice-based psychotherapy research in a public health setting: Obstacles and opportunities. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 25(4), 299-312. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039564
• Faller, H., Wagner, R. F., Weiβ, H. ve Lang, H. (2002). Therapists' relationships with their patients in the intake interview: An empirical comparison of psychodynamically and cognitive-behaviorally oriented psychotherapists. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 30(3), 451-461. https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.30.3.451.21973
• Fauth, J. (2006). Toward more (and better) countertransference research. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(1), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.43.1.16
• Freidman, S. ve Gelso, C. (2000). The development of the inventory of countertransference behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(9), 1221–1235. https://doi.org/10.1002/10974679(200009)56:9<1221::AID-JCLP8>3.0.CO;2-W
• Freud, S. (1910). The future prospects of psychoanalytic therapy. İçinde J. Strachey (Ed. ve Çev.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (ss. 139–151). Hogarth Press.
• Freud, S. (1912). The dynamics of transference. İçinde J. Strachey (Ed. ve Çev.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (ss. 97–108). Hogarth Press.
• Friedrich, M. ve Leiper, R. (2006). Countertransference reactions in therapeutic work withincestuous sexual abusers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15(1), 51-68. https://doi.org10.1300/J070v15n01_03
• Fuchshuber, J., Schwigon, D., Masic, N. ve Löffler-Stastka, H. (2024). Do childhood memories influence the therapeutic relationship? An empirical bayesian sem approach. Psychiatria Danubina, 36(2), 232-242. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2024.224
• Fuertes, J. N., Gelso, C. J., Owen, J. J. ve Cheng, D. (2013). Real relationship, working alliance, transference/countertransference and outcome in time-limited counseling and psychotherapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(3-4), 294-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2013.845548
• Gabbard, G. O. (2001). A contemporary psychoanalytic model of countertransference. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(8), 983-991. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1065
• Gabbard, G. O., Horwitz, L., Allen, J. G., Frieswyk, S., Newsom, G., Colson, D. B. ve Coyne, L. (1994). Transference interpretation in the psychotherapy of borderline patients: A high-risk, high-gain phenomenon. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 2(2), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229409017119
• Gaston, L. (1991). Reliability and criterion-related validity of the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales—patient version. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.3.1.68
• Gelso, C. J. ve Hayes, J. A. (1998). The psychotherapy relationship: Theory, research, and practice. Wiley.
• Gelso, C. J. ve Hayes, J. A. (2007). Countertransference and the therapist’s inner experience: Perils and possibilities. Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Gelso, C. J. ve Kline, K. V. (2022). Some directions for research and theory on countertransference. Psychotherapy Research, 32(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2021.1968529
• Gelso, C. J. ve Mohr, J. J. (2001). The working alliance and the transference/countertransference relationship: Their manifestation with racial/ethnic and sexual orientation minority clients and therapists. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 10(1), 51-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80032-0
• Gelso, C. J., Hill, C. E. ve Kivlighan, D. M. (1991). Transference, insight, and the counselor’s intentions during a counseling hour. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(5), 428–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb01539.x
• Gelso, C. J., Latts, M. G., Gomez, M. J. ve Fassinger, R. E. (2002). Countertransference management and therapy outcome: An initial evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(7), 861-867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.2010
• Graff, H. ve Luborsky, L. (1977). Long-term trends in transference and resistance: A report on a quantitative-analytic method applied to four psychoanalyses. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 25(2), 471–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517702500210
• Greenson, R. R. (1965). The working alliance and the transference neurosis. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 34(2), 155–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1965.11926343
• Harmon, K. ve Donohue, G. (2018). ‘Not becoming mother’: A phenomenological exploration of the therapeutic relationship with transgender clients. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 39(1), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1395932
• Hatcher, R. L. ve Gillaspy, J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500352500
• Hayes, J. A. (1995). Countertransference in group psychotherapy: Waking a sleeping dog. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 45(4), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038827
• Hayes, J. A. (2004). The inner world of the psychotherapist: A program of research on countertransference. Psychotherapy Research, 14(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptr/kph002
• Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., Goldberg, S. ve Kivlighan, D. M. (2018). Countertransference management and effective psychotherapy: Meta-analytic findings. Psychotherapy, 55(4),496-507. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000189
• Hayes, J. A., McCracken, J. E., McClanahan, M. K., Hill, C. E., Harp, J. S. ve Carozzoni, P. (1998). Therapist perspectives on countertransference: Qualitative data in search of a theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(4), 468. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.4.468
• Hayes, J. A., Nelson, D. L. B. ve Fauth, J. (2015). Countertransference in successful and unsuccessful cases of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 52(1), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038827
• Hayes, J. A., Riker, J. R. ve Ingram, K. M. (1997). Countertransference behavior and management in brief counseling: A field study. Psychotherapy Research, 7(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503309712331331933
• Hayes, J. A., ve Gelso, C. J. (2001). Clinical implications of research on countertransference: Science informing practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(8), 1041–1052. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1072
• Hayes, J. A., Yeh, Y. J. ve Eisenberg, A. (2007). Good grief and not‐so‐good grief: Countertransference in bereavement therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 345-355. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20353
• Hill, E. M., An, M., Kivlighan Jr, D. M. ve Gelso, C. J. (2024). A tripartite model of the psychotherapy relationship: Interrelations among its components and their unfolding across sessions. Psychotherapy, 61(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000521
• Horvath, A. O. ve Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C. ve Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1065
• Johansen, A. B., Tavakoli, S., Bjelland, I. ve Lumley, M. (2017). Constructivist simultaneous treatment of borderline personality disorder, trauma, and addiction comorbidity: A qualitative case study. Qualitative Health Research, 27(2), 236-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315618659
• Joseph, D. M., Hilsenroth, M. J. ve Diener, M. J. (2014). Patient participation in psychodynamic psychotherapy: Contributions of alliance and therapist technique. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 68(3), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2014.68.3.319
• Khanipour, H. ve Yarahmadi, F. (2024). Countertransference conceptualization from Freud to era of evidence-based psychotherapies: A conceptual review. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 12(4), 297-306. http://doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.12.4.63.8
• Kivlighan Jr, D. M., Clements, L., Blake, C., Arnzen, A. ve Brady, L. (1993). Counselor sex role orientation, flexibility, and working alliance formation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72(1), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb02284.x
• Knaus, S., Grassl, R., Seidman, C., Seitz, T., Karwautz, A. ve Löffler-Stastka, H. (2016). Psychiatrists' emotional reactions: Useful for precise diagnosis in adolescence? Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 80(4), 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2016.80.4.316
• Laczkovics, C., Blüml, V., Kapusta, N., Hoffmann-Lamplmair, D., Casini, E., Bazan, M. ve Preti, E. (2023). Videoconferencing psychotherapy from a psychodynamic point ofview. A qualitative analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1235478. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1235478
• Lee, I. ve Kim, Y. (2021). A structural analysis of variables related to therapeutic outcomes as perceived by music therapists and clients in guided imagery and music. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 74, 101785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2021.101785
• Lei, Y. ve Duan, C. (2014). Relationship between therapist empathy and client-perceived working alliance in China: A multilevel modelling analysis. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 27(2), 200-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2014.882812
• Ligiéro, D. P. ve Gelso, C. J. (2002). Countertransference, attachment, and the working alliance: The therapist's contribution. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.39.1.3
• Little, M. (1951). Countertransference and the patient’s response to it. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 32, 32–40.
• Luborsky, L. ve Crits-Christoph, P. (1998). Understanding transference: The core conflictual relationship theme method. American Psychological Association.
• Machado, D. D. B., Coelho, F. M. D. C., Giacomelli, A. D., Donassolo, M. A. L., Abitante, M. S., Dall'Agnol, T. ve Eizirik, C. L. (2014). Systematic review of studies about countertransference in adult psychotherapy. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 36(4), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-1004
• Machado, D. D. B., Teche, S. P., Lapolli, C., Tavares, B. F., Almeida, L. S. P. D., Silva, G. B. D. ve Eizirik, C. L. (2015). Countertransference and therapeutic alliance in the early stage of adult psychodynamic psychotherapy. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37(3), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0061
• Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P. ve Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 438-450. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.438
• McClure, B.A. ve Hodge, R. W. (1987). Measuring countertransference and attitude in therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapy, 24(3), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085723
• Meissner, W. W. (1992). The concept of the therapeutic alliance. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 40(4), 1059–1087. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306519204000
• Michaud, L., Ligier, F., Bourquin, C., Corbeil, S., Saraga, M., Stiefel, F. ve Richard Devantoy, S. (2020). Differences and similarities in instant countertransference towards patients with suicidal ideation and personality disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 669-667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.115
• Mitchell, S. A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis: An integration. Harward University Press.
• Nienhuis, J. B., Owen, J., Valentine, J. C., Winkeljohn Black, S., Halford, T. C., Parazak, S. E. ve Hilsenroth, M. (2018). Therapeutic alliance, empathy, and genuineness in individual adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 593-605. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1204023
• Niño, A., Kissil, K. ve Cooke, L. (2016). Training for connection: Students' perceptions of the effects of the Person‐of‐the‐therapist training on their therapeutic relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42(4), 599-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12167
• Norcross, J. C. ve Wampold, B. E. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships: Research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 98-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022161
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D. ve Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
• Perry, J. C., Bond, M. ve Presniak, M. D. (2013). Alliance, reactions to treatment, and counter-transference in the process of recovery from suicidal phenomena in long-term dynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 23(5), 592–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.809560
• Reich, A. (1960). Further remarks on counter-transference. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 389-385.
• Rocco, D., De Bei, F., Negri, A. A. M. ve Filipponi, L. (2021, 23-26 Haziran). The impact of countertransference awareness on counselling sessions outcome. [Sözlü Bildiri]. 52nd Annual International Meeting of Society for Psychotherapy Research, Almanya.
• Rogers, C. R. (1965). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications, and theory. Houghton-Mifflin.
• Rosenberger, E. W. ve Hayes, J. A. (2002). Origins, consequences, and management of countertransference: A case study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(2), 221–232. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.49.2.221
• Roubal, J. ve Rihacek, T. (2016). Therapists' in-session experiences with depressive clients: A grounded theory. Psychotherapy Research, 26(2), 206-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.963731
• Safran, J. D. (2002). Brief relational psychoanalytic treatment. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 12(2), 171–195. https://doi.org/10. 1080/10481881209348661
• Safran, J. D. ve Kraus, J. (2014). Alliance ruptures, impasses, and enactments: A relational perspective. Psychotherapy, 51(3), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036815
• Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C. ve Eubanks-Carter, C. (2011). Repairing alliance ruptures. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022140
• Sharkin, B. S. ve Gelso, C. J. (1993). The influence of counselor trainee anger‐proneness and anger discomfort on reactions to an angry client. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71(5), 483-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1993.tb02229.x
• Silveira Júnior Ede, M., Polanczyk, G. V., Eizirik, M., Hauck, S., Eizirik, C. L. ve Ceitlin, L. H. (2012). Trauma and countertransference: Development and validity of the Assessment of Countertransference Scale (ACS). Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 34, 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462012000200013
• Singer, B. A. ve Luborsky, L. (1977). Counter-transference: The status of clinical versus quantitative research. İçinde A. Gurman ve A.Razin (Edl.), Effective psychotherapy: Handbook of research (ss. 433– 451). Pergamon.
• Spezzano, C. (1996). The three faces of two‐person psychology development, ontology, and epistemology. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 6(5), 599-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889609539141
• Sterba, R. (1934). The fate of the ego in analytic therapy. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 15, 117–126.
• Strean, H. S. (1999). Resolving some therapeutic impasses by disclosing countertransference. Clinical Social Work Journal, 27(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022866606074
• Swift, J. K. ve Derthick, A. O. (2013). Increasing hope by addressing clients’ outcome expectations. Psychotherapy, 50(3), 284-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031941
• Talbot, C., Ostiguy-Pion, R., Painchaud, E., Lafrance, C. ve Descôteaux, J. (2019). Detecting alliance ruptures: the effects of the therapist’s experience, attachment, empathy and countertransference management skills. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process, and Outcome, 22(1), 325. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2019.325
• Tanzilli, A., Majorana, M., Fonzi, L., Pallagrosi, M., Picardi, A., Coccanari de’ Fornari, M. A., Biondi, M. ve Lingiardi, V. (2018). Relational variables in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: An effectiveness study. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 21(3), 190-200. http://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2018.327
• Tichenor, V. ve Hill, C. E. (1989). A comparison of six measures of working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 26(2), 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085419
• Tishby, O. ve Vered, M. (2011). Countertransference in the treatment of adolescents and its manifestation in the therapist-patient relationship. Psychotherapy Research, 21(6), 621-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2011.598579
• Tishby, O. ve Wiseman, H. (2014). Types of countertransference dynamics: An exploration of their impact on the client-therapist relationship. Psychotherapy Research, 24(3), 360-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.893068
• Tishby, O. ve Wiseman, H. (2020). Countertransference types and their relation to rupture and repair in the alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 32(1), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1862934
• Tracey, T. J. ve Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the working alliance inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 1(3), 207-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.207
• Van Wagoner, S. L., Gelso, C. J., Hayes, J. A. ve Diemer, R. A. (1991). Countertransference and the reputedly excellent therapist. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 28(3), 411-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.28.3.411
• Vitinius, F., Tieden, S., Hellmich, M., Pfaff, H., Albus, C. ve Ommen, O. (2018). Perceived psychotherapist's empathy and therapy motivation as determinants of long-term therapy success—results of a cohort study of short term psychodynamic inpatient psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 660. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00660
• Westen, D. ve Muderrisoglu, S. (2006). Clinical assessment of pathological personality traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(7), 1285-1287. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.7.1285
• Zetzel, E. R. (1956). Current concepts of transference. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 37, 369–376.