Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Madde Bağımlılığının Gelişiminde Birikimli Risk Faktörlerinin Rolü

Yıl 2021, , 31 - 42, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.790981

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmamızda, olası risk faktörlerinin birikimli etkisinin madde bağımlılığı gelişmesinde tek tek risk faktörlerinin varlığından daha etkili olduğu hipotezi test edilmiştir.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya 200 madde bağımlısı, 200 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edilmiştir. Deneklere SCID-I klinik görüşme, sosyodemografik veri formu, Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği, Ebeveynlik Stilleri Ölçeği uygulandı. Aile ve çocukluk yaşamı ile ilgili riskleri belirlemek için bir anket formu verildi. Risk faktörü olarak 14 değişken belirlendi. Örneklem yüksek ve düşük risk grubu olarak ikiye ayrıldı.
Bulgular: 14 yaşından sonra ebeveyn kaybı ve ebeveynden ayrılık yaşama, aile ilişkilerini “kötü” olarak tanımlama, ailede madde bağımlılığı varlığı, düşük benlik saygısı, babanın ilgi / kabul eksikliği madde bağımlılarında sağlıklı kontrollere göre daha yaygındı. Sağlıklı kontrollerde 13 yaşından önce ebeveynden ayrılma ve sürekli aile kavgası madde bağımlılarına göre daha yüksek oranda bildirilmişti. Bağımlılığın gelişiminde anne kontrol boyutu, baba kabul boyutu ve benlik saygısının etkisi yüksek olarak belirlendi.
Tartışma: Risk faktörleri tek tek ele alındığında madde bağımlılığı grubu dezavantajlı durumdayken, birikimli risk faktörleri bağlamında her iki grupta risk oranı eşitlenmektedir. Bu durum ‘’direngenlik’’ kavramını akla getirmektedir. Sağlıklı kontrollerin madde bağımlılığı geliştirmemeleri, çocukluktan itibaren karşılaştıkları olumsuz yaşam koşullarına karşı uygun baş etme becerilerini geliştirmiş olabilecekleri şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Madde bağımlılığının önlenmesinde risk faktörlerinin azaltılmasının yanı sıra, direngenliği artıracak uygulamalara odaklanmak uygun bir yaklaşım olacaktır.

Destekleyen Kurum

makale bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemiştir

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lynskey MT, Spooner C, Hall W. Structural Determinants of Youth Drug Use. 2001.
  • 2. Raviv T, Taussig HN, Culhane SE, Garrido EF. Cumulative risk exposure and mental health symptoms among maltreated youth placed in out-of-home care. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34: 742–751.
  • 3. Appleyard K, Egeland B, Dulmen MHM, Alan Sroufe L. When more is not better: the role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005; 235–245.
  • 4. Deater-Deckard K, Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: group and individual differences. Dev Psychopathol. 1998;10: 469–493.
  • 5. Rauer AJ, Karney BR, Garvan CW, Hou W. Relationship Risks in Context: A Cumulative Risk Approach to Understanding Relationship Satisfaction. J Marriage Fam. 2008;70: 1122–1135.
  • 6. Burt KB, Van Dulmen MHM, Carlivati J, et al. Mediating links between maternal depression and offspring psychopathology: the importance of independent data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005;490–499.
  • 7. Evans GW, Li D, Whipple SS. Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin. 2013; 1342–1396.
  • 8. Wanner NM, Colwell ML, Faulk C. The epigenetic legacy of illicit drugs: developmental exposures and late-life phenotypes. Environ Epigenet. 2019;5: dvz022.
  • 9. Kreek MJ, Nielsen DA, Butelman ER, LaForge KS. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8: 1450–1457.
  • 10. Nielsen DA, Kreek MJ. Common and specific liability to addiction: Approaches to association studies of opioid addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2012; 33–41.
  • 11. Goldman D, Oroszi G, Ducci F. The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2005; 521–532.
  • 12. Li MD, Burmeister M. New insights into the genetics of addiction. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10: 225–231.
  • 13. Pedersen CA. Biological Aspects of Social Bonding and the Roots of Human Violence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006; 106–127. 14. McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, Gold AL, et al. Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016; 1956–1964.
  • 15. McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA. Beyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2016;25: 239–245.
  • 16. Charalampous KD, Ford BK, Skinner TJ. Self-esteem in alcoholics and nonalcoholics. J Stud Alcohol. 1976;37: 990–994.
  • 17. Uba I, Yaacob SN, Talib MA, et al. Effect of Self-Esteem in the Relationship between Stress and Substance Abuse among Adolescents: A Mediation Outcome. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity. 2013; 214–217.
  • 18. Pinquart M, Gerke DC. Associations of Parenting Styles with Self-Esteem in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2019; 2017–2035. 19. Aremu TA, John-Akinola YO, Desmennu AT. Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Adolescents’ Self-Esteem. International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2019; 91–99.
  • 20. Bircan S, Erden G, Vatansever M, Ankara University, Ankara University. Self-Esteem, Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Parenting Styles of Adolescents with Substance Use Disorder: A Comparative Study. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi. 2019; 52–67. 21. Becoña E, Martínez Ú, Calafat A, et al. Parental styles and drug use: A review. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 2012; 1–10.
  • 22. Calafat A, García F, Juan M, et al. Which parenting style is more protective against adolescent substance use? Evidence within the European context. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;138: 185–192.
  • 23. Luthar SS. Methodological and Conceptual Issues in Research on Childhood Resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1993; 441–453.
  • 24. Beam MR, Gil-Rivas V, Greenberger E, Chen C. Adolescent Problem Behavior and Depressed Mood: Risk and Protection Within and Across Social Contexts. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2002; 343–357.
  • 25. Gerard JM, Buehler C. Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: the role of youth attributes. Child Dev. 2004;75: 1832–1849.
  • 26. Rose EJ, Picci G, Fishbein DH. Neurocognitive Precursors of Substance Misuse Corresponding to Risk, Resistance, and Resilience Pathways: Implications for Prevention Science. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10: 399.
  • 27. Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. 1965.
  • 28. Çuhadaroğlu F. Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara. 1986.
  • 29. Maccoby EE, Martin JA. Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In: P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington, editor. Handbook of Child Psychology: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development. New York: Wiley; 1983.
  • 30. Lamborn SD, Mounts NS, Steinberg L, Dornbusch SM. Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families. Child Development. 1991; 1049.
  • 31. Sümer N, Güngör D. Çocuk yetiştirme stillerinin bağlanma stilleri, benlik değerlendirmeleri ve yakın ilişkiler üzerindeki etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 1999;14: 35–63.
  • 32. Merline AC, O’Malley PM, Schulenberg JE, et al. Substance use among adults 35 years of age: prevalence, adulthood predictors, and impact of adolescent substance use. Am J Public Health. 2004;94: 96–102.
  • 33. Barrett AE, Jay Turner R. Family structure and substance use problems in adolescence and early adulthood: examining explanations for the relationship. Addiction. 2006; 109–120.
  • 34. Waaktaar T, Kan KJ, Torgersen S. The genetic and environmental architecture of substance use development from early adolescence into young adulthood: a longitudinal twin study of comorbidity of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use. Addiction. 2018; 740–748.
  • 35. Spooner C, Hall W, Lynskey M. Structural Determinants of Youth Drug Use. Woden, Australia: Australian National Council on Drugs; 2001.
  • 36. Patrick ME, Wightman P, Schoeni RF, Schulenberg JE. Socioeconomic status and substance use among young adults: a comparison across constructs and drugs. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012;73: 772–782.
  • 37. Shah V, Watson J. Relationship between Substance Use and Socioeconomic Variables in Pennsylvania Adolescents: 2009–2017. Substance Use & Misuse. 2020; 1856–1866.
  • 38. Luster T, Dubow E. Predictors of the quality of the home environment that adolescent mothers provide for their school-aged children. J Youth Adolesc. 1990;19: 475–494.
  • 39. Demo DH, McLanahan S, Sandefur G. Growing up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Family Relations. 1996; 244.
  • 40. Giordano GN, Ohlsson H, Kendler KS, et al. Unexpected adverse childhood experiences and subsequent drug use disorder: a Swedish population study (1995-2011). Addiction. 2014; 1119–1127.
  • 41. Emler N, Others. The costs and causes of low self-esteem. Youth Studies Australia. 2002;21: 45.
  • 42. Schroeder DS, Laflin MT, Weis DL. Is There a Relationship between Self Esteem and Drug Use? Methodological and Statistical Limitations of the Research. Journal of Drug Issues. 1993; 645–665.
  • 43. Fuentes MC, Garcia OF, Garcia F. Protective and risk factors for adolescent substance use in Spain: Self-esteem and other indicators of personal well-being and ill-being. Sustainability. 2020; 12(15), 5962.
  • 44. Bitancourt T, Tissot MCRG, Fidalgo TM, et al. Factors associated with illicit drugs’ lifetime and frequent/heavy use among students results from a population survey. Psychiatry Res. 2016;237: 290–295.
  • 45. Lee CG, Seo DC, Torabi MR, et al. Longitudinal trajectory of the relationship between self-esteem and substance use from adolescence to young adulthood. J Sch Health. 2018;88: 9–14.
  • 46. Miller NB, Cowan PA, Cowan CP, Mavis Hetherington E. Externalizing in preschoolers and early adolescents: A cross-study replication of a family model. Developmental Psychology. 1993; 3–18.
  • 47. Shek DTL. Paternal and maternal influences on the psychological well-being, substance abuse, and delinquency of Chinese adolescents experiencing economic disadvantage. J Clin Psychol. 2005;61: 219–234.
  • 48. Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, Ravert RD, et al. Perceived Parental Relationships and Health-Risk Behaviors in College-Attending Emerging Adults. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2009; 727–740. 49. Weymouth BB, Fosco GM, Feinberg ME. Nurturant-involved parenting and adolescent substance use: Examining an internalizing pathway through adolescent social anxiety symptoms and substance refusal efficacy. Dev Psychopathol. 2019;31: 247–260.
  • 50. Shakya HB, Christakis NA, Fowler JH. Parental influence on substance use in adolescent social networks. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166: 1132–1139.
  • 51. Walters GD. Prosocial Peers as Risk, Protective, and Promotive Factors for the Prevention of Delinquency and Drug Use. J Youth Adolesc. 2020;49: 618–630.
  • 52. Dingle GA, Cruwys T, Frings D. Social Identities as Pathways into and out of Addiction. Front Psychol. 2015;6: 1795.
  • 53. Soy İT, Kocataş S. Madde Bağımlılığı Tanısı Almış Bireylerde Benlik Saygısı ve Sosyal Dışlanma Algıları Arasındaki İlişki. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 36: 73–86.
  • 54. Young SE, Rhee SH, Stallings MC, et al. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities underlying adolescent substance use and problem use: general or specific? Behav Genet. 2006; 36:603-615.
  • 55. Milne BJ, Caspi A, Harrington H, et al. Predictive value of family history on severity of illness: the case for depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence. Archives of general psychiatry, 2009; 66(7), 738–747.
  • 56. Enoch MA. The influence of gene-environment interactions on the development of alcoholism and drug dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012; 14:150-158.
  • 57. Kosty DB, Farmer RF, Seeley JR, et al. The number of biological parents with alcohol use disorder histories and risk to offspring through age 30. Addict Behav. 2020; 102:106196.
  • 58. Goldberg LR, Gould TJ. Multigenerational and transgenerational effects of paternal exposure to drugs of abuse on behavioral and neural function. Eur J Neurosci. 2019;50: 2453–2466.
  • 59. Masten AS. Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001; 56:227–38.
  • 60. Rutter M. Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1987;57: 316–331.
  • 61. Braverman M. The University of California, Davis Spring 2001 Applying Resilience Theory to the Prevention of Adolescent Substance Abuse.
  • 62. DuMont KA, Widom CS, Czaja SJ . “Predictors of Resilience in Abused and Neglected Children Grown-up: The Role of Individual and Neighborhood Characteristics.” Child Abuse & Neglect 2007; 31 (3): 255–74.
  • 63. Bonanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D. “What Predicts Psychological Resilience after Disaster? The Role of Demographics, Resources, and Life Stress.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007; 75 (5): 671–82.
  • 64. Wright MO, Fopma-Loy J, Fischer S. Multidimensional assessment of resilience in mothers who are child sexual abuse survivors. Child Abuse Negl. 2005; 29, 1173–1193.
  • 65. Wills TA, Filer M. Stress—Coping Model of Adolescent Substance Use. In: Ollendick T.H., Prinz R.J. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 18. Springer, Boston, MA. 1996.
  • 66. Modabbernia, A, Janiri D, Doucet GE, et al. “Multivariate Patterns of Brain-Behavior-Environment Associations in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.” Biological Psychiatry, 2020; August. In Press.

Role of Cumulative Risk Factors in the Development of Substance Abuse

Yıl 2021, , 31 - 42, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.790981

Öz

Objective: In this study, the hypothesis that the cumulative effect of possible risk factors is more effective in the development of substance addiction was tested.
Method: 200 substance addicts and 200 healthy controls were included in the study. SCID-I clinical interview, sociodemographic data form, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Parenting Styles Scale were applied to the subjects. A questionnaire was given to identify risks related to family and childhood life. 14 variables were considered as risk factors. The sample was divided into high and low risk groups.
Results: After the age of 14, parental loss and separation, definition of family relationships as "bad", presence of substance addiction in family members, low self-esteem, and father's lack of interest / acceptance were more common in substance addicts than in healthy controls. Separation from parents before the age of 13 and continuous family quarrels were reported with a higher rate in healthy controls. The effects of mother control dimension, father acceptance dimension and self-esteem were found to be high in the development of addiction. The effects of mother control dimension, father acceptance dimension and self-esteem were found to be high in the development of addiction.
Discusion: When the risk factors are considered individually, the substance addiction group is disadvantaged, while the risk ratio is equalized in both groups in terms of cumulative risk factors. This situation brings to mind the concept of "resilience". The fact that healthy controls did not develop addiction was interpreted as that they might have developed appropriate coping skills against the negative living conditions they encountered from childhood. In addition to reducing risk factors in the prevention of substance addiction, it would be an appropriate approach to focus on practices that will increase resilience.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lynskey MT, Spooner C, Hall W. Structural Determinants of Youth Drug Use. 2001.
  • 2. Raviv T, Taussig HN, Culhane SE, Garrido EF. Cumulative risk exposure and mental health symptoms among maltreated youth placed in out-of-home care. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34: 742–751.
  • 3. Appleyard K, Egeland B, Dulmen MHM, Alan Sroufe L. When more is not better: the role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005; 235–245.
  • 4. Deater-Deckard K, Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: group and individual differences. Dev Psychopathol. 1998;10: 469–493.
  • 5. Rauer AJ, Karney BR, Garvan CW, Hou W. Relationship Risks in Context: A Cumulative Risk Approach to Understanding Relationship Satisfaction. J Marriage Fam. 2008;70: 1122–1135.
  • 6. Burt KB, Van Dulmen MHM, Carlivati J, et al. Mediating links between maternal depression and offspring psychopathology: the importance of independent data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005;490–499.
  • 7. Evans GW, Li D, Whipple SS. Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin. 2013; 1342–1396.
  • 8. Wanner NM, Colwell ML, Faulk C. The epigenetic legacy of illicit drugs: developmental exposures and late-life phenotypes. Environ Epigenet. 2019;5: dvz022.
  • 9. Kreek MJ, Nielsen DA, Butelman ER, LaForge KS. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8: 1450–1457.
  • 10. Nielsen DA, Kreek MJ. Common and specific liability to addiction: Approaches to association studies of opioid addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2012; 33–41.
  • 11. Goldman D, Oroszi G, Ducci F. The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2005; 521–532.
  • 12. Li MD, Burmeister M. New insights into the genetics of addiction. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10: 225–231.
  • 13. Pedersen CA. Biological Aspects of Social Bonding and the Roots of Human Violence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006; 106–127. 14. McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, Gold AL, et al. Maltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016; 1956–1964.
  • 15. McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA. Beyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2016;25: 239–245.
  • 16. Charalampous KD, Ford BK, Skinner TJ. Self-esteem in alcoholics and nonalcoholics. J Stud Alcohol. 1976;37: 990–994.
  • 17. Uba I, Yaacob SN, Talib MA, et al. Effect of Self-Esteem in the Relationship between Stress and Substance Abuse among Adolescents: A Mediation Outcome. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity. 2013; 214–217.
  • 18. Pinquart M, Gerke DC. Associations of Parenting Styles with Self-Esteem in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2019; 2017–2035. 19. Aremu TA, John-Akinola YO, Desmennu AT. Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Adolescents’ Self-Esteem. International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2019; 91–99.
  • 20. Bircan S, Erden G, Vatansever M, Ankara University, Ankara University. Self-Esteem, Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Parenting Styles of Adolescents with Substance Use Disorder: A Comparative Study. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi. 2019; 52–67. 21. Becoña E, Martínez Ú, Calafat A, et al. Parental styles and drug use: A review. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 2012; 1–10.
  • 22. Calafat A, García F, Juan M, et al. Which parenting style is more protective against adolescent substance use? Evidence within the European context. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;138: 185–192.
  • 23. Luthar SS. Methodological and Conceptual Issues in Research on Childhood Resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1993; 441–453.
  • 24. Beam MR, Gil-Rivas V, Greenberger E, Chen C. Adolescent Problem Behavior and Depressed Mood: Risk and Protection Within and Across Social Contexts. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2002; 343–357.
  • 25. Gerard JM, Buehler C. Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: the role of youth attributes. Child Dev. 2004;75: 1832–1849.
  • 26. Rose EJ, Picci G, Fishbein DH. Neurocognitive Precursors of Substance Misuse Corresponding to Risk, Resistance, and Resilience Pathways: Implications for Prevention Science. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10: 399.
  • 27. Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. 1965.
  • 28. Çuhadaroğlu F. Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara. 1986.
  • 29. Maccoby EE, Martin JA. Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In: P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington, editor. Handbook of Child Psychology: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development. New York: Wiley; 1983.
  • 30. Lamborn SD, Mounts NS, Steinberg L, Dornbusch SM. Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families. Child Development. 1991; 1049.
  • 31. Sümer N, Güngör D. Çocuk yetiştirme stillerinin bağlanma stilleri, benlik değerlendirmeleri ve yakın ilişkiler üzerindeki etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 1999;14: 35–63.
  • 32. Merline AC, O’Malley PM, Schulenberg JE, et al. Substance use among adults 35 years of age: prevalence, adulthood predictors, and impact of adolescent substance use. Am J Public Health. 2004;94: 96–102.
  • 33. Barrett AE, Jay Turner R. Family structure and substance use problems in adolescence and early adulthood: examining explanations for the relationship. Addiction. 2006; 109–120.
  • 34. Waaktaar T, Kan KJ, Torgersen S. The genetic and environmental architecture of substance use development from early adolescence into young adulthood: a longitudinal twin study of comorbidity of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use. Addiction. 2018; 740–748.
  • 35. Spooner C, Hall W, Lynskey M. Structural Determinants of Youth Drug Use. Woden, Australia: Australian National Council on Drugs; 2001.
  • 36. Patrick ME, Wightman P, Schoeni RF, Schulenberg JE. Socioeconomic status and substance use among young adults: a comparison across constructs and drugs. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012;73: 772–782.
  • 37. Shah V, Watson J. Relationship between Substance Use and Socioeconomic Variables in Pennsylvania Adolescents: 2009–2017. Substance Use & Misuse. 2020; 1856–1866.
  • 38. Luster T, Dubow E. Predictors of the quality of the home environment that adolescent mothers provide for their school-aged children. J Youth Adolesc. 1990;19: 475–494.
  • 39. Demo DH, McLanahan S, Sandefur G. Growing up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Family Relations. 1996; 244.
  • 40. Giordano GN, Ohlsson H, Kendler KS, et al. Unexpected adverse childhood experiences and subsequent drug use disorder: a Swedish population study (1995-2011). Addiction. 2014; 1119–1127.
  • 41. Emler N, Others. The costs and causes of low self-esteem. Youth Studies Australia. 2002;21: 45.
  • 42. Schroeder DS, Laflin MT, Weis DL. Is There a Relationship between Self Esteem and Drug Use? Methodological and Statistical Limitations of the Research. Journal of Drug Issues. 1993; 645–665.
  • 43. Fuentes MC, Garcia OF, Garcia F. Protective and risk factors for adolescent substance use in Spain: Self-esteem and other indicators of personal well-being and ill-being. Sustainability. 2020; 12(15), 5962.
  • 44. Bitancourt T, Tissot MCRG, Fidalgo TM, et al. Factors associated with illicit drugs’ lifetime and frequent/heavy use among students results from a population survey. Psychiatry Res. 2016;237: 290–295.
  • 45. Lee CG, Seo DC, Torabi MR, et al. Longitudinal trajectory of the relationship between self-esteem and substance use from adolescence to young adulthood. J Sch Health. 2018;88: 9–14.
  • 46. Miller NB, Cowan PA, Cowan CP, Mavis Hetherington E. Externalizing in preschoolers and early adolescents: A cross-study replication of a family model. Developmental Psychology. 1993; 3–18.
  • 47. Shek DTL. Paternal and maternal influences on the psychological well-being, substance abuse, and delinquency of Chinese adolescents experiencing economic disadvantage. J Clin Psychol. 2005;61: 219–234.
  • 48. Schwartz SJ, Zamboanga BL, Ravert RD, et al. Perceived Parental Relationships and Health-Risk Behaviors in College-Attending Emerging Adults. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2009; 727–740. 49. Weymouth BB, Fosco GM, Feinberg ME. Nurturant-involved parenting and adolescent substance use: Examining an internalizing pathway through adolescent social anxiety symptoms and substance refusal efficacy. Dev Psychopathol. 2019;31: 247–260.
  • 50. Shakya HB, Christakis NA, Fowler JH. Parental influence on substance use in adolescent social networks. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166: 1132–1139.
  • 51. Walters GD. Prosocial Peers as Risk, Protective, and Promotive Factors for the Prevention of Delinquency and Drug Use. J Youth Adolesc. 2020;49: 618–630.
  • 52. Dingle GA, Cruwys T, Frings D. Social Identities as Pathways into and out of Addiction. Front Psychol. 2015;6: 1795.
  • 53. Soy İT, Kocataş S. Madde Bağımlılığı Tanısı Almış Bireylerde Benlik Saygısı ve Sosyal Dışlanma Algıları Arasındaki İlişki. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 36: 73–86.
  • 54. Young SE, Rhee SH, Stallings MC, et al. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities underlying adolescent substance use and problem use: general or specific? Behav Genet. 2006; 36:603-615.
  • 55. Milne BJ, Caspi A, Harrington H, et al. Predictive value of family history on severity of illness: the case for depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence. Archives of general psychiatry, 2009; 66(7), 738–747.
  • 56. Enoch MA. The influence of gene-environment interactions on the development of alcoholism and drug dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012; 14:150-158.
  • 57. Kosty DB, Farmer RF, Seeley JR, et al. The number of biological parents with alcohol use disorder histories and risk to offspring through age 30. Addict Behav. 2020; 102:106196.
  • 58. Goldberg LR, Gould TJ. Multigenerational and transgenerational effects of paternal exposure to drugs of abuse on behavioral and neural function. Eur J Neurosci. 2019;50: 2453–2466.
  • 59. Masten AS. Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001; 56:227–38.
  • 60. Rutter M. Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1987;57: 316–331.
  • 61. Braverman M. The University of California, Davis Spring 2001 Applying Resilience Theory to the Prevention of Adolescent Substance Abuse.
  • 62. DuMont KA, Widom CS, Czaja SJ . “Predictors of Resilience in Abused and Neglected Children Grown-up: The Role of Individual and Neighborhood Characteristics.” Child Abuse & Neglect 2007; 31 (3): 255–74.
  • 63. Bonanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D. “What Predicts Psychological Resilience after Disaster? The Role of Demographics, Resources, and Life Stress.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007; 75 (5): 671–82.
  • 64. Wright MO, Fopma-Loy J, Fischer S. Multidimensional assessment of resilience in mothers who are child sexual abuse survivors. Child Abuse Negl. 2005; 29, 1173–1193.
  • 65. Wills TA, Filer M. Stress—Coping Model of Adolescent Substance Use. In: Ollendick T.H., Prinz R.J. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 18. Springer, Boston, MA. 1996.
  • 66. Modabbernia, A, Janiri D, Doucet GE, et al. “Multivariate Patterns of Brain-Behavior-Environment Associations in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.” Biological Psychiatry, 2020; August. In Press.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikiyatri
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Süheyla Ünal 0000-0003-3266-6256

Elif Aktan Mutlu 0000-0002-0889-1421

Özgü Topaktaş Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0200-9696

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2021
Kabul Tarihi 29 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

AMA Ünal S, Mutlu EA, Topaktaş Ö. Madde Bağımlılığının Gelişiminde Birikimli Risk Faktörlerinin Rolü. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Mart 2021;22(1):31-42. doi:10.51982/bagimli.790981

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence