Ortorektik Eğilimlerin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı, Yeme Tutumu ve Beden Algısı İle İlişkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, genel popülasyonda ortoreksiya nervoza ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı, yeme tutumu ve beden algısı arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Kesitsel tipteki bu araştırmaya Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve İstatistiksel El Kitabı-5'e (DSM-5) göre ruhsal hastalığı olmayan 345 birey katılmıştır. Veriler, sosyodemografik veri formu, ortoreksiya nervoza envanteri (ONE), sosyal medya bağımlılığı ölçeği (SMBÖ), yeme tutum testi (YTT), vücut algısı ölçeği (VAÖ) ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 345 katılımcının 163’ü (%47,2) kadın, 182’si (%52,8) erkekti. Sosyal medyada sağlıklı beslenme ile ilgili program takip eden bireylerin ortorektik belirtileri, takip etmeyenlere göre daha yüksekti. Korelasyon analizlerinde ONE ile SMBÖ ve YTT pozitif, VAÖ negatif yönde ilişkiliydi. Ortorektik belirtiler bağımlılık düzeyine göre incelendiğinde orta bağımlı ve yüksek bağımlı bireylerin ortorektik belirtileri, az bağımlı olanlardan, az bağımlı bireylerin ortorektik belirtileri, bağımlı olmayan bireylerden yüksek saptanmıştır. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizlerinde SMBÖ’nün çatışma alt ölçeği ile YTT puanları, ONE toplam puanlarını yordamış ve bu değişkenler varyansın %26,6'sını açıklamıştır. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada ortorektik belirtiler, sosyal medya bağımlılığı, yeme tutumunda bozulma ve düşük beden algısı ile pozitif yönde ilişkili saptanmıştır. Eldeki veriler, sosyal medyanın ruh sağlığını etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Sosyal medya okuryazarlığı teşvik edilmeli ve ortoreksiya nervozanın farkındalığı arttırılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Beden algısı
• Yeme tutumu
• Ortoreksiya nervoza
• Sosyal medya bağımlılığı

Association of Orthorexic Tendencies with Social Media Addiction, Eating Attitudes and Body Perception

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and social media addiction, eating attitudes and body perception in the general population. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 345 individuals without mental illness according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) participated. Data were collected using sociodemographic data form, orthorexia nervosa inventory (ONE), social media addiction scale (SMBI), eating attitude test (EAT), and body perception scale (BPS). Results: Of the 345 participants, 163 (47.2%) were female and 182 (52.8%) were male. The orthorectic symptoms of individuals who followed healthy eating programs on social media were higher than those who did not. In correlation analyses, ONE was positively correlated with SMBI and EAT and negatively correlated with BPS. When orthorectic symptoms were analyzed according to dependency level, orthorectic symptoms of moderately dependent and highly dependent individuals were higher than those of low dependent individuals, and orthorectic symptoms of low dependent individuals were higher than those of non-addicted individuals. In multiple linear regression analyses, the conflict subscale of the SMBI and the EAT scores predicted the ONE total scores and these variables explained 26.6% of the variance. Conclusion: Orthorectic symptoms were positively associated with social media addiction, impaired eating attitudes and low body perception. The available data suggest that social media can affect mental health. Social media literacy should be encouraged and awareness of orthorexia nervosa should be increased.

Keywords

• Body perception
• Eating attitude
• Orthorexia nervosa
• Social media addiction

Kaynakça

1. Katz DL, Meller S. Can we say what diet is best for health? Annu Rev Public Health 2014; 35: 83-103.
2. Boyce B. Nutrition apps: opportunities to guide patients and grow your career. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114(1): 13-15.
3. Turner PG, Lefevre CE. Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22(2): 277-284.
4. Boyd DM, Ellison NB. Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. J Comput Mediat Commun 2007; 13(1): 210-230.
5. Ramírez AS, Freres D, Martinez LS, et al. Information seeking from media and family/friends increases the likelihood of engaging in healthy lifestyle behaviors. J Health Commun 2013; 18(5): 527-542.
6. Smit CR, Buijs L, van Woudenberg TJ, et al. The impact of social media influencers on children’s dietary behaviors. Front Psychol 2020; 10: 2975.
7. Mento C, Silvestri MC, Muscatello MRA, et al. Psychological Impact of pro-anorexia and pro-eating disorder websites on adolescent females: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(4): 2186.
8. Coskun GG, Demir BA. Lisans öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile sağlıklı beslenmeye ilişkin tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi–İstanbul’da bir üniversite örneği. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2021; 1(3): 195–205.

9. Alabi OF. A survey of Facebook addiction level among selected Nigerian University undergraduates. New Media Mass Commun 2012; 10: 70–80.
10. Wu AM, Cheung VI, Ku L, Hung EP. Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users. J Behav Addict 2013; 2: 160–166.
11. Franco JA, Carrier LM. Social media use and depression, anxiety, and stress in Latinos: a correlational study. Hum Behav Emerg Tech 2020; 2: 227-241.
12. Shensa A, Sidani JE, Dew MA, et al. Social media use and depression and anxiety symptoms a cluster analysis. Am J Health Behav 2018; 42(2): 116-128.
13. Aparicio-Martinez P, Perea-Moreno AJ, Martinez-Jimenez MP, et al. Social media, thin-ideal, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes: an exploratory analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16(21): 4177.
14. Santarossa S, Woodruff SJ. #SocialMedia: Exploring the relationship of social networking sites on body image, self-esteem, and eating disorders. Soc Media Soc 2017; 3(2): 2056305117704407.
15. Bratman S, Knight D. Health Food Junkies: Orthorexia Nervosa: Overcoming the Obsession with Healthful Eating. 1. Baskı, New York: Broadway Books, 2001.
16. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
17. Oberle CD, Klare DL, Patyk KC. Health beliefs, behaviors, and symptoms associated with orthorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24(3): 495-506.
18. Marks RJ, De Foe A, Collett J. The pursuit of wellness: Social media, body image and eating disorders. Child Youth Serv Rev 2020; 119: 105659.
19. Rounsefell K, Gibson S, McLean S, et al. Social media, body image and food choices in healthy young adults: A mixed methods systematic review. Nutr Diet 2020; 77(1): 19-40.
20. Qutteina Y, Nasrallah C, Kimmel L, Khaled SM. Relationship between social media use and disordered eating behavior among female university students in Qatar. J Health Soc Sci 2019; 4(1): 59-72.
21. Yılmazel G. Orthorexia tendency and social media addiction among candidate doctors and nurses. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57(4): 1846-1852.
22. Yurtdaş-Depboylu G, Kaner G, Özçakal S. The association between social media addiction and orthorexia nervosa, eating attitudes, and body image among adolescents. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27(8): 3725-3735.
23. Gabriel S. Exploring the Relationship between Physical Activity, Gender, Social Media and Orthorexia Nervosa in University Students (Bachelor's thesis). Twente: University of Twente, 2021.
24. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, et al. Multivariate data analysis 6th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006: 49–74.
25. Del Barrio V. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. In: The Curated Reference Collection in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2016.
26. Oberle CD, De Nadai AS, Madrid AL. Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI): development and validation of a new measure of orthorexic symptomatology. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26(2): 609-622.
27. Kaya S, Uzdil Z, Çakıroğlu FP. Validation of the Turkish version of the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI) in an adult population: its association with psychometric properties. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27(2): 729-735.
28. Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 1979; 9(2): 273-279.
29. Savaşır I, Erol N. Yeme tutum testi: anoreksia nervosa belirtiler indeksi. Psikoloji Dergisi 1989; 7(23): 19-25.
30. Tutgun-Ünal A, Deniz L. Development of the Social Media Addiction Scale. AJIT-e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology 2015; 21: 51-70.
31. Secord PE, Jourard S. The appraisal of body – cathexis: Body cathexis and the self. J Consult Psychol 1953; 17(5): 343–347.
32. Hovardaoğlu S. Vücut algısı ölçeği. Psikiyatri, Psikoloji, Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi 1993; 1(1): 26.
33. Güney M, Taştepe T. Ergenlerde sosyal medya kullanımı ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2020; 9(2): 183–190.
34. Azizi SM, Soroush A, Khatony A. The relationship between social networking addiction and academic performance in Iranian students of medical sciences: a cross‐sectional study. BMC Psychol 2019; 7(1): 28.
35. Al Saud DF, Alhaddab SA, Alhajri SM, et al. The association between body image, body mass index and social media addiction among female students at a Saudi Arabia public university. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2019; 15(1): 16‐22.
36. Cheng C, Lau YC, Chan L, Luk JW. Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values. Addict Behav 2021; 117: 106845.
37. Klassen KM, Douglass CH, Brennan L, et al. Social media use for nutrition outcomes in young adults a mixed-methods systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15(1): 1-18.
38. Hamurcu TGÖ, Yılmaz S. The correlation between orthorexia nervosa and social media use in nursing students. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi 2023; 11(1): 1144-1158.
39. Zeppegno P. The psychopathology of body image in orthorexia nervosa. J Psychopathol 2018; 24(3): 133–140.
40. Yılmaz H, Karakuş G, Tamam L, et al. Association of orthorexic tendencies with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, eating attitudes and exercise. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16: 3035-3044.
41. Łucka I, Janikowska-Hołoweńko D, Domarecki P, et al. Orthorexia nervosa-a separate clinical entity, a part of eating disorder spectrum or another manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Pol 2019; 53(2): 371-382.
42. Arusoğlu G, Kabakçi E, Köksal G, et al. Ortoreksiya nervoza ve Orto- 11ʹ in Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2008; 19(3): 283–291.
43. Barnes M, Caltabiano M. The interrelationship between orthorexia nervosa, perfectionism, body image and attachment. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22(1): 177–184.
44. Brytek-Matera A, Donini LM, Krupa M, et al. Orthorexia nervosa and self-attitudinal aspects of body image in female and male university students. J Eat Disord 2015; 3(1): 1-8.
45. Oberle CD, Watkins RS, Burkot AJ. Orthorexic eating behaviors related to exercise addiction and internal motivations in a sample of university students. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23(1): 67-74.
46. Sipahi S, Demirel B. Sosyal medyadaki beslenme ile ilgili paylaşımların yetişkin bireylerin yeme tutum ve davranışlarına etkisi. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 2021; 49(1): 57–66.
47. Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, et al. Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire. Eat Weight Disord 2005; 10(2): 28–32.
48. Fidan T, Ertekin V, Işıkay S, Kırpınar I. Prevalence of orthorexia among medical students in Erzurum, Turkey. Compr Psychiatry 2010; 51(1): 49–54.
49. Baǧci Bosi AT, Çamur D, Güler Ç. Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in resident medical doctors in The Faculty Of Medicine (Ankara, Turkey). Appetite 2007; 49(3): 661–666.
50. Smith KE, Mason TB, Murray SB, et al. Male clinical norms and sex diferences on the eating disorder inventory (EDI) and eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q). Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50(7): 769–775.
51. Dell’Osso L, Cremone IM, Chiarantini I, et al. Investigating orthorexia nervosa with the ORTO-R in a sample of university students with or without subthreshold autism spectrum: focus on dietary habits and gender diferences. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13: 900880.
52. Gramaglia C, Brytek-Matera A, Rogoza R, Zeppegno P. Orthorexia and anorexia nervosa: two distinct phenomena? A cross-cultural comparison of orthorexic behaviours in clinical and non-clinical samples. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1): 75.
53. Tamam L, Yılmaz H. Linking orthorexia and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In Eating Disorders. Patel V, Preedy V (editors). Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022: 1-28.
54. Ströhle A. Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm 2009; 116(6): 777-784.
55. Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J, Øyvind R, et al. “I’m not physically active - I only go for walks”: Physical activity in patients with longstanding eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43(1): 88-92.
56. Santarossa S, Lacasse J, Larocque J, Woodruff SJ. Orthorexia on Instagram: a descriptive study exploring the online conversation and community using the Netlytic software. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24(2): 283-290.
57. Borzekowski DLG, Schenk S, Wilson JL, Peebles R. e-Ana and e-Mia: A content analysis of pro-eating disorder Web sites. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(8): 1526-1534.
58. Novara C, Pardini S, Visioli F, Meda N. Orthorexia nervosa and dieting in a non-clinical sample: a prospective study. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27(6): 2081-2093.
59. Brytek-Matera A. Vegetarian diet and orthorexia nervosa: a review of the literature. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26(1): 1-11.