Araştırma Makalesi
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Lise dönemindeki ergenler “iyi arkadaş” ve “kötü arkadaşı” nasıl tanımlar?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 18 - 34, 28.06.2021

Öz

This qualitative study aimed to examine the perceptions of high school adolescents about “good friends” and “bad friends”, and to classify their perceptions under inclusive themes. Data were collected from 126 high school students. As a result of the inductive thematic analyses of the interviews, three major binary themes emerged: “Reliable versus Unreliable”, “Foul-weather friend” versus “Fair-weather friend”, and “Empathetic versus Callous”. As a result, it was asserted that a good friend is characterized with reliability in not lying you and keeping you away from dangers, with a sound support when you are in need, and finally with a feeling of emotional intimacy. A bad friend is characterized with unreliability in lying to you and with a potential risk of endangering you, with no support when you are in need, and with a feeling of emotional distance from you. Practical suggestions were given to practitioners within the framework of the findings.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, G., and Plaut, V. C. (2003). The cultural grounding of personal relationship: Friendship in North American and West African worlds. Personal Relationships, 10(3), 333-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00053.
  • Agnor, C. J. (2009). A proposed model of friendship quality and attachment in preschool children (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3360141).
  • Akın, A., and Akın, Ü. (2015). Friendship quality and subjective happiness: The mediator role of subjective vitality. Education and Science, 40(177), 233-242. doi:10.15390/EB.2015.3786.
  • Asher, S. R., and Parker, J. G. (1988). Signifance of peer relationship problems in childhood. In B. H. Schneider, G. Attili, J. Nadel and R. P. Weissberg (Ed.), Social competence in develpomental perspective (pp.5-23). USA Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
  • Avcı, M. (2006). Ergenlikte toplumsal uyum sorunları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7 (1), 39-64.
  • Baril, H., Julien, D., Chartrand, E., and Dube, B. (2009). Females’ quality of relationships in adolescence and Friendship support in adulthood. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(3), 161-168. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0015313
  • Bayhan, P., and Işıtan, S. (2010). Relationshpis in adolescence: A genelar view of peer and romantic relationships. Family and Society,11(5), 33-44.
  • Bazeley, P., and Jackson, K. (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. London: Sage Publications Limited.
  • Berndt, T. J. (1989). Obtaining support from friends during childhood and adolescence. In D. Bell (Ed.), Children's Social Networks and Social Supports (pp.308-331). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Berndt, T. J. (1992). Friendship and friends' influence in adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.ep11510326
  • Berndt, T. J. (1999). The dark side of friendship: Questions about negative interactions between friends. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED436271.pdf
  • Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.00157
  • Berndt, T. J., and Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment to school. Child Development, 66(5), 1312-1329. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/1131649
  • Boneva, B. S., Quinn, A., Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., and Shklovski, I. (2006). Teenage communication in the Instant Messaging Era. In R. Kraut., M. Brynin., and S. Kiesler (Ed.), Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology (pp.201-218). Oxford:University Press Oxford.
  • Braun, V., and Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3,77- 101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Buhrmester, D. (1990). Intimacy of friendship, interpersonal competence, and adjustment during preadolescence and adolescence. Child Development, 61(4), 1101-1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02844.x
  • Bukowski, W. M. (2001). Friendship and the worlds of childhood. In D. W. Nangle and C. A. Erdley (Ed.), New directions for child and adolescent development (pp.93-105). San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass.
  • Bukowski, W. M., and Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome. In T. J. Berndt and G. W. Ladd (Ed.), Peer relationships in child development (pp.15–45). New York: Wiley.
  • Bukowski, W. M., Laursen, B., and Hoza, B. (2010). The snowball effect: Friendship moderates escalations in depressed affect among avoidant and excluded children. Development and Psychopathology, 22(4), 749- 757. doi:10.1017/S095457941000043X.
  • Burgess, K. B., Wojslawowicz, J. C., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., and Booth-LaForce, C. (2006). Social information processing and coping strategies of shy/withdrawn and aggressive children: Does friendship matter? Child Development, 77(2), 371-383. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2006.00876.x
  • Burk, W. J., and Laursen, B. (2005). Adolescent perceptions of friendship and their associations with individual adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 156-164. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01650250444000342.
  • Büyükşahin-Çevik, G., and Atıcı, M. (2008). An investigation of third graders? Friendship charecteristics and their self-esteem regarding of some variable at secondary schools. Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 17(2), 35-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/50436.
  • Chow, W. Y. (2008). The role of friendship on adolescent mental health problems (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3319072)
  • Cohen, A. B. (2008). The best friendships of young adolescents: the role of internalizing symptoms, characteristics charact of friends, friendship quality, and observed disclosure (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3307762 )
  • Connolly, J. A., and Johnson, A. M. (1996). Adolescents' romantic relationships and the structure and quality of their close interpersonal ties. Personal Relationships, 3(2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00111.x.
  • Dickson, D. J., Marion, D., and Laursen, B. (2018). Externalizing symptoms anticipate declining support and increasing negativity between adolescent friends. Infant and Child Development, 27(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2109
  • Dielh, D. S., Lemerise, E. A., Caverly, A., Ramsay, S. L., and Roberts, J. (1998). Peer relations and school adjustment in ungraded primary children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 9(3), 506-515. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.90.3.506.
  • Dilmaç, B. (1999). Instruction human value program and evaluating it using moral maturity inventory. (Master’s thesis). Marmara University, İstanbul.
  • Erdem, G., Eke, C. Y., Ögel, K., and Taner, S. (2006). Peer characteristics and substance use among high school students. Journal of Dependence, 7(3), 111-116. http://ogelk.net/makale/arkadas_ozellik.pdf
  • Epstein, J. L. (1986). Friendship selection: Developmental and environmental influences. In E. C. Mueller. and C. R. Cooper (Ed.), Process and outcome in peer relationships (pp. 129–160). Orlando, FL: Academic Press Inc.
  • Erdley, C. A., Nangle, D. W., Newman, J. E., and Carpenter, E. M. (2001). Children’s friendship experiences and psychological adjustment: Theory and research. In D. W. Nangle and C. A. Erdley (Ed.), New directions for child and adolescent development (pp.5-25). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W.W: Norton Company, Inc.
  • Furman, W., and Robbins, P. (1985). What’s the point? Issues in the selection of treatment objectives. In B.
  • Schneider, K. Rubin, and J. Leddingham (Ed.), Children’s relations: Issues in assessment and intervention (pp. 41–54). New York: Springer.
  • Giffin, K., and Patton, B. R. (1997). Basic readings in interpersonal communication. New York: Harper-Row.
  • Greco, S., Holmes, M., & McKenzie, J. (2015). Friendship and happiness from a sociological perspective. In M. Demir (Ed.), Friendship and happiness (pp. 19-35). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Gündoğdu, R. (2003). The views of third, forth and fifth grade primary school students on frıendship and the factors influence on their choice of friends (Master’s thesis). Çukurova University, Adana.
  • Gürol, T. D., and Uzman, M. O. (2008). Adolescents at risk for substance abuse. İ.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri Sempozyum Dizisi,63, 65-68
  • Hartup, W. W. (1989). Social relationships and their significance. American Psychologists, 44(2), 120-126. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.120
  • Hartup, W. W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01714.x
  • Hartup, W. W., and Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 355-370. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.355
  • Hays, R. B. (1988). Friendship. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions (pp. 391-408). New York: Wiley.
  • Heiman, T. (2000). Friendship quality among children in three educational settings. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 25(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/132697800112749
  • Hortaçsu, N. (1997). Human relations, Ankara: İmge Bookstore.
  • Jose, P. E. (2015). How are positive and negative peer relations related to positive and negative affect in adolescents over time in New Zealand?. In M. Demir (Ed.). Friendship and happiness (pp. 275-289). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1984). Socialization in traditional society: A challenge to psychology. International Journal of Psychology, 19, 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598408247522
  • Kulaksızoğlu, A. (2014). Socialization and moral development in adolescence: Adolescent Psychology. (16nd.). İstanbul: Remzi Bookstore.
  • Ladd, G. N., Konchenderfer, B. J., and Colomen, C. C. (1996). Friendship quality as a predictor of young children’s early school adjustment. Child Development, 67(3), 1103-1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01785.x
  • Lemerise, E. A., and Arsenio, W. F. (2000). An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Child Development, 71(1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00124
  • Lincoln, Y. S., and Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
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Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 18 - 34, 28.06.2021

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adams, G., and Plaut, V. C. (2003). The cultural grounding of personal relationship: Friendship in North American and West African worlds. Personal Relationships, 10(3), 333-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00053.
  • Agnor, C. J. (2009). A proposed model of friendship quality and attachment in preschool children (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3360141).
  • Akın, A., and Akın, Ü. (2015). Friendship quality and subjective happiness: The mediator role of subjective vitality. Education and Science, 40(177), 233-242. doi:10.15390/EB.2015.3786.
  • Asher, S. R., and Parker, J. G. (1988). Signifance of peer relationship problems in childhood. In B. H. Schneider, G. Attili, J. Nadel and R. P. Weissberg (Ed.), Social competence in develpomental perspective (pp.5-23). USA Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
  • Avcı, M. (2006). Ergenlikte toplumsal uyum sorunları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7 (1), 39-64.
  • Baril, H., Julien, D., Chartrand, E., and Dube, B. (2009). Females’ quality of relationships in adolescence and Friendship support in adulthood. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(3), 161-168. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0015313
  • Bayhan, P., and Işıtan, S. (2010). Relationshpis in adolescence: A genelar view of peer and romantic relationships. Family and Society,11(5), 33-44.
  • Bazeley, P., and Jackson, K. (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. London: Sage Publications Limited.
  • Berndt, T. J. (1989). Obtaining support from friends during childhood and adolescence. In D. Bell (Ed.), Children's Social Networks and Social Supports (pp.308-331). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Berndt, T. J. (1992). Friendship and friends' influence in adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.ep11510326
  • Berndt, T. J. (1999). The dark side of friendship: Questions about negative interactions between friends. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED436271.pdf
  • Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8721.00157
  • Berndt, T. J., and Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment to school. Child Development, 66(5), 1312-1329. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/1131649
  • Boneva, B. S., Quinn, A., Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., and Shklovski, I. (2006). Teenage communication in the Instant Messaging Era. In R. Kraut., M. Brynin., and S. Kiesler (Ed.), Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology (pp.201-218). Oxford:University Press Oxford.
  • Braun, V., and Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3,77- 101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Buhrmester, D. (1990). Intimacy of friendship, interpersonal competence, and adjustment during preadolescence and adolescence. Child Development, 61(4), 1101-1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02844.x
  • Bukowski, W. M. (2001). Friendship and the worlds of childhood. In D. W. Nangle and C. A. Erdley (Ed.), New directions for child and adolescent development (pp.93-105). San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass.
  • Bukowski, W. M., and Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendship: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome. In T. J. Berndt and G. W. Ladd (Ed.), Peer relationships in child development (pp.15–45). New York: Wiley.
  • Bukowski, W. M., Laursen, B., and Hoza, B. (2010). The snowball effect: Friendship moderates escalations in depressed affect among avoidant and excluded children. Development and Psychopathology, 22(4), 749- 757. doi:10.1017/S095457941000043X.
  • Burgess, K. B., Wojslawowicz, J. C., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., and Booth-LaForce, C. (2006). Social information processing and coping strategies of shy/withdrawn and aggressive children: Does friendship matter? Child Development, 77(2), 371-383. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2006.00876.x
  • Burk, W. J., and Laursen, B. (2005). Adolescent perceptions of friendship and their associations with individual adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 156-164. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01650250444000342.
  • Büyükşahin-Çevik, G., and Atıcı, M. (2008). An investigation of third graders? Friendship charecteristics and their self-esteem regarding of some variable at secondary schools. Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 17(2), 35-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/50436.
  • Chow, W. Y. (2008). The role of friendship on adolescent mental health problems (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3319072)
  • Cohen, A. B. (2008). The best friendships of young adolescents: the role of internalizing symptoms, characteristics charact of friends, friendship quality, and observed disclosure (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3307762 )
  • Connolly, J. A., and Johnson, A. M. (1996). Adolescents' romantic relationships and the structure and quality of their close interpersonal ties. Personal Relationships, 3(2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00111.x.
  • Dickson, D. J., Marion, D., and Laursen, B. (2018). Externalizing symptoms anticipate declining support and increasing negativity between adolescent friends. Infant and Child Development, 27(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2109
  • Dielh, D. S., Lemerise, E. A., Caverly, A., Ramsay, S. L., and Roberts, J. (1998). Peer relations and school adjustment in ungraded primary children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 9(3), 506-515. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.90.3.506.
  • Dilmaç, B. (1999). Instruction human value program and evaluating it using moral maturity inventory. (Master’s thesis). Marmara University, İstanbul.
  • Erdem, G., Eke, C. Y., Ögel, K., and Taner, S. (2006). Peer characteristics and substance use among high school students. Journal of Dependence, 7(3), 111-116. http://ogelk.net/makale/arkadas_ozellik.pdf
  • Epstein, J. L. (1986). Friendship selection: Developmental and environmental influences. In E. C. Mueller. and C. R. Cooper (Ed.), Process and outcome in peer relationships (pp. 129–160). Orlando, FL: Academic Press Inc.
  • Erdley, C. A., Nangle, D. W., Newman, J. E., and Carpenter, E. M. (2001). Children’s friendship experiences and psychological adjustment: Theory and research. In D. W. Nangle and C. A. Erdley (Ed.), New directions for child and adolescent development (pp.5-25). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W.W: Norton Company, Inc.
  • Furman, W., and Robbins, P. (1985). What’s the point? Issues in the selection of treatment objectives. In B.
  • Schneider, K. Rubin, and J. Leddingham (Ed.), Children’s relations: Issues in assessment and intervention (pp. 41–54). New York: Springer.
  • Giffin, K., and Patton, B. R. (1997). Basic readings in interpersonal communication. New York: Harper-Row.
  • Greco, S., Holmes, M., & McKenzie, J. (2015). Friendship and happiness from a sociological perspective. In M. Demir (Ed.), Friendship and happiness (pp. 19-35). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Gündoğdu, R. (2003). The views of third, forth and fifth grade primary school students on frıendship and the factors influence on their choice of friends (Master’s thesis). Çukurova University, Adana.
  • Gürol, T. D., and Uzman, M. O. (2008). Adolescents at risk for substance abuse. İ.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri Sempozyum Dizisi,63, 65-68
  • Hartup, W. W. (1989). Social relationships and their significance. American Psychologists, 44(2), 120-126. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.120
  • Hartup, W. W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01714.x
  • Hartup, W. W., and Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 355-370. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.355
  • Hays, R. B. (1988). Friendship. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions (pp. 391-408). New York: Wiley.
  • Heiman, T. (2000). Friendship quality among children in three educational settings. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 25(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/132697800112749
  • Hortaçsu, N. (1997). Human relations, Ankara: İmge Bookstore.
  • Jose, P. E. (2015). How are positive and negative peer relations related to positive and negative affect in adolescents over time in New Zealand?. In M. Demir (Ed.). Friendship and happiness (pp. 275-289). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1984). Socialization in traditional society: A challenge to psychology. International Journal of Psychology, 19, 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598408247522
  • Kulaksızoğlu, A. (2014). Socialization and moral development in adolescence: Adolescent Psychology. (16nd.). İstanbul: Remzi Bookstore.
  • Ladd, G. N., Konchenderfer, B. J., and Colomen, C. C. (1996). Friendship quality as a predictor of young children’s early school adjustment. Child Development, 67(3), 1103-1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01785.x
  • Lemerise, E. A., and Arsenio, W. F. (2000). An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Child Development, 71(1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00124
  • Lincoln, Y. S., and Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Marion, D. (2008). Longitudional change in friendship quality and adolescent adjustment (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1452451)
  • McGuire, K. D., and Weisz, J. R. (1982). Social cognition and behavior correlates of preadolescent chumpship. Child Development, 53(6), 1478-1484. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/1130074
  • McKinney, C., and Renk, K. (2011). A multivariate model of parent-adolescent relationship variables in early adolescence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42(2), 442-462. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10578-011-0228-3
  • McLeod, J. (2002). Working out intimacy: Young people and friendship in an age of reflexivity. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 23(2), 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/0159630022000000787
  • McNelles, L. R., and Connolly, J. A. (1999). Intimacy between adolescent friends: Age and gender differences in intimate affect and intimate behaviors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9(2), 143-159. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327795jra0902_2
  • Niebrzydowski, L. (1995). Friendship among adolescents. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED381282.pdf
  • Parker, J. G., and Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611- 621. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611
  • Parker, J. G., Low, C. M., Walker, A. R., and Gamm, B. K. (2005). Friendship jealousy in young adolescents: Individual differences and links to sex, self-esteem, aggression, and social adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 235–250. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.235
  • Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluatin methods (2nd.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Pub.
  • Poulin, F., and Chan, A. (2010). Friendship stability and change in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Review, 30(3), 257-272. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.01.001
  • Richey, M. H., and Richey, H. W. (1980). The significance of best‐friend relationships in adolescence. Psychology in the Schools, 17(4), 536-540. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(198010)17:4%3C536::AID-PITS2310170420%3E3.0.CO;2-I
  • Roberts-Griffin, C. P. (2011). What is a good friend: a qualitative analysis of desired friendship qualities. Penn McNair Research Journal, 3(1), 1-14. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019
  • Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., and Parker, J. G. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 571-645). New York: Wiley
  • Rubin, K. H., Wojslawowicz, J. C., Rose-Krasnor, L., Booth-LaForce, C., and Burgess, K. B. (2006). The best friendships of shy/withdrawn children: Prevalence, stability, and relationship quality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(2), 143-157. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10802-005-9017-4
  • Saldaña, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Savin-Williams, R. C., and Berndt, T. J. (1990). Friendship and peer relations during adolescence. In S. S. Feldman and G. R. Elliott (Ed.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp.277-307). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Schuster, T. L., Kessler, R. C., and Aseltin, R. H. (1990). Supportive interactions, negative interactions and depressed mood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(3), 423–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938116
  • Selfhout, M., Burk, W., Branje, S., Denissen, J., Van Aken, M., and Meeus, W. (2010). Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and Big Five personality traits: A social network approach. Journal of Personality, 78(2), 509-538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00625.x
  • Stephanou, G., and Balkamou, K. (2011). Children's attributions and emotions for their friendships with their best friend. Psychology Research, 1(6), 392-409. Retrieved from http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/56b4492e9bc11.pdf
  • Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton Press.
  • Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 53-79. doi:10.2307/2626957
  • Turner, G. (1999). Peer support and young people's health. Journal of Adolescence, 22(4), 567-572. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0249
  • Toytok, E. H., Eren, Z., and Gezen, M. O. (2019). Social network analysis of support networks of 8th grade students in the exam preperation process. Electronic Turkish Studies, 14(2),801-825. Doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.14773
  • Weiss, M. R., and Smith, A. L. (1999). Quality of youth sport friendships: Measurement development and validation Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 145-166. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.21.2.145
  • Yager, J. (2010). When friendship hurts: How to deal with friends who betray, abandon, or wound you. New York: Published By Simon & Schuster.
  • Yavuzer, H. (1996). Child psychology. (13nd.). İstanbul: Remzi Bookstore.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nilgün Öztürk 0000-0003-2593-9076

Abdullah Atli 0000-0001-7504-484X

Süleyman Nihat Şad 0000-0002-3169-2375

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, N., Atli, A., & Şad, S. N. (2021). Lise dönemindeki ergenler “iyi arkadaş” ve “kötü arkadaşı” nasıl tanımlar?. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 18-34.