Adi Çörek otu (Nigella sativa L.) ve Şam Çörek otu (Nigella damascena L.) Türlerinde Farklı Ekim Zamanı Uygulamalarının Uçucu Yağ Oranı ve Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 15, - , 23.03.2026

İrfan Özdemir , Ahmet Yenikalaycı

https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.1791768

https://izlik.org/JA58TH85BZ

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma Doğu Anadolu ekolojik koşullarında farklı ekim zamanlarında yetiştirilen N. sativa türü Çameli çörek otu çeşidi ve Şam çörek otu (N. damascena) türünün uçucu yağ oran ve bileşenlerini araştırmak amacı ile yürütülmüştür.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırmada kullanılan N. sativa Çameli çeşidi Eskişehir Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’nden temin edilmiştir. N. damascena türü ise Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü’nden alınmıştır. Araştırmada tarla denemesi Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi, Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi, Araştırma ve Uygulama Arazisinde 2022 üretim sezonunda yürütülmüştür. Deneme 2 farklı türde 4 farklı ekim zamanında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür.
Bulgular: Uçucu yağ oranı % 0.18-0.54 arasında değişmiştir. İlk üç ekim zamanında uçucu yağ oranı açısından benzer sonuçlar elde edilmiş, ancak dördüncü ekim zamanında belirgin bir düşüş kaydedilmiştir. Adi çörek otunda uçucu yağ oranı Şam çörek oyuna göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Adi çörek otunda uçucu yağ ana bileşenleri, 1,3-cyclopentadiene % 56.73 - 71.59, α-thujene % 11.92 – 18.95, longifolene % 4.29 – 6.41, terpinen-4-ol 2.46 – 5.22 %, β-pinene % 2.35 – 6.40, Şam çörek otunda uçucu yağ ana bileşenleri, β-elemene % 49.01 - 59.24, α-selinene % 18.56 – 35.41 olarak saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Uçucu yağ oranı değerleri Adi çörek otunda ekim zamanının gecikmesi ile düşüş göstermiştir. Şam çörek otunda ise üçüncü ekim zamanında (25 Mayıs) en yüksek uçucu yağ oranlarına ulaşılmıştır, daha sonraki ekimde ise sert bir düşüş göstermiştir. Adi çörek otunda ana bileşen 1,3-cyclopentadiene en yüksek değer birinci ekim zamanında (25 Nisan), Şam çörek otunda ise ana bileşen β -elemene en yüksek üçüncü ekim zamanında (25 Mayıs) tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çörek otu , Ekim zamanı , Nigella spp. , Uçucu yağ oranı , Uçucu yağ bileşenleri

Etik Beyan

Gerekmiyor

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Teşekkür

Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü çalışanlarına teşekkür ederiz.

The Effect of Different Sowing Dates on the Essential Oil Content and Components of Common Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Damascus Black Cumin (Nigella damascena L.)

https://izlik.org/JA58TH85BZ

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the essential oil content and composition of common black cumin and Damascus black cumin (Nigella damascena L.) species grown in different sowing dates under Eastern Anatolian ecological conditions, Muş, Türkiye.
Materials and Methods: Seeds of N. sativa cv. Çameli was obtained from the Eskişehir Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute Directorate. Seeds of N. damascena were obtained from the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Çukurova University. The field experiment was conducted at the Research and Application Field of the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Muş Alparslan University during the 2022 growing season. The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications, including two species, and four sowing dates.
Results: The essential oil content ranged from 0.18% to 0.54%. Values were similar across the first three sowing dates but decreased markedly at the fourth sowing. Essential oil content was higher in common black cumin compared to Damascus black cumin. Major essential oil of components of common black cumin were 1,3-cyclopentadiene (56.73–71.59%), α-thujene (11.92–18.95%), longifolene (4.29–6.41%), terpinen-4-ol (2.46–5.22%), and β-pinene (2.35–6.40%). In Damascus black cumin β-elemene (49.01–59.24%) and α-selinene (18.56–35.41%) were identified as the dominant constituents.
Conclusion: Essential oil content in of common black cumin decreased with delayed sowing while the highest essential oil content N. damascena obteined at the third sowing date (May 25), followed by a sharp decline. The major component 1,3-cyclopentadiene in common black cumin reached its maximum at the first sowing date (April 25), whereas in Damascus black cumin the major component β-elemene was highest at the third sowing date (May 25).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Black cumin , Nigella spp. , Sowing date , Essential oil content , Essential oil composition

Etik Beyan

not required

Destekleyen Kurum

none

Proje Numarası

yok

Teşekkür

We would like to thank the staff of the Directorate of the Institute of Natural Sciences at Muş Alparslan University.

Kaynakça

• Ahmad, M. F., Ahmad, F. A., Ashraf, S. A. & Saad, H. H., et al. (2021). An updated knowledge of black seed (Nigella sativa L.): Review of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. Journal of herbal medicine, 25, 100404.
• Albakry, Z., Karrar, E., Ahmed, I.A.M., Oz, E., Proestos, C., El Sheikha, A.F., Oz, F., Wu, G., & Wang, X. (2022). Nutritional composition and volatile compounds of black cumin (nigella sativa l.) seed, fatty acid composition and tocopherols, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of ıts essential oil, Horticulturae, 8, 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/ horticulturae8070575
• Akgören, G. (2011). Agricultural features of some black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) populations, Master's Thesis, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science, 1-79
• Anonim, (2020). Black cumin feasibility report and investor guide, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Publications Ankara, 48.
• Ashraf, M., Ali, Q, & Iqbal Z. (2006). Effect of nitrogen application rate on the content composition of oil, essential oil and minerals in black cumin (Nigella sativa L,) seeds, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86(6), 871–876.
• Aysabar, Z. (2021). Determination of the effects of different inter-row distances of suitable brown (Nigella sp.) genotypes on yield and quality under Kahramanmaraş conditions, Kahramanmaras Sutçu Imam University Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Technology Field Crops Department, January, 1-60.
• Bakış, Y., Babaç, M.T. & E, Uslu. (2011). Updates and improvements of Turkish plants data service (TÜBİVES), Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on health informatics and bioinformatics, Ieee,
• Bayati, P., Karimmojeni, H. & Razmjoo, J. (2020). Changes in essential oil yield and fatty acid contents in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) genotypes in response to drought stress. Industrial Crops and Products, 155, (1):1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112764
• Benazzouz-Smail, L., Achat, S., Brahmi, F., Bachir-Bey, M., Arab, R., Lorenzo, J.M., Benbouriche, A., Boudiab, K., Hauchard, D., & Boulekbache, L.; et al. (2023). Biological properties, phenolic profile, and botanical aspect of Nigella sativa L. and Nigella damascena L. seeds: A comparative study. Molecules, 28, 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules28020571
• Benckiser, G. & Schnell, S. (Eds.). (2006). Biodiversity in agricultural production systems. CRC Press. Burits, M. & Bucar, F. (2000). Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy research, 14(5), 323-328.
• Butt, A.S., Nisar, N., Ghani, N., Altaf, I. & Mughal, T.A. (2019). Isolation of thymoquinone from Nigella sativa L. and Thymus vulgaris L., and its anti-proliferative effect on HeLa cancer cell lines. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 18, 37–42.
• Çamlica, M. & Yaldiz, G. (2019). Effect of cultural condition on seed growth and content of essential oil of two populations and one cultivar of genus Nigella, Annals of Phytomedicine, 8(1), 56-62.
• D’Antuono, I,, Moretti, F., Lovato, A. & Antonio F.S. (2002). Seed yield, yield components, oil content and essential oil content and composition of Nigella sativa and Nigella damascena, Industrial Crops and Products, 15, 59-69.
• Ertuğrul, Y. (1986). A study on the effect of different sowing dates on the yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella damascena L.), Çukurova University, Institute of Science, Master's Thesis, Adana, 1-34.
• Geren, H., Bayram, E. A. & Ceylan, A. (1997). The effect of different sowing dates and phosphorus fertiliser application on yield and quality in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Turkey 2, Field Crops Congress, Samsun, 22–25 September 1997, 376-380.
• Gholamnezhad, Z., Shakeri, F., Saadat, S., Ghorani, V. & Boskabady, M.H. (2019). Clinical and experimental effects of Nigella sativa and its constituents on respiratory and allergic disorders. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 9, 195.
• Güllü, E.B. & Gülcan, A. (2013). Thymoquinone: the bioactive component of Nigella sativa. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 6(1), 51-61. DOI: 10.5578/kvj.5251
• Helvacıoğlu, S., Charehsaz, M., Güzelmeriç, E., Oçkun, M.A., Ayran, İ., Kırmızıbekmez, H., Kan, Y., Aydın, A,; Yeşilada, E. (2021). Protective effect of Nigella sativa and Nigella damascena fixed oils against aflatoxin induced mutagenicity in the classical and modified ames test. Chem. Biodivers., 18, e2000936.
• Heshmati, J. & Namazi, N. (2015) Effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Complementary therapies in medicine, 23(2), 275-282.
• Iqbal, M.J., Butt, M.S., Qayyum, M.M.N. & Suleria, H.A.R. (2017). Anti-hypercholesterolemic and anti-hyperglycaemic effects of conven tional and supercritical extracts of black cumin (Nigella sativa). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 7, 1014–1022.
• Islam, M. N., Hossain, K. S., Sarker, P. P., Ferdous, J. & Hannan, M. A., et al. (2021). Revisiting pharmacological potentials of Nigella sativa seed: A promising option for COVID-19 prevention and cure. Phytotherapy research, 35(3), 1329–1344.
• Khazdair, M. R., Ghafari, S., & Sadeghi, M. (2021). Possible therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa and its thymoquinone on COVID-19. Pharmaceutical biology, 59(1), 696–703.
• Korablova, O., Shanaida, M., Ivanusa, I. & Gontova, T. (2021). Chromatographıc analysis of volatile compounds isolated from the Nigella damascenа L. and Nigella arvensis L. seeds, Pharmacologyonline, 3, 21-29.
• Keser, E. & Gedik, O. (2021). Determination of agricultural and quality characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sp.) genotypes sown in winter and summer under Kahramanmaras ecological conditions, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, 18(1), 73-81.
• Kızılyıldırım, H. (2019). The effect of different nitrogen dosage applications on the yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in Kahramanmaras ecological conditions, (M.Sc. Thesis), Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Technology Department of Field Crops, 1-48.
• Khare, C.P. (2004). Indian herbal remedies: rational western therapy, ayurvedic, and other traditional usage, botany, Springer Science & Business Media: NewDelhi, India.
• Kokoska, L. (2011). Chemistry and biological activity of Nigella genus: the antimicrobial and anti-ınflammatory effects of seed extracts, essential oils and compounds of six Nigella Species, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing: Berlin, Germany, p. 90.
• Kökdil, G., Tamer, L., Ercan, B., Ilcim, A., Aras, N. & Atik, U. (2005). Effects of Nigella unguicularis fixed oil on blood biochemistry and oxidant/antioxidant balance in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol, 99, 131–135.
• Majdalawieh, A.F. & Fayyad, M.W. (2016). Recent advances on the anti-cancer properties of Nigella sativa, a widely used food additive. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 7, 173–180.
• Margout, D., Kelly, Mary T., Meunier, S., Auinger, D., Pelissier, Y. & Larroque, M. (2013). Morphological, microscopic and chemical comparison between Nigella sativa L. cv (black cumin) and Nigella damascena L. cv, Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 11(1), 165-171.
• Moretti, A., D’Antuono L.F. & Elementi S. (2004). Essential oils of Nigella sativa L, and Nigella damascena L., Seed, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 16(3), 182-183. Doi: 10.1080/10412905.2004.9698690
• Muzika, R. M., Pregitzer, K. S. & Hanover, J. W. (1989). Changes in terpene production following nitrogen fertilization of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.) seedlings. Oecologia, 80(4), 485-489.
• Niu, Y., Zhou, L., Meng, L., Chen, S., Ma, C., Liu, Z. & Kang, W. (2020). Recent progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the genus Nigella. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 6756835.
• Noor, N.A., Ezz, H.S.A., Faraag, A.R. & Khadrawy, Y.A. (2012). Evaluation of the antiepileptic effect of curcumin and Nigella sativa oil in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy in comparison with valproate. Epilepsy Behav., 24, 199–206.
• Özel, A., Demirel, U., Güler, İ. & Erden, K. (2009). Effect of different row spacing and seeding rates on black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) yields and some agricultural characters, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, 13(1), 17-25.
• Rchid, H., Nmila, R., Bessiere, JM., Sauvaire, Y. & Chokairi, M. (2004). Volatile Components of Nigella damascena L, ve Nigella sativa L, Seeds, 16:(6), 585-587. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2004.9698804
• Rezaei, M., Razmjoo, J., Ehtemam, M.H., Karimmojeni, H. & Zahedi, M. (2019). The in teraction between shade and drought affects essential oil quantity and quality of Vitex agnus-castus L. leaves and seeds. Ind. Crops Prod. 137, 460–467.
• Rioba, N. B., Itulya, F. M., Saidi, M., Dudai, N., & Bernstein, N. (2015). Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation frequency on essential oil content and composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(1), 21-29.
• Salehi, B., Quispe, C. & Imran, M., et al. (2021). Nigella plants - tradi tional uses, bioactive phytoconstituents, preclinical and clinical studies. Front Pharmacol., 1;12: 625386.
• Seyyedi, S. M., Khajeh-Hosseini, M., Moghaddam, P. R., & Shahandeh, H. (2015). Effects of phosphorus and seed priming on seed vigor, fatty acids composition and heterotrophic seedling growth of black seed (Nigella sativa L.) grown in a calcareous soil. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 939-949.
• Sieniawska, E., Michel, P., Mroczek, T., Granica, S. & Skalicka-Woźniak K. (2019). Nigella damascena L. essen tial oil and its main constituents, damascenine and β-elemene modulate inflammatory response of human neutrophils ex vivo. Food Chem Toxicol.;125:161 169. Doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.057
• Sieniawska, E., Sawicki, R., Golus, J., Swatko-Ossor, M., Ginalska, G., & Skalicka Wozniak, K. (2018). Nigella damascena L. essential oil—a valuable source of β-elemene for antimicrobial testing. Molecules, 23(2), 256.
• Shahbazi, E., Safipor, B., & Golkar, P. (2022). Responses of Nigella damascena L. and Nigella sativa L. to drought stress. Yield, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 24, 693–705.
• Shanaida, M. I., Brindza, J., Horčinová Sedlačková, V., Korablova, O. A., Serafyn, O. A., Ostrovský, R. & Rakhmetov, D. B. (2024). Phytochemical and micromorphological analysis of the seeds collected from the newly developed Nigella damascena L. cultivar, Фармацевтичний часопис., 3,13-20, DOI https://doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2024.3.14867
• Sharma, R., Sahu, P., Jain, A., Kumar, V., Khokhar, D., Geda, A.K. & Gupta, B. (2019). Nigella sativa. In nutraceuticals in veterinary medicine, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 91–101.
• Stutte, G.W. (2006). Process and product: recirculating hydroponics and bioactive com pounds in a controlled environment. HortScience, 41, 526–530.
• Tektaş, E. (2015). Effect of seed numbers on yield and some plant characters of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under the Harran Plain conditions, Harran University, (Doctoral dissertation), 40.
• Toma,C.-C., Olah, N.-K., Vlase, L., Mogoşan, C., & Mocan, A. (2015). Comparative studies on polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and diuretic effects of Nigella sativa L. (black cumin) and Nigella damascena L. (lady-in-a-mist) seeds. Molecules, 20, 9560–9574
• Toma, C.C., Simu, G.M., Hanganu, D., Olah, N., Vata, F.M.G., Hammami, C. & Hammami, M. (2010). Chemical Compozition of The Tunisian Nigella sativa, Note I, Profile on Essential oil, Farmacia, 58(4), 458-464.
• Topcagic, A., Zeljkovic, S.C., Karalija, E., Galijasevic, S. & Sofic, E. (2017). Evaluation of phenolic profile, enzyme inhibitory and antimicro bial activities of Nigella sativa L. seed extracts. Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci. , 17, 286.
• Ulusu, F. (2021). The effect of different fertilizer applıcatıons on secondary metabolite and cytotoxic activity in Nigella damascena l., Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology, 1-153.
• Usama, H., Ramadhan, Munther, A., Mohammedali, & Huda S. A. (2011). Study the analgesic activity of Nigella sativa volatile oil against pain in mice. Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 5 (1), 36–38.
• Wajs, A., Bonikowski, R., & Kalemba, D. (2009). Different isolation methods for determination of composition of volatiles from Nigella damascena L. seeds. Natural product communications, 4, 11, 1577-1580..