Bağlanma Yaralanmalarına Müdahaleye Yönelik Duygu Odaklı Çift Terapisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, evlilik ilişkisinde bağlanma figüründen kaynaklanan yaralayıcı travmatik deneyimler olarak ele alınan bağlanma yaralanmaları kavramına odaklanılmıştır. Bağlanma yaralanmaları bireylerin eşlerine yönelik güven, duyarlılık ve erişilebilirlik algılarına ciddi hasar vermekte ve eşleri ile olan yakınlık, samimiyet, evlilik doyumu ve iletişim düzeylerini olumsuz etkilemektedir (Johnson ve Whiffen, 1999; Millikin, 2000). Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada bağlanma yaralanmalarının nasıl ortaya çıktığı, ilişki dinamiklerini nasıl şekillendirdiği ve çift danışmanlığı sürecinde nasıl ele alınabileceği konusu Duygu Odaklı Çift Terapisi perspektifinden ele alınmıştır. Makinen ve Johnson (2006) tarafından, Duygu Odaklı Çift Terapisi temelinde oluşturulan Bağlanma Yaralanmaları Çözüm Modeli açıklanmış, ayrıca modelin temel aşamaları ve müdahale teknikleri ele alınarak detaylandırılmıştır. Ardından alanyazında yer alan güncel deneysel çalışmalar incelenmiş ve bulguları ile birlikte sunulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda Duygu Odaklı Çift Terapisi temelinde oluşturulan Bağlanma Yaralanmaları Çözüm Modeli’nin bağlanma yaralanmalarının çözümünde etkili olduğunun farklı deneysel çalışmalarla desteklendiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca Bağlanma Yaralanmaları Çözüm Modelinin çiftlerin affetme düzeyleri, güven düzeyleri, evlilik doyumları, olumlu iletişim düzeyleri üzerinde de etkili olduğu görülmektedir (Makinen ve Johnson, 2006; Schade ve Sandberg, 2012). Bağlanma Yaralanmalarına müdahale konusunun çift danışmanlığı sürecinde kritik bir öneme sahip olduğu ve özellikle ele alınması gerektiği savunulmaktadır (Johnson, 1996). Bu doğrultuda bu derleme çalışmasının alandaki çift danışmanlığı uygulayıcılarına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca alanyazında Türkiye örnekleminde bağlanma yaralanmalarına müdahaleye yönelik bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çerçevede bu çalışmanın araştırmacılara katkı sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bağlanma yaralanmaları
• duygu odaklı çift terapisi
• bağlanma yaralanmaları çözüm modeli

Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy for Intervention in Attachment Injuries

Öz

This study focuses on the concept of attachment injuries, which are considered as wounding traumatic experiences originating from an attachment figure in a marital relationship. Attachment injuries seriously damage individuals’ perceptions of trust, sensitivity, and accessibility toward their spouses and negatively affect their levels of closeness, intimacy, marital satisfaction, and communication with their spouses (Johnson & Whiffen, 1999; Millikin, 2000). In this context, this study addresses how attachment injuries emerge, how they shape relationship dynamics, and how they can be addressed in couple counseling from the perspective of Emotion-Focused Couple Therapy. The Attachment Injury Resolution Model, based on Emotion-Focused Couple Therapy, was explained by Makinen and Johnson (2006), and the basic stages and intervention techniques of the model were discussed and detailed. Then, current experimental studies in the literature were examined and presented with their findings. As a result of the study, it was seen that the Attachment Injury Resolution Model, based on Emotion-Focused Couple Therapy, was effective in resolving attachment injuries and was supported by different experimental studies. In addition, it is seen that the Attachment Injuries Resolution Model is effective on the forgiveness levels, trust levels, marital satisfaction, and positive communication levels of couples (Makinen and Johnson, 2006; Schade and Sandberg, 2012). It is argued that the issue of intervention in attachment injuries is of critical importance in the couple counseling process and should be addressed specifically (Johnson, 1996). In this context, it is thought that this compilation study will contribute to couple counseling practitioners in the field. In addition, no study on intervention in attachment injuries in the Turkish sample has been found in the literature. In this context, it is thought that this study will contribute to researchers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• attachment injuries
• emotionally focused therapy
• attachment injuries resolution model

Kaynakça

1. Bartholomew, K. (1997). Adult attachment processes: Individual and couple perspectives. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70(3), 249-263.
2. Beasley, C. C., & Ager, R. (2019). Emotionally focused couples therapy: A systematic review of its effectiveness over the past 19 years. Journal of evidence-based social work, 16(2), 144-159.
3. Bowlby, J. (2020). Bağlanma. (T. V. Soylu, Çev.). İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
4. Brubacher, L. (2019). Attachment injury resolution model in emotionally focused therapy. Encyclopedia of couple and family therapy, 165-169.
5. Cordonnier, S. R. (2022). The Effectiveness of Attachment Injury Resolution Protocol (AIRP) in Reducing Marital Distress and Improving Marital Satisfaction in the Areas of Communication, Commitment, and Trust in High-Conflict Couples Affected by Infidelity (Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University).
6. Dehghani, M., & Aslani, K. (2020). Comparison of the effectiveness of attachment injury resolution model with integrative couple therapy on forgiveness among the injured women with marital infidelity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(2), 171-147.
7. Dehghani, M., & Dehghani, Y. (2023). Comparison of attachment injury resolution model and integrative couple therapy on trust reconstruction among the injured women by marital infidelity. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 51(3), 283-301.
8. Dehghani, M., Aslani, K., Amanelahi, A., & Rajabi, G. (2020). The effectiveness of attachment injury resolution model (AIRM) on increasing trust among the injured women with marital infidelity: A case study approach. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 48(3), 283-297.

9. Denton, W. H., Burleson, B. R., Clark, T. E., Rodriguez, C. P., & Hobbs, B. V. (2000). Arandomized trial of emotion‐focused therapy for couples in a training clinic. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26(1), 65-78.
10. Filimon, D. (2025). When Betrayal Goes Digital: Women’s Experiences of Online Infidelity and Attachment Injury. New Trends in Psychology, 7(2), 209-237.
11. Ghaseminejad Rinie, F., Golparvar, M., & Aghaei, A. (2022). Comparison of the effectiveness of emotion- focused therapy based on attachment injuries and eclectic spirituality based schema therapy on hopelessness and mental health of women affected by husband's infidelity. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(3), 151-166.
12. Goleman, D. (2007). Sosyal Zeka İnsan İlişkilerinin Yeni Bilimi. Varlık Yayınları. İstanbul.
13. Goleman, D. (2011). Duygusal Zeka (neden IQ dan daha önemlidir).(4. Baskı). Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul.
14. Greenberg, L. (2008). Emotion and cognition in psychotherapy: The transforming power of affect. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(1), 49.
15. Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Emotion–focused therapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 11(1), 3-16.
16. Greenberg, L., Warwar, S. ve Malcolm, W. (2010). Emotion-focused couples therapy and the facilitation of forgiveness. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 36(1), 28-42.
17. Greenberg, L.G. (2021). Duygu Odaklı Terapi. Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları, Ankara.
18. Greenberg, L.G. ve Johnson, S.M. (2023). Duygu Odaklı Çift Terapisi. CK Yayınevi, Ankara.
19. Günay, Y. (2022). Evlilikte Bağlanma Yaralanmalarının Cinsel Doyuma Olan Etkisinin İncelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi).
20. Halchuk, R. E., Makinen, J. A. ve Johnson, S. M. (2010). Resolving attachment injuries in couples using emotionally focused therapy: A three-year follow-up. Journal Of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 9(1), 31-47.
21. Hazan, C., ve Shaver, R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430-445.
22. Hoseinian, S. D. (2025). Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Couple Therapy and Integrative Systemic Couple Therapy on Enhancing Psychological Well-Being in Couples with Attachment Injury. Iranian Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4(2), 1-8.
23. Hoşgör, Z. (2024). Doğum Sonrası Depresyonun Bağlanma Yaralanmaları ve Öz Şefkat Açısından incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi).
24. Hunt, C. G., Howell, J. J., & Kim, T. J. (2026). Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples Navigating Medical Issues: A Systematic Review. The Family Journal, 34(1), 65-74.
25. Johnson, S. M. & Whiffen, V. E. (1999). Made to measure: adapting emotionally focused couple therapy to partners' attachment styles. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6(4), 366-381.
26. Johnson, S. M. (1996). The practice of emotionally focused marital therapy: creating connection. Brunner/Mazel.
27. Johnson, S. M., Hunsley, J., Greenberg, L., & Schindler, D. (1999). Emotionally focused couples therapy: Status and challenges. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 6(1), 67.
28. Johnson, S. M., Makinen, J. A. & Millikin, J. W. (2001). Attachment ınjuries in couple relationships: a new perspective an ımpasses in couples therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 27(2), 145-155.
29. Johnson, S.M. (2018). Duygu Odaklı Çift Terapisti Olmak. CK Yayınevi, Ankara.
30. Johnson, S.M. (2024). Duygu Odaklı Çift Terapisi Uygulamaları Birliktelik Yaratmak. CK Yayınevi, Ankara.
31. Karami, S., Ebrahimi, M. E. ve Jafari, D. (2024). Comparison of the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy based on attachment ınjury model and acceptance and commitment therapy on positive feelings toward spouse and withdrawal from divorce. Journal of Psychological Dynamics in Mood Disorders, 3(2), 142-153.
32. Keleş, K. (2025). Evli Bireylerin Bağlanma Yaralanmaları ile Evlilik Doyumları Arasındaki İlişkide Affetme Esnekliğinin Aracı Rolünün İncelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Düzce Üniversitesi).
33. Lebow, J. L., Chambers, A. L., Christensen, A., & Johnson, S. M. (2012). Research on the treatment of couple distress. Journal of Marital and Family therapy, 38(1), 145-168.
34. Makinen, J. A. (2004). Resolving Attachment İnjuries İn Couples: Relating Process To Outcome (Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa (Canada)).
35. Makinen, J. A. ve Johnson, S. M. (2006). Resolving attachment injuries ın couples using emotionally focused therapy. steps toward forgiveness and reconciliation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 1055- 1064.
36. Miller, R. B., Mason, T. M., Canlas, J. M., Wang, D., Nelson, D. A., & Hart, C. H. (2013). Marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms in China. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4), 677-682.
37. Millikin, J. W. (2000). Resolving attachment injuries in couples using emotionally focused therapy: a process study. (Doctoral Dissertation).
38. Naaman, S., Pappas, J. D., Makinen, J., Zuccarini, D. ve Johnson–Douglas, S. (2005).Treating attachment ınjured couples with emotionally focused therapy: a case study approach. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes,68(1), 55-77.
39. Pelling, C. (2003). Women’s lived experiences of attachment injury within their couple relationship (Doctoral dissertation). University of British Columbia.
40. Schade, L. C. ve Sandberg, J. G. (2012). Healing the attachment ınjury of marital ınfidelity using emotionally focused couples therapy: a case ıllustration. The American Journal Of Family Therapy. 40(5), 434-444.
41. Schnare, R., Makinen, J. A., & Johnson, S. M. (2006). Resolving attach ment in couples: A three-year follow-up study. Unpublished manuscript, University of Ottawa.
42. Sevim, S.A. (1999). Evlilik İlişkisini Geliştirme Programları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2 (11), 19-25.
43. Spengler, P. M., Lee, N. A., Wiebe, S. A., & Wittenborn, A. K. (2024). A comprehensive meta-analysis on the efficacy of emotionally focused couple therapy. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 13(2), 81.
44. Sunmonu, H. O., Tiamiyu, K. A., Yusuf, J., & Ahmed, M. S. (2025). Emotionally-Focused Therapy and Marital Bonding: Counselling Implications for Nigerian Couples. Coution: Journal Counseling and Education, 6(2), 83-97.
45. Terzi İlhan, S. (2020). Özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan evli bireylerin kişilik özellikleri ile çift uyumları arasındaki ilişkide bağlanma yaralanmalarının aracı rolü (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
46. Turan Akdağ, S. (2011). Ergenlerin bağlanma stilleri ile ebeveynlerinin bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişki (Uzmanlık Tezi). Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya.
47. Walker, R., Isherwood, L., Burton, C., Kitwe-Magambo, K., & Luszcz, M. (2013). Marital satisfaction among older couples: The role of satisfaction with social networks and psychological well-being. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 76(2), 123-139.
48. Warach, B. ve Josephs, L. (2019). The after shocks of infidelity: a review of infidelitybased attachment trauma. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 1-23.
49. Wiebe, S. A., & Johnson, S. M. (2016). A review of the research in emotionally focused therapy for couples. Family process, 55(3), 390-407.
50. Yavuzer, H. (2015). Evlilik Okulu. (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
51. Zuccarini, D., Johnson, S. M., Dalgleish, T. L. ve Makinen, J. A. (2013). Forgiveness and reconciliation in emotionally focused therapy for couples: The client change process and therapist interventions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 39(2), 148-162.