The Turkish Adaptation of Five Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised 5DCR

Öz

Curiosity is an important trait in relation to individual well-being, cognitive performance, and career development. In this context, the present study aims to adapt the Revised Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale (5DCR-R) into Turkish by addressing the multidimensional structure of the concept of curiosity. The study group consisted of 336 adults, of whom 66.4% were women (n = 223) and 33.6% were men (n = 113). The participants’ mean age was 27.76 years (SD = 7.69), ranging from 18 to 60. To establish the validity of the scale, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted within the framework of construct validity. Convergent validity was tested and relationships with other constructs were examined. For the validity assessments, the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 were used. The tested model of construct validity was found to demonstrate acceptable fit. Factor loadings of the items ranged from .41 to .87, with an average loading of .69. Composite reliability (CR) values of the subscales ranged from .69 to .85, and average variance extracted (AVE) values ranged from .36 to .59. Reliability analyses showed omega (ω) and Cronbach’s alpha (α) values between .67 and .86. In addition, item–total correlations ranged from .41 to .76, with an average of .59. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the Turkish form of the Revised Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale (5DCR-R), consisting of 24 items, is a reliable measurement tool. It is expected that the scale will contribute to understanding the multidimensional structure of curiosity when used in studies conducted in Turkey on this concept.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• curiosity
• validity
• reliability
• confirmatory factor analysis

Revize Edilmiş Beş Boyutlu Merak Ölçeği’nin (5BMÖ-R) Türkçeye Uyarlanması

Öz

Merak, bireyin iyi oluşu, bilişsel performansı ve kariyer gelişimi açısından önemli bir özelliktir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmamız merak kavramının çok boyutlu yapısını ele alarak Revize Edilmiş Beş Boyutlu Merak Ölçeği’nin (5BMÖ-R) Türkçeye uyarlanmasını amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma grubunu oluşturan 336 yetişkin bireyin %66,4'ü kadın (n = 223), %33,6'sı erkektir (n = 113). Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 27,76 (SS = 7,69) olup, 18-60 yaş aralığındadır. Ölçeğin geçerliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapı geçerliği kapsamında doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Benzeme geçerliği test edilmiş ve diğer yapılarla ilişkileri sınanmıştır. Çalışmada geçerlik sınamaları için Merak ve Keşfetme Ölçeği-II, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği Olumlu ve Olumsuz Duygulanım Ölçeği ve Hasta Sağlık Anketi-4 kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğinde test edilen modelin kabul edilebilir uyum verdiği görülmüştür. Maddelerin faktör yükleri .41 ile .87 arasında değişmiş, ortalama faktör yükü .69 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ölçeğin alt boyutlarına ait yapıl güvenilirliği (CR) değerleri .69 ile .85, ortalama açıklanan varyans (AVE) değerleri ise .36 ile .59 arasında değişmiştir. Güvenilirlik analizlerinde omega (ω) ve Cronbach alfa (α) değerleri .67 ile .86 arasında değişmiştir. Ayrıca, madde analizine göre madde kalan test korelasyonları .41 ile .76 arasında değişmiş, ortalama .59 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde 24 maddeden oluşan Revize Edilmiş Beş Boyutlu Merak Ölçeği (5BMÖ-R) Türkçe formunun güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ölçeğin Türkiye’de merak kavramı ile ilgili yapılacak araştırmalarda kullanılarak merak kavramının çok boyutlu yapısının anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Merak
• geçerlik
• güvenirlik
• doğrulayıcı faktör analizi

Kaynakça

1. Acun, N., Kapıkıran, Ş., & Kabasakal, Z. (2013). Merak ve keşfetme ölçeği II: Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 16(31), 74- 85.
2. Ainley, M. D. (1987). The factor structure of curiosity measures: Breadth and depth of interest curiosity styles. Australian Journal of Psychology, 39(1), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049538708259035
3. Bacanlı, H., & Türk Kurtça, T. (2020). Eğitim psikolojisi açısından merak: genel bir değerlendirme. HAYEF: Journal of Education, 17(1); 103-120. https://doi.org/10.5152/hayef.2020.1923
4. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
5. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
6. Bruner, J. S. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction. MA Harvard University Press.
7. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
8. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

9. Collins, R. P., Litman, J. A., & Spielberger, C. D. (2004). The measurement of perceptual curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1127-1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00205-8
10. Çokluk, Ö. S., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, S. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
11. Demirel, M., & Coşkun, Y. D. (2009). Üniversite öğrencilerinin meraklılık düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (18), 111-134.
12. Demirci, İ. & Ekşi, H. (2018, Haziran). Don’t bother your pretty little head otherwise you can’t enjoy life. Uluslararası Eğitim Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, İstanbul.
13. Dewey, J. (1910). Science as subject-matter and as method. Science, 31(787), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.31.787.121
14. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
15. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
16. Dunbar, R. I. M. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Review of General Psychology, 8(2), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.100
17. Durak, M., Şenol-Durak, E., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9589-4
18. Elban, M., & Aslan, S. (2022). The Adaptation of the Social Curiosity Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 19(49), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.26466//opusjsr.1107365
19. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
20. Grüning, D. J., & Lechner, C. M. (2022). Measuring Six Facets of Curiosity in Germany and the UK: A German-Language Adaptation of the 5DCR and Its Comparability with the English-Language Source Ver-sion. Journal of Personality Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2022.2057318
21. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition PDF eBook. Pearson Higher Ed.
22. Hartung, F. M., & Renner, B. (2011). Social curiosity and interpersonal perception: A judge trait interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 796-814. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211400618
23. Harty, H., & Beall, D. (1984). Attitudes toward science of gifted and nongifted fifth graders. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 21(5), 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660210505
24. Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior (Vol. 422). Appleton-century-crofts.
25. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Volume I). London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
26. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
27. Kashdan, T. B., Disabato, D.J., Goodman, F. R., & McKnight, P.E. (2020). The Five Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised (5DCR): Briefer subscales while separating overt and covert social curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109836
28. Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P.J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F. (2009). The Curiosity And Exploration Inventory-II : Development, factor structure, and psychometrics. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 987-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011
29. Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F. D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration; facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8203_05
30. Kashdan, T. B., & Silvia, P. J. (2009). Curiosity and interest: The benefits of thriving on novelty and challenge. Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3, 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0034
31. Kashdan, T. B., Stiksma, M. C., Disabato, D. J., McKnight, P. E., Bekler, J., Kaji, J., & Lazarus, R. (2018). The five-dimensional curiosity scale: Capturing the bandwith of curiosity and identifying four unique subgroups of curious people. Journal of Research in Personality, 73, 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.011
32. Kazmi, S. F., Khan, S., & Shaheen, S. (2025). Adaptation of Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale among University Students. Sociology & Cultural Research Review, 4(02), 375–391.
33. Kidd, C., & Hayden, B. (2015). The Psychology and Neuroscience of Curiosity. Neuron, 88(3), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.010
34. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
35. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ–4. Psychosomatics, 50, 613-621. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.613
36. Langevin, R. (1971). Is curiosity a unitary construct? Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de psychologie, 25(4), 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0082397
37. Litman, J. A., & Pezzo, M. V. (2007). Dimensionality of interpersonal curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1448–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.021
38. Litman, J. A., & Jimerson, T. L. (2004). The measurement of curiosity as a feeling of deprivation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8202_3
39. Litman, J. A., & Spielberger, C. D. (2003). Measuring epistemic curiosity and its diversive and specific components. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_16
40. Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.75
41. Naylor, F. D. (1981). A state‐trait curiosity inventory. Australian Psychologist, 16(2), 172-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050068108255893
42. Olson, E. (1986). Measurement of curiosity in junior high school students (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, Industrial Education and Technology).
43. Özgüven, E. (1994). Psikolojik testler. Yeni Doğuş Matbaası.
44. Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
45. Pearson, P. H. (1970). Relationships between global and specified measures of novelty seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 34(2), 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029010
46. Penney, R. K., & McCann, B. (1964). The Children’s Reactive Curiosity Scale. Psychological Reports. 15(1), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1964.15.1.323
47. Piotrowski, J. T., Litman, J. A., & Valkenburg, P. (2014). Measuring epistemic curiosity in young children. Infant and Child Development, 23(5), 542-553.
48. Poli, F., O’Reilly, J. X., Mars, R. B., & Hunnius, S. (2024). Curiosity and the dynamics of optimal exploration. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 28(5), 441–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.001
49. Renner, B. (2006). Curiosity about people: The development of a social curiosity measure in adults. Journal of Personality Assessment,87, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8703_11
50. Saraç, S., Mede, E., & Saraç, S. (2023). Epistemic Curiosity Scale for Young Children: A scale adaptation to Turkish. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 43(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-1050551
51. Serin, G. (2010). İlköğretim 7. Sınıf öğrencilerinin fene karşı meraklarının incelenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(13), 237-252.
52. Silvia, P. J. (2005). What is interesting? Exploring the appraisal structure of interest. Emotion, 5, 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.89
53. Silvia, P. J. (2008a). Interest-The curious emotion. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 17, 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00548.x
54. Silvia, P. J. (2008b). Appraisal components and emotion traits: Examining the appraisal basis of trait curiosity. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 94–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701298481
55. Silvia, P. J. (2012). Curiosity and motivation. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of human motivation (p. 157-166). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0010
56. Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C. (2009). Assessment of emotions: Anxiety, anger, depression, and curios. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being, 1(3), 271-302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01017.x
57. Spielberger, C. D., & Starr, L. M. (1994). Curiosity and exploratory behavior. In H. F. O’Neil, Jr. & M. Drillings (Eds.), Motivation: Theory and research (p. 22-243). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
58. Stevens, J. P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
59. Telef, B.B. (2015). The positive and negative experience scale adaptation for Turkish university students. European Scientific Journal,11(10), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3987.3124
60. Usluoğlu, B. & Toptaş, V. (2021). Sınıf öğretmenleri ve öğretmen adaylarına yönelik matematiksel merak ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Primary Education Research Journal, 5(1), 18-28
61. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage Publications.
62. Yow, Y. J., Ramsay, J. E., Patrick, & Marsh, N. V. (2022). Dimensions, Measures, and Contexts in Psychological Investigations of Curiosity: A Scoping Review. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 493–493. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120493
63. Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Lawrence Erlbaum.