Araştırma Makalesi
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Use and Treatment Experiences of Alcohol and Substance Addicts During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2022, , 338 - 350, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1008263

Öz

Objective: The population of addicts, which is among the disadvantaged and vulnerable groups in the society, makes up one of the groups affected by the pandemic. In this regard, it was aimed to evaluate the life experiences and treatment-related conditions the individuals addicted to alcohol and substances have during the pandemic.
Method: Within this framework, in-depth interviews have been carried out using the semi-structured interview technique with a total of 15 people: 10 professionals, trainers and ex-users working with addicts, and 5 addicts who still continue their treatment processes.
Results: The pandemic caused some positive/negative changes in the lives of individuals that are addicted to alcohol and substances, and these changes were mainly manifested in social isolation, substance supply and treatment services. In addition, it has also been determined that social isolation brings along negative situations such as anxiety, stress and unemployment for the addicts, and these individuals experience difficulties especially when it comes to carrying on with the treatment services and adapting to the alternative methods that are being applied.
Conclusion: In this respect, the addicts, who make up a vulnerable group in the general population, should be considered as a sensitive area especially during the pandemic, and institutional and systemic intervention plans should be carried out comprehensively to eliminate the negative experiences that are being faced during this period.

Kaynakça

  • 1. GPMB-Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (2019). A world at risk: annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies, September. https://www.gpmb.org/?utm_campaign=mandiner_202004&utm_medium=link&utm_source=mandiner#tab=tab_1
  • 2. Ak BB, Türk A, Ak R. Covid-19 bağlamında tarihteki büyük salgınlar ve ekonomik sonuçları. Turkish Studies 2020; 15(4): 189-200.
  • 3. Velavan TP, Meyer G. The covid-19 epidemic, Tropical Medicine and International Health 2020; 25(3): 278-280. 4. Arya S, Gupta R. Covid-19 outbreak: challenges for addiction services in india, Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51.
  • 5. APA. diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM 5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association 2013.
  • 6. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, Dördüncü Baskı (DSM-IV) (Çev. ed.: E Köroğlu) Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 1995.
  • 7. Milivojevic V, Sinha R. Central and peripheral biomarkers of stress response for addiction risk and relapse vulnerability, Trends Mol Med 2018; 24: 173-186.
  • 8. Koob GF. Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder, Front Psychiatry 2013; 4(72): 1-18.
  • 9. Kazan-Kızılkurt Ö, Dilbaz N. Covid-19 pandemisinde bağımlılık. Coşar B, (Editör). Psikiyatri ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri 2020, 59-65.
  • 10. Ho-Cyrus SH, Chee-Cornelia YI, Ho-Roger CM. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of covid-19 beyond paranoia and panic, Annals Academy of Medicine 2020; Singapore, 1-6.
  • 11. Ornell F, Moura HF, Scherer JN, Pechansky F, Kessler F, Von Diemen L. The covid-19 pandemic and its impact on substance use: ımplications for prevention and treatment, Psychiatry Research 2020; 1-2.
  • 12. Martinotti G, Alessi MC, Di Natale C, Sociali A, Ceci F, Lucidi L, di Giannantonio M. Psychopathological burden and quality of life in substance users during the covid-19 lockdown period in italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020; 11: 1-8.
  • 13. Van Bavel JJ, Baicker K, Boggio P S, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, ve diğ. Using social and behavioural science to support covid-19 pandemic response, Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4: 460-471.
  • 14. Ögel K. Sigara, Alkol ve Madde Kullanım Bozuklukları: Tanı, Tedavi ve Önleme, İstanbul: Yeniden Yayınları, 2010.
  • 15. Goldstein PJ. The drugs/violence nexus: a tripartite conceptual framework, J. Drugs Issues 1985; 15(4): 493-506.
  • 16. Aslim EG, Mungan MC, Navarro C, Yu H. The effect of public health insurance on criminal recidivism, SSRN Electronic Journal 2019; 1-57.
  • 17. Ayas Ö. Karşılaştırmalı suç araştırması hukuki ve toplumsal yönüyle türkiye ve ingiltere’de uyuşturucu veya uyarıcı madde suçları, Suç ve Ceza 2020; 3: 829-848.
  • 18. UNODC. (2019). The World Drug Report. https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/prelaunch/WDR19_Booklet_2_DRUG_DEMAND.pdf
  • 19. Şimşek MG, Dinç M, Ögel K. Tedavi terk oranları ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. Ögel K, Dinç M (Editör) Yeşilay Danışmanlık Merkezi Araştırmaları-1 2017-2019, İstanbul: Yeşilay Yayınları, 2020: 123-130. 20. American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) (2020). Infection control and mitigation strategies in residential treatment facilities. https://bit.ly/2WaKdT8.
  • 21. Bojdani E, Rajagopalan A, Chen A, Gearin P, Olcott W, Shankar V, DeLisi LE. Covid-19 pandemic: impact on psychiatric care in the united states, Psychiatry Research 2020; 289: 1-6.
  • 22. Volkow ND. Collision of the covid-19 and addiction epidemics, Ann Intern Med 2020; 173: 61–62.
  • 23. Aslim EG, Mungan MC. Access to substance use disorder treatment during covid-19: implications from reduced local jail populations, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2020; 119: 1-3.
  • 24. Malterud K. Qualitative research: standards, challenges and guidelines, The Lancet 2001; 358(9280): 483–488.
  • 25. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (9. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin, 2013.
  • 26. Somaini L, Manfredini M, Amore M, Zaimovic A, Raggi MA, Leonardi C, ve diğ. Psychobiological responses to unpleasant emotions in cannabis users, eur arch psychiatry clin neurosci 2012; 262: 47-57.
  • 27. Sinha R, Fox HC, Hong KA, Bergquist K, Bhagwagar Z, Siedlarz KM. Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals, Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 34(5): 1198–1208.
  • 28. Serafini K, Toohey MJ, Kiluk BD, Carroll KM. Anger and Its Association with Substance Use Treatment Outcomes in A Sample of Adolescents, Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 2016; 25(5): 391–398.
  • 29. Chodkiewicz J, Talarowska M, Miniszewska J, Nawrocka N, Bilinski P. Alcohol Consumption reported during the covıd-19 pandemic: the initial stage, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17(13): 46-77.
  • 30. Zaami S, Marinelli E, Varì MR. New trends of substance abuse during covid-19 pandemic: an international perspective, Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020; 11.
  • 31. Iso-Ahola SE, Crowley ED. Adolescent substance abuse and leisure boredom, Journal of Leisure Research 1991; 23(3): 260–271.
  • 32. Ziervogel CF, Ahmed N, Flisher AJ, Robertson BA. Alcohol misuse in south african male adolescents: a qualitative investigation, International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1997; 17(1): 25-41.
  • 33. Weybright EH, Caldwell LL, Ram N, Smith EA, Wegner L. Boredom prone or nothing to do? distinguishing between state and trait leisure boredom and its association with substance use in south african adolescents, Leisure sciences 2015; 37(4): 311-331.
  • 34. Kar SK, Arafat SMY, Sharma P, Dixit A, Marthoenis M, Kabir R. Covid-19 pandemic and addiction: current problems and future concerns, Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 51.
  • 35. Weinstock J, Barry D, Petry NM. Exerciserelated activities are associated with positive outcome in contingency management treatment for substance use disorders, Addictive Behaviors 2008; 33(8): 1072-1075.
  • 36. Trivedi MH, Greer TL, Grannemann BD, Church TS, Somoza E, Blair SN ve diğ. Stimulant Reduction Intervention Using Dosed Exercise (STRIDE)-CTN 0037: Study Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial, Trials, 2011; 12(206): 1-15.
  • 37. Desai MM, Rosenheck RA, Druss BG, PerlinJB. Receipt of nutrition and exercise counseling among medical outpatients with psychiatric and substance use disorders, Journal of General Internal Medicine 2002; 17(7): 556-560.
  • 38. Liebregts N, van der Pol P, van Laar M, de Graaf R, van den Brink W, Korf DJ. The role of leisure and delinquency in frequent cannabis use and dependence trajectories among young adults. International Journal of Drug Policy 2015; 26(2): 143–152.
  • 39. Çakır-Kardeş V. Pandemi süreci ve sonrası ruhsal ve davranışsal değerlendirme, Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi 2020; 2: 160-169.
  • 40. Yaman ÖM. Uyuşturucu madde bağımlısı gençlerin aile içi ilişkilere yönelik görüşleri: esenler-bağcılar örneği, Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 2014; 1(1): 99-132.
  • 41. Sharma N, Nahak MF. Drug-addicts and the pandemic covid-19: a study of the communication patterns in selected de-addiction centers of punjab, PJAEE 2020; 17(6): 2281-2297.
  • 42. EMCDDA (2003). Social Exclusion and Reintegration, Annual Report on The State of The Drugs Problem Union and Norway, https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2003_en
  • 43. Şimşek MG. Bağımlılıkta Sosyal Risk ve İhtiyaçların Gözden Geçirilmesi. Ögel K, Dinç M (Editör) Yeşilay Danışmanlık Merkezi Araştırmaları-1 2017-2019, İstanbul: Yeşilay Yayınları, 2020; 47-53.
  • 44. D’Onofrio G, Venkatesh A, Hawk K. The adverse impact of covid-19 on individuals with oud highlights the urgent need for reform to leverage emergency department-based treatment, Innovations in Care Delivery 2020; 1-7.
  • 45. Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Rethinking online mental health services in china during the covid-19 epidemic, Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 50.
  • 46. Taylor CB, Luce KH. Computer-and internetbased psychotherapy interventions. Current Dırectıons in Psychologıcal Scıence 2003; 12: 18-22.

Covid-19 Salgını Sürecinde Alkol ve Madde Bağımlılarının Kullanım ve Tedavi Deneyimleri

Yıl 2022, , 338 - 350, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1008263

Öz

Amaç: Toplumda dezavantajlı ve savunmasız gruplar arasında yer alan bağımlı popülasyonu pandemi sürecinden etkilenen gruplardan birini oluşturmaktadır. Buna ilişkin araştırmada alkol ve madde bağımlısı bireylerin pandemi sürecindeki yaşam deneyimlerinin ve tedaviye ilişkin durumlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu kapsamda uzman, eğitmen ve ex-user olarak görev yapan 10 bağımlı çalışanı ve tedavi sürecine devam eden 5 bağımlı olmak üzere toplamda 15 kişiyle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılarak derinlemesine mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Pandemi döneminin alkol ve madde bağımlısı bireylerin yaşamlarında olumlu/olumsuz birtakım değişimlere yol açtığı ve bu değişimlerin ağırlıklı olarak sosyal izolasyon, madde temini ve tedaviye yönelik hizmetlerde kendini gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte sosyal izolasyon sürecinin bağımlılar açısından kaygı, stres, işsizlik gibi olumsuz durumları beraberinde getirdiği ve özellikle tedaviye yönelik olarak hizmetleri devam ettirme ve uygulanan alternatif yöntemlere uyum sağlama konusunda zorlukların yaşandığı belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Genel popülasyon içerisinde savunmasız bir grubu oluşturan bağımlıların özellikle pandemi döneminde hassas bir alan olarak değerlendirilmesi ve bu dönemde yaşanan olumsuzlukların giderilmesine yönelik kurumsal ve sistemsel müdahale planlarının kapsamlı bir şekilde yürütülmesi gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. GPMB-Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (2019). A world at risk: annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies, September. https://www.gpmb.org/?utm_campaign=mandiner_202004&utm_medium=link&utm_source=mandiner#tab=tab_1
  • 2. Ak BB, Türk A, Ak R. Covid-19 bağlamında tarihteki büyük salgınlar ve ekonomik sonuçları. Turkish Studies 2020; 15(4): 189-200.
  • 3. Velavan TP, Meyer G. The covid-19 epidemic, Tropical Medicine and International Health 2020; 25(3): 278-280. 4. Arya S, Gupta R. Covid-19 outbreak: challenges for addiction services in india, Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51.
  • 5. APA. diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM 5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association 2013.
  • 6. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, Dördüncü Baskı (DSM-IV) (Çev. ed.: E Köroğlu) Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 1995.
  • 7. Milivojevic V, Sinha R. Central and peripheral biomarkers of stress response for addiction risk and relapse vulnerability, Trends Mol Med 2018; 24: 173-186.
  • 8. Koob GF. Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder, Front Psychiatry 2013; 4(72): 1-18.
  • 9. Kazan-Kızılkurt Ö, Dilbaz N. Covid-19 pandemisinde bağımlılık. Coşar B, (Editör). Psikiyatri ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri 2020, 59-65.
  • 10. Ho-Cyrus SH, Chee-Cornelia YI, Ho-Roger CM. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of covid-19 beyond paranoia and panic, Annals Academy of Medicine 2020; Singapore, 1-6.
  • 11. Ornell F, Moura HF, Scherer JN, Pechansky F, Kessler F, Von Diemen L. The covid-19 pandemic and its impact on substance use: ımplications for prevention and treatment, Psychiatry Research 2020; 1-2.
  • 12. Martinotti G, Alessi MC, Di Natale C, Sociali A, Ceci F, Lucidi L, di Giannantonio M. Psychopathological burden and quality of life in substance users during the covid-19 lockdown period in italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020; 11: 1-8.
  • 13. Van Bavel JJ, Baicker K, Boggio P S, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, ve diğ. Using social and behavioural science to support covid-19 pandemic response, Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4: 460-471.
  • 14. Ögel K. Sigara, Alkol ve Madde Kullanım Bozuklukları: Tanı, Tedavi ve Önleme, İstanbul: Yeniden Yayınları, 2010.
  • 15. Goldstein PJ. The drugs/violence nexus: a tripartite conceptual framework, J. Drugs Issues 1985; 15(4): 493-506.
  • 16. Aslim EG, Mungan MC, Navarro C, Yu H. The effect of public health insurance on criminal recidivism, SSRN Electronic Journal 2019; 1-57.
  • 17. Ayas Ö. Karşılaştırmalı suç araştırması hukuki ve toplumsal yönüyle türkiye ve ingiltere’de uyuşturucu veya uyarıcı madde suçları, Suç ve Ceza 2020; 3: 829-848.
  • 18. UNODC. (2019). The World Drug Report. https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/prelaunch/WDR19_Booklet_2_DRUG_DEMAND.pdf
  • 19. Şimşek MG, Dinç M, Ögel K. Tedavi terk oranları ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. Ögel K, Dinç M (Editör) Yeşilay Danışmanlık Merkezi Araştırmaları-1 2017-2019, İstanbul: Yeşilay Yayınları, 2020: 123-130. 20. American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) (2020). Infection control and mitigation strategies in residential treatment facilities. https://bit.ly/2WaKdT8.
  • 21. Bojdani E, Rajagopalan A, Chen A, Gearin P, Olcott W, Shankar V, DeLisi LE. Covid-19 pandemic: impact on psychiatric care in the united states, Psychiatry Research 2020; 289: 1-6.
  • 22. Volkow ND. Collision of the covid-19 and addiction epidemics, Ann Intern Med 2020; 173: 61–62.
  • 23. Aslim EG, Mungan MC. Access to substance use disorder treatment during covid-19: implications from reduced local jail populations, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2020; 119: 1-3.
  • 24. Malterud K. Qualitative research: standards, challenges and guidelines, The Lancet 2001; 358(9280): 483–488.
  • 25. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (9. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin, 2013.
  • 26. Somaini L, Manfredini M, Amore M, Zaimovic A, Raggi MA, Leonardi C, ve diğ. Psychobiological responses to unpleasant emotions in cannabis users, eur arch psychiatry clin neurosci 2012; 262: 47-57.
  • 27. Sinha R, Fox HC, Hong KA, Bergquist K, Bhagwagar Z, Siedlarz KM. Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals, Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 34(5): 1198–1208.
  • 28. Serafini K, Toohey MJ, Kiluk BD, Carroll KM. Anger and Its Association with Substance Use Treatment Outcomes in A Sample of Adolescents, Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 2016; 25(5): 391–398.
  • 29. Chodkiewicz J, Talarowska M, Miniszewska J, Nawrocka N, Bilinski P. Alcohol Consumption reported during the covıd-19 pandemic: the initial stage, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17(13): 46-77.
  • 30. Zaami S, Marinelli E, Varì MR. New trends of substance abuse during covid-19 pandemic: an international perspective, Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020; 11.
  • 31. Iso-Ahola SE, Crowley ED. Adolescent substance abuse and leisure boredom, Journal of Leisure Research 1991; 23(3): 260–271.
  • 32. Ziervogel CF, Ahmed N, Flisher AJ, Robertson BA. Alcohol misuse in south african male adolescents: a qualitative investigation, International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1997; 17(1): 25-41.
  • 33. Weybright EH, Caldwell LL, Ram N, Smith EA, Wegner L. Boredom prone or nothing to do? distinguishing between state and trait leisure boredom and its association with substance use in south african adolescents, Leisure sciences 2015; 37(4): 311-331.
  • 34. Kar SK, Arafat SMY, Sharma P, Dixit A, Marthoenis M, Kabir R. Covid-19 pandemic and addiction: current problems and future concerns, Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 51.
  • 35. Weinstock J, Barry D, Petry NM. Exerciserelated activities are associated with positive outcome in contingency management treatment for substance use disorders, Addictive Behaviors 2008; 33(8): 1072-1075.
  • 36. Trivedi MH, Greer TL, Grannemann BD, Church TS, Somoza E, Blair SN ve diğ. Stimulant Reduction Intervention Using Dosed Exercise (STRIDE)-CTN 0037: Study Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial, Trials, 2011; 12(206): 1-15.
  • 37. Desai MM, Rosenheck RA, Druss BG, PerlinJB. Receipt of nutrition and exercise counseling among medical outpatients with psychiatric and substance use disorders, Journal of General Internal Medicine 2002; 17(7): 556-560.
  • 38. Liebregts N, van der Pol P, van Laar M, de Graaf R, van den Brink W, Korf DJ. The role of leisure and delinquency in frequent cannabis use and dependence trajectories among young adults. International Journal of Drug Policy 2015; 26(2): 143–152.
  • 39. Çakır-Kardeş V. Pandemi süreci ve sonrası ruhsal ve davranışsal değerlendirme, Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi 2020; 2: 160-169.
  • 40. Yaman ÖM. Uyuşturucu madde bağımlısı gençlerin aile içi ilişkilere yönelik görüşleri: esenler-bağcılar örneği, Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 2014; 1(1): 99-132.
  • 41. Sharma N, Nahak MF. Drug-addicts and the pandemic covid-19: a study of the communication patterns in selected de-addiction centers of punjab, PJAEE 2020; 17(6): 2281-2297.
  • 42. EMCDDA (2003). Social Exclusion and Reintegration, Annual Report on The State of The Drugs Problem Union and Norway, https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2003_en
  • 43. Şimşek MG. Bağımlılıkta Sosyal Risk ve İhtiyaçların Gözden Geçirilmesi. Ögel K, Dinç M (Editör) Yeşilay Danışmanlık Merkezi Araştırmaları-1 2017-2019, İstanbul: Yeşilay Yayınları, 2020; 47-53.
  • 44. D’Onofrio G, Venkatesh A, Hawk K. The adverse impact of covid-19 on individuals with oud highlights the urgent need for reform to leverage emergency department-based treatment, Innovations in Care Delivery 2020; 1-7.
  • 45. Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Rethinking online mental health services in china during the covid-19 epidemic, Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 50.
  • 46. Taylor CB, Luce KH. Computer-and internetbased psychotherapy interventions. Current Dırectıons in Psychologıcal Scıence 2003; 12: 18-22.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Madde Bağımlılığı
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Melike Semerci 0000-0002-6383-8340

Burak Acar 0000-0003-4765-3319

Ömer Miraç Yaman 0000-0001-9989-8575

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 31 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

AMA Semerci M, Acar B, Yaman ÖM. Covid-19 Salgını Sürecinde Alkol ve Madde Bağımlılarının Kullanım ve Tedavi Deneyimleri. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Eylül 2022;23(3):338-350. doi:10.51982/bagimli.1008263

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence