Genom Düzenleme Teknolojileri ve Süs Bitkilerinde Kullanımı

Öz

Bitki ıslahı için “Modern Çağ” olarak adlandırılan içinde bulunduğumuz dönem, 1950’lerde DNA’nın çift sarmal yapısının keşfinden sonra başlamış olup, gelişen biyoteknolojik yöntemlerle baş döndürücü bir hızla ilerlemektedir. Model organizma ve bitkilerle geliştirilen teknikler, diğer bitki türlerinde olduğu gibi hızlı bir şekilde süs bitkilerinde de uygulanmaktadır. Genom düzenleme, bitki genomunda hedeflenen modifikasyonun hassas bir şekilde düzenlenmesini sağlayarak bitki ıslahı çalışmalarında devrim yaratmıştır. Günümüz gen düzenleme çalışmalarında en sık kullanılan düzenli aralıklarla bölünmüş palindromik tekrar kümeleri (CRISPRs)-ilişkili Cas9 sistemidir. Prokaryot organizmaların pek çoğunda virüslere karşı kullanılan bir bağışıklık mekanizması olarak görev alan bu tekrarlı diziler, süs bitkileri de dahil pek çok türde hedefe yönelik yüksek doğrulukla modifikasyonların yapılmasına imkân sunmaktadır. Birçok süs bitkisinde var olan yüksek kromozom sayısı ve poliploidi, genom büyüklüğü, gen havuzunda spesifik renk genlerinin olmaması, uzun yaşam döngüleri veya etilen hassasiyeti gibi ıslah çalışmalarını sınırlayıcı faktörler bu yeni teknoloji ile aşılabilir hale gelmiştir. Geliştirilmekte olan ortak kılavuz RNA’lar ile CRISPR sistemi kullanarak süs bitkilerindeki homolog genlerin düzenlenmesi, süs bitkileri sektörünün gelişmesi için zaman ve maliyet açısından verimli bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Bu derlemede, genom düzenleme teknolojilerinin kökeni ve mekanizmasına genel bir bakış sunularak süs bitkilerinde yapılan genom düzenleme uygulamalarına değinilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyoteknoloji
• CRISPR/Cas9
• Bitki Islahı

Genome-Editing Technologies and Applications in Ornamental Plants

Öz

The period defined as the “Modern Age” for plant breeding, has begun in the 1950s after the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA and booming via developed biotechnological methods. Techniques optimized with model organisms and plants are being rapidly applied to ornamental plants as well as other plant species. Genome editing is a revolution for plant breeding by enabling precise regulation of targeted modifications in the plant genome. The most commonly technology is the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs)-associated Cas9 system. These repetitive sequences, which serve as an immune mechanism in many prokaryotic organisms, allow for highly accurate targeted modifications in many species, including ornamentals. Limiting factors in breeding such as high chromosome number and polyploidy, genome size, lack of specific genes in the gene pool, long life cycles or ethylene sensitivity in many ornamentals have become surmountable by this technology. Editing homologous genes in ornamental plants by CRISPR system offers a time and cost-efficient approach for the development of the ornamental plant sector. In this review, an overview of the origin and mechanism of genome editing technologies will be presented and genome editing applications in ornamental plants will be discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biotechnology
• CRISPR/Cas9
• Plant breeding

Kaynakça

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