THE CLASH BETWEEN LATIN AND ARABIC ALPHABETS AMONG THE TURKISH COMMUNITY IN BULGARIA IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD

Öz

In this article, I will address the topic of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria in the interwar period through the interpretive lens of the “linguistic” or better “alphabetic” rights,[1] placed in the context of the “Latinization” processes taking place in the wide Eurasian space, as well of the post-imperial sociopolitical dynamics.[2]

To this aim, I describe the interesting and little known case of the writing practices of the Turkish community in Bulgaria in the period between the two world wars. In particular, I take into account the repercussions of Atatürk’s alphabetical reform in Bulgaria, demonstrating how the adoption of the Latin alphabet in Turkey represented a significant challenge for the country, triggering the fears of both the Bulgarian authorities and of the more conservative factions of the local Turkish community. In this context, I analyze the attitudes towards the Arabic and the Latin alphabet employed to write the Turkish language in the Balkan country, illustrating the reasons for the prohibition of the Turkish Latin alphabet, in an unprecedented combination of interests between Bulgarian authorities and Islamic religious leaders. I will try to show how in that specific historical moment, writing systems, far from being “neutral” communication elements, lent themselves to various manipulations of an ideological and political nature.

My paper does not intend to represent a comprehensive contribution to the analysis of the complex subject of this community’s religious or political identity, but it rather aims to shed light on the limitations faced by the Turks of Bulgaria in terms of their linguistic rights in a period when other communities in Southeast Europe were encountering similar difficulties.[3]

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^[1] See on the topic Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination, (ed.) Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin 1994.

^[2] See Valeri Stoyanov, “Die Türkische Minderheit Bulgariens bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges”, ВАЛЕРИСТИКА ПОЛИХИСТОРИКА-2. Избрани приноси към гранични области на историята, Институт за исторически изследвания при БАН, Sofia 2011, pp. 349-373.

^[3] As in the case that I will later discuss of the education policies for the Slavophone minority in Aegean Macedonia, Greece in the 1920s.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turkish Latin Alphabet,Turks of Bulgaria,Turkish Literacy in Bulgaria,Turkish Newspapers in Bulgaria,Arabic Alphabet

İKİ SAVAŞ ARASI DÖNEMDE BULGARİSTAN’DAKİ TÜRK TOPLULUĞUNDA LATİN VE ARAPÇA ALFABELER ARASINDAKİ ÇATIŞMA

Öz

Bu makalede iki savaş arası dönemde Bulgaristan’daki Türkler konusunu ele alacağım. “Dilsel” ya da daha doğru söylemek gerekirse “alfabetik” hakların yorumlayıcı yaklaşımını kullanacağım ve onları ve “post-emperyal sosyopolitik dinamikleri” ile ilişkilendiren geniş Avrasya alanında yer alan “Latinizasyon” süreçlerine yerleştireceğim.

Bu amaçla, Bulgaristan Türklerine ait yazı pratiklerinin ilginç ve az bilinen durumunu tasvir ediyorum. Özellikle de Atatürk’ün alfabe reformunun Bulgaristan’daki yansımalarını ele alarak Türkiye’nin Latin alfabesine geçişinin bu Balkan ülkesinde gerek Bulgar otoriteleri gerekse yerli Türk topluluğunun en muhafazakar kesimleri tarafından korkuları tetikleyen kabul edilmesi zor bir olay olduğunu göstereceğim. Bu bağlamda bu Balkan ülkesinde Türk dilini yazmak için kullanılan Arap ve Latin alfabelerine yönelik tavırları analiz ederek, Bulgar otoritelerle İslam alimleri arasındaki alışılmadık çıkar kesişmesinde, Latin-Türk alfabesinin yasaklanmasının nedenlerini ortaya koyacağım. Bu dönemde, “nötr” iletişim öğeleri olmaktan çok uzakta olan yazı sistemlerinin, ideolojik ve politik türden manipülasyonlara açık olduklarını göstermek çalışacağım.

Makalem, bu topluluğun dini ya da politik kimliğinin karmaşık konusunun analizine kapsamlı bir katkı sunmayı amaçlamamaktadır. Fakat daha çok, güneydoğu Avrupa’daki diğer toplulukların benzer zorluklarla karşılaştığı bir dönemde, Bulgaristan Türklerinin dil hakları bakımından karşılaştıkları sınırlamalara ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Türk Latin Alfabesi,Bulgaristan Türkleri,Bulgaristan’da Türk Okuryazarlığı,Bulgaristan’daki Türk Gazeteleri,Arap Alfabesi

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