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Madde Kullanan Ergenlerde Psikiyatrik Eş Tanı, Bağımlılık Profili ve Tedavi İsteği: ÇEMATEM Verileri

Yıl 2022, , 61 - 68, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.956300

Öz

Amaç: Ergenlerde madde kullanımı, tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de önemli bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu çalışma ile ergenlerde madde kullanımının özellikleri, eşlik eden psikiyatrik tanılar, bağımlılık profili, maddeyi bırakma ve tedavi olma isteğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çocuk ve ergen madde bağımlılığı tedavi merkezi (ÇEMATEM) polikliniğine başvuran 50 ergen çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ergenlerin psikiyatrik tanıları için Okul Çağı Çocukları için Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi-Şimdi ve Yaşam boyu şekli DSM-5 (ÇDŞG-ŞY-DSM-5-T) kullanıldı. Madde kullanımı ile ilişkili veriler için Bağımlılık profil indexi ergen formu (BAPİ-E), DSM-5 Düzey-2 madde kullanım ölçeği ve Değişime hazır olma ve tedavi isteği ölçeği (SOCRATES) kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen ergenlerin 39’u erkek (%78), 11’i (%22) kız, yaş ortalaması 16,420,785 idi. En sık eşlik eden psikiyatrik tanılar davranım bozukluğu (%70), dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) (%38) ve depresyondu (%10). Ergenlerin hepsi sigara (%100), %72’si esrar, %56’sı alkol, %34’ü metamfetamin ve %26’sı ekstazi kullanmaktaydı. Ergenlerin %90’ı madde kullanmaya arkadaş aracılığı ile başladığını bildirdi. 11 ergenin idrar testinde madde pozitif saptandı. Madde kullanan ergenlerin %68’inin okula devam etmediği, okula devam eden madde kullanan ergenlere göre daha şiddetli madde isteği bildirdikleri gözlendi. Ergenlerde yaş ve bağımlılık şiddeti arttıkça maddeyi bırakma ve tedavi olma isteğinin arttığı saptandı.
Sonuç: Madde kullanan ergenler arasında okulu bırakma, psikiyatrik eş tanı ve madde kullanan arkadaş çevresinin sık olduğu çalışma bulgularımız ile desteklenmiştir. Bu nedenle riskli gruplara yapılacak uygun müdahaleler ile hem madde kullanımına başlanmasının önlenmesi hem de madde kullanan ergenlerin bırakma ve tedavi olma isteğinin arttırılması amaçlanmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • 1- Spear LP (2013) Adolescent neurodevelopment, J. Adolesc. Health 52; S7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.006.
  • 2- Luna B, Marek S, Larsen B ve ark. (2015) An integrative model of the maturation of cognitive control. Annual Review of Neuroscience 38, 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-034054
  • 3- Johnston LD, Miech RA, O’Malley PM ve ark. (2019). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use: 1975–2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
  • 4- Moss HB, Chen CM, Yi HY (2014) Early adolescent patterns of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana polysubstance use and young adult substance use outcomes in a nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend; 136:51±62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.011 PMID: 24434016
  • 5- Rowe CL, Liddle HA, Greenbaum PE ve ark. (2004) Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment of adolescent drug abusers. J Subst Abuse Treat 26:129–140.
  • 6- Heradstveit O, Skogen JC, Hetland J ve ark. (2017) Alcohol and illicit drug use are important factors for school-related problems among adolescents. Front Psychol 8:1023.
  • 7- Gray KM, Squeglia LM (2018) Research review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 59:618–627.
  • 8- Squeglia LM, Fadus MC, McClure EA ve ark. (2019) Pharmacological treatment of youth substance use disorders. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 29(7), 559-572.
  • 9- Cservenka A (2016) Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism. Drug and Alcohol Dependence; 158:8–21. [PubMed: 26559000]
  • 10- Leung RK, Toumbourou JW, Hemphill SA (2014) The effect of peer influence and selection processes on adolescent alcohol use: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Health Psychology Review; 8(4):426–457. [PubMed: 25211209]
  • 11- Meier MH, Hall W, Caspi A ve ark. (2016) Which adolescents develop persistent substance dependence in adulthood? Using population-representative longitudinal data to inform universal risk assessment. Psychological Medicine; 46:877–889. [PubMed: 26620720]
  • 12- Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Flory K ve ark. (2011) Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review; 31(3):328–341. [PubMed: 21382538]
  • 13- Miettunen J, Murray GK, Jones PB ve ark. (2014) Longitudinal associations between childhood and adulthood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and adolescent substance use. Psychological Medicine; 44(8):1727–1738. [PubMed: 24028974]
  • 14- http://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/TUBİM/Ulusal%20Yayınlar/2019-TURKIYE-UYUSTURUCU-RAPORU.pdf
  • 15- http://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/TUBİM/Ulusal%20Yayınlar/ANALIZRAPORU2020.pdf
  • 16-http://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/Arsiv/TUBIM/Documents/TURKIYE%20UYUSTURUCU%20RAPORU%202012.pdf
  • 17- Evren C, Ogel K, Demirci AC ve ark. (2014) Prevalence of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol; 24(3):201-210.
  • 18- Ünal F, Öktem F, Çetin Çuhadaroğlu F ve ark (2019). Okul Çağı Çocukları için Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi–Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Şekli–DSM–5 Kasım 2016 –Türkçe Uyarlamasının (ÇDŞG–ŞY–DSM–5–T) Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği [Reliability and Validity of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T)]. Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry, 30(1), 42–50.
  • 19- Ögel K, Evren C, Karadağ F ve ark. (2012). Bağımlılık Profil İndeksi’nin (BAPİ) Geliştirilmesi, Geçerlik ve Güvenilirliği Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 23(4):264-273.
  • 20- Sapmaz ŞY, Sargın E, Ergin C (2016). DSM-5 Düzey 2 Madde Kullanımı Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 17(3), 116-122.
  • 21- Evren C, Gurol DT, Ogel K ve ark. (2011) Reliability and validity of Turkish Version the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES) in male substance dependent inpatients. Turk Psikiyatri Derg;22:(Suppl.1):70-1.
  • 22- Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M ve ark. (2010) Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplementation (NCS-A). J AmAcad Child Adolesc Psychiatry;49:980–989.
  • 23- Bilaç Ö, Kavurma C, Önder A ve ark. (2019). Bir bölge ruh sağlığı hastanesi çocuk ve ergen yataklı servisinde madde kullanımı nedeniyle yatarak tedavi gören gençlerin klinik ve sosyodemografik özellikleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22, 463-471.
  • 24- Çiftçi Demirci A, Erdoğan A, Yalçın Ö ve ark. (2014). Sociodemographic characteristics and drug abuse patterns of adolescents admitted for substance use disorder treatment in Istanbul. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 41(3), 212–219. doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.973961
  • 25- Yüncü Z, Aydin C, Coskunol H ve ark. (2006) A Sociodemographic evaluation of cases applying to a child and adolescent dependency centre during a period of two years attending ege university faculty of science. J Dependence;7: 31–37.
  • 26- Malta DC, Oliveira-Campos M, do Prado RR ve ark. (2014) Psychoactive substance use, family context and mental health among Brazilian adolescents, National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012). Rev Bras Epidemiol;Suppl PeNSE:46–61.
  • 27- Townsend L, Flisher A, King G (2007) A Systematic review of the relationship between high school dropout and substance use. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev;10:295-317.
  • 28- Atar AÖ, Yalçın Ö, Uygun E ve ark. (2016). Madde kullanım bozukluğu olan ergenlerde aile işlevlerinin, çift uyumunun ve anne baba tutumunun değerlendirilmesi. Arch Neuropsychiatr, 53(1), 38-44.
  • 29- Tanidir C, Ciftci AD, Doksat NG ve ark. (2015) “Trends and gender differences in substance use among children and youths admitted to an addiction treatment center in Turkey: Years 2011-2013,” Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 109–117.
  • 30- Ögel K, Çorapçıoğlu A, Sır A ve ark. (2004) Türkiye’de dokuz ilde ilk ve ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde tütün, alkol ve madde kullanım yaygınlığı. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 15:112-118.
  • 31- Uzun S, Kelleci M (2018) Substance abuse in high school students: their self- efficacy to avoid substance abuse and related factors. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences;31:356-363. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN201831040
  • 32- Karatay G, Baş NG (2019). Factors affecting substance use and self-efficacy status of students in eastern Turkey. Ciencia & saude coletiva, 24, 1317-1326.
  • 33- Berg CJ, Payne J, Henriksen L ve ark. (2018). Reasons for marijuana and tobacco co-use among young adults: A mixed methods scale development study. Substance Use and Misuse, 53, 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1327978.
  • 34- Pumariega AJ, Burakgazi H, Unlu A ve ark. (2014) Substance abuse: risk factors for Turkish youth. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol;24:5–14.
  • 35- Yüncü Z, Bayram A, Altıntoprak E ve ark. (2008) The assessment of substances preferred by the cases, who applied to the adolescent addiction center, based on the years. J Dependence;9:78–83.
  • 36- Öztaş D, Kalyon A, Ertuğrul A ve ark. (2018) Evaluation of risk factors affecting substance use among tenth-grade students. BioMed research international, 2018.
  • 37- D’Amico EJ, Rodriguez A, Tucker JS ve ark. (2020). Early and late adolescent factors that predict co-use of cannabis with alcohol and tobacco in young adulthood. Prevention Science, 1-15.
  • 38- Hadlan SE, Levy S (2016) Objective testing: urine and other drug tests. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America; 25(3):549–565. [PubMed: 27338974]

Psychiatric Comorbidity, Addiction Profile and Desire for Treatment in Substance-Using Adolescents: ÇEMATEM Data

Yıl 2022, , 61 - 68, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.956300

Öz

Objective: Substance use among adolescents continues to be an important problem in our country as in the rest of the world. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of substance use in adolescents, psychiatric diagnoses, addiction profile, and treatment eagerness.
Method: Fifty adolescents who applied to ÇEMATEM outpatient clinic were included in the study. For the psychiatric diagnoses of adolescents, affective disorders and schizophrenia interview schedule for school-age children-present and lifetime DSM-5 (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T) was used. For data related to substance use, the addiction profile index adolescent form (BAPI-E), DSM-5 Level-2 substance use scale and the state of change readiness and treatment eagerness scale (SOCRATES) were used.
Results: 39 of the adolescents included in the study were boys (78%), 11 (22%) girls, with an average age of 16.420.785. The most common comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were conduct disorder (70%), ADHD (38%) and depression (10%). All of the adolescents were using cigarettes (100%), 72% cannabis, 56% alcohol, 34% methamphetamine and 26% ecstasy. 90% of the adolescents stated that they started using substances through their friends. The substance was found positive in the urine test of 11 adolescents. It was observed that 68% of the adolescents who used substances did not attend school and reported more severe substance cravings compared to the adolescents who continued to school. It was found that as the age and the severity of addiction increased, the change readiness and treatment eagerness increased.
Conclusion: The prevalence of school dropout, psychiatric comorbidity and substance-using friends among adolescents with substance use is supported by our study findings. For this reason, it should be aimed to prevent the initiation of substance use and to increase the willingness of adolescents to quit and seek treatment with appropriate interventions to risky groups.

Kaynakça

  • 1- Spear LP (2013) Adolescent neurodevelopment, J. Adolesc. Health 52; S7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.006.
  • 2- Luna B, Marek S, Larsen B ve ark. (2015) An integrative model of the maturation of cognitive control. Annual Review of Neuroscience 38, 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-034054
  • 3- Johnston LD, Miech RA, O’Malley PM ve ark. (2019). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use: 1975–2018: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
  • 4- Moss HB, Chen CM, Yi HY (2014) Early adolescent patterns of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana polysubstance use and young adult substance use outcomes in a nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend; 136:51±62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.011 PMID: 24434016
  • 5- Rowe CL, Liddle HA, Greenbaum PE ve ark. (2004) Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment of adolescent drug abusers. J Subst Abuse Treat 26:129–140.
  • 6- Heradstveit O, Skogen JC, Hetland J ve ark. (2017) Alcohol and illicit drug use are important factors for school-related problems among adolescents. Front Psychol 8:1023.
  • 7- Gray KM, Squeglia LM (2018) Research review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 59:618–627.
  • 8- Squeglia LM, Fadus MC, McClure EA ve ark. (2019) Pharmacological treatment of youth substance use disorders. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 29(7), 559-572.
  • 9- Cservenka A (2016) Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism. Drug and Alcohol Dependence; 158:8–21. [PubMed: 26559000]
  • 10- Leung RK, Toumbourou JW, Hemphill SA (2014) The effect of peer influence and selection processes on adolescent alcohol use: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Health Psychology Review; 8(4):426–457. [PubMed: 25211209]
  • 11- Meier MH, Hall W, Caspi A ve ark. (2016) Which adolescents develop persistent substance dependence in adulthood? Using population-representative longitudinal data to inform universal risk assessment. Psychological Medicine; 46:877–889. [PubMed: 26620720]
  • 12- Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Flory K ve ark. (2011) Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review; 31(3):328–341. [PubMed: 21382538]
  • 13- Miettunen J, Murray GK, Jones PB ve ark. (2014) Longitudinal associations between childhood and adulthood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and adolescent substance use. Psychological Medicine; 44(8):1727–1738. [PubMed: 24028974]
  • 14- http://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/TUBİM/Ulusal%20Yayınlar/2019-TURKIYE-UYUSTURUCU-RAPORU.pdf
  • 15- http://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/TUBİM/Ulusal%20Yayınlar/ANALIZRAPORU2020.pdf
  • 16-http://www.narkotik.pol.tr/kurumlar/narkotik.pol.tr/Arsiv/TUBIM/Documents/TURKIYE%20UYUSTURUCU%20RAPORU%202012.pdf
  • 17- Evren C, Ogel K, Demirci AC ve ark. (2014) Prevalence of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol; 24(3):201-210.
  • 18- Ünal F, Öktem F, Çetin Çuhadaroğlu F ve ark (2019). Okul Çağı Çocukları için Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi–Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Şekli–DSM–5 Kasım 2016 –Türkçe Uyarlamasının (ÇDŞG–ŞY–DSM–5–T) Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği [Reliability and Validity of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T)]. Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry, 30(1), 42–50.
  • 19- Ögel K, Evren C, Karadağ F ve ark. (2012). Bağımlılık Profil İndeksi’nin (BAPİ) Geliştirilmesi, Geçerlik ve Güvenilirliği Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 23(4):264-273.
  • 20- Sapmaz ŞY, Sargın E, Ergin C (2016). DSM-5 Düzey 2 Madde Kullanımı Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 17(3), 116-122.
  • 21- Evren C, Gurol DT, Ogel K ve ark. (2011) Reliability and validity of Turkish Version the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES) in male substance dependent inpatients. Turk Psikiyatri Derg;22:(Suppl.1):70-1.
  • 22- Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M ve ark. (2010) Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplementation (NCS-A). J AmAcad Child Adolesc Psychiatry;49:980–989.
  • 23- Bilaç Ö, Kavurma C, Önder A ve ark. (2019). Bir bölge ruh sağlığı hastanesi çocuk ve ergen yataklı servisinde madde kullanımı nedeniyle yatarak tedavi gören gençlerin klinik ve sosyodemografik özellikleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22, 463-471.
  • 24- Çiftçi Demirci A, Erdoğan A, Yalçın Ö ve ark. (2014). Sociodemographic characteristics and drug abuse patterns of adolescents admitted for substance use disorder treatment in Istanbul. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 41(3), 212–219. doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.973961
  • 25- Yüncü Z, Aydin C, Coskunol H ve ark. (2006) A Sociodemographic evaluation of cases applying to a child and adolescent dependency centre during a period of two years attending ege university faculty of science. J Dependence;7: 31–37.
  • 26- Malta DC, Oliveira-Campos M, do Prado RR ve ark. (2014) Psychoactive substance use, family context and mental health among Brazilian adolescents, National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012). Rev Bras Epidemiol;Suppl PeNSE:46–61.
  • 27- Townsend L, Flisher A, King G (2007) A Systematic review of the relationship between high school dropout and substance use. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev;10:295-317.
  • 28- Atar AÖ, Yalçın Ö, Uygun E ve ark. (2016). Madde kullanım bozukluğu olan ergenlerde aile işlevlerinin, çift uyumunun ve anne baba tutumunun değerlendirilmesi. Arch Neuropsychiatr, 53(1), 38-44.
  • 29- Tanidir C, Ciftci AD, Doksat NG ve ark. (2015) “Trends and gender differences in substance use among children and youths admitted to an addiction treatment center in Turkey: Years 2011-2013,” Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 109–117.
  • 30- Ögel K, Çorapçıoğlu A, Sır A ve ark. (2004) Türkiye’de dokuz ilde ilk ve ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde tütün, alkol ve madde kullanım yaygınlığı. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 15:112-118.
  • 31- Uzun S, Kelleci M (2018) Substance abuse in high school students: their self- efficacy to avoid substance abuse and related factors. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences;31:356-363. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN201831040
  • 32- Karatay G, Baş NG (2019). Factors affecting substance use and self-efficacy status of students in eastern Turkey. Ciencia & saude coletiva, 24, 1317-1326.
  • 33- Berg CJ, Payne J, Henriksen L ve ark. (2018). Reasons for marijuana and tobacco co-use among young adults: A mixed methods scale development study. Substance Use and Misuse, 53, 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1327978.
  • 34- Pumariega AJ, Burakgazi H, Unlu A ve ark. (2014) Substance abuse: risk factors for Turkish youth. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol;24:5–14.
  • 35- Yüncü Z, Bayram A, Altıntoprak E ve ark. (2008) The assessment of substances preferred by the cases, who applied to the adolescent addiction center, based on the years. J Dependence;9:78–83.
  • 36- Öztaş D, Kalyon A, Ertuğrul A ve ark. (2018) Evaluation of risk factors affecting substance use among tenth-grade students. BioMed research international, 2018.
  • 37- D’Amico EJ, Rodriguez A, Tucker JS ve ark. (2020). Early and late adolescent factors that predict co-use of cannabis with alcohol and tobacco in young adulthood. Prevention Science, 1-15.
  • 38- Hadlan SE, Levy S (2016) Objective testing: urine and other drug tests. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America; 25(3):549–565. [PubMed: 27338974]
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikiyatri, Madde Bağımlılığı
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Canan Kuygun Karcı 0000-0002-9355-9449

Asiye Arıcı Gürbüz 0000-0003-2508-7125

Fatma Akkuş Özdemir 0000-0002-5370-6803

Dilek Altun Varmış 0000-0001-5968-4740

Ayşegül Yolga Tahiroğlu 0000-0002-3039-2864

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2022
Kabul Tarihi 10 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kuygun Karcı C, Arıcı Gürbüz A, Akkuş Özdemir F, Altun Varmış D, Yolga Tahiroğlu A. Madde Kullanan Ergenlerde Psikiyatrik Eş Tanı, Bağımlılık Profili ve Tedavi İsteği: ÇEMATEM Verileri. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Mart 2022;23(1):61-68. doi:10.51982/bagimli.956300

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence