Preparation and Characterization of Sodium Alginate/Quaternized Carboxymethyl Cellulose Biofilms

Öz

The increasing use of polymeric materials brings along some waste storage and environmental problems. Therefore, the interest in biomaterials is increasing day by day. In this study, it was aimed to develop and characterize sodium alginate/quaternized carboxymethyl cellulose biofilms. For this purpose, firstly, quaternized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized and biofilms containing different ratios of sodium alginate and quaternized CMC were prepared. The antibacterial properties of the prepared biofilm materials were determined by the zone of inhibition (disk diffusion) method. The light transmittance of the materials was determined in the wavelength range of 190-1100 nm using ultraviolet (UV) and visible region spectrophotometer. In addition, the gel content of the biofilms was determined by the soxhlet extraction method. It is seen that the antimicrobial properties of the developed biofilms are improved by using quaternized CMC. It is clearly seen that the light transmittance decreases with the increase of quaternized CMC ratio in formulations at all wavelengths. High gel contents indicate that sodium alginate and quaternized CMC used in biofilm formulations are stable against organic solvents in harmony. When all the results obtained are evaluated, it is understood that the produced biofilms can be used as coatings on materials that need antimicrobial surfaces.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Quaternized carboxymethyl cellulose
• sodium alginate
• biofilms
• characterization

Sodyum Aljinat/Katyonik Karboksimetil Selüloz Biyofilmlerin Hazırlanması ve Karakterizasyonu

Öz

Polimerik malzeme kullanımının giderek artması bir takım atık depolama ve çevresel sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle biyomalzemelere olan ilgi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sodyum aljinat/kuarternize karboksimetil selüloz biyofilmlerin geliştirilmesi ve karakterizasyonu amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç için ilk olarak kuarternize karboksimetil selüloz (CMC) sentezlenmiş ve farklı oranlarda soydum aljinat ve kuarternize CMC içeren biyofilmler hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan biyofilm malzemelerinin antibakteriyel özellikleri inhibisyon zonu (disk difüzyon) yöntemi ile belirlendi. Ultraviyole (UV) ve görünür bölge spektrofotometresi kullanılarak 190-1100 nm dalga boyu aralığında malzemelerin ışık geçirgenlikleri belirlendi. Ayrıca biyofilmlerin jel içeriği soxhlet ekstraksiyonu yöntemi ile belirlendi. Geliştirilen biyofilmlerin antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin kuarternize CMC kullanılmasıyla geliştirildiği görülmektedir. Tüm dalga boylarında formülasyonlar içerisinde kuarternize CMC oranın artması ile ışık geçirgenliğinin azaldığı açık bir şekilde görülmektedir. Yüksek jel içerikleri biyofilm formülasyonlarında kullanılan sodyum aljinat ve kuarternize CMC’nin uyum içerisinde, organik çözücülere karşı kararlı bir yapıda olduklarını göstermektedir. Elde edilen tüm sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde, üretilen biyofilmlerin antimikrobiyal yüzeylere gereksinim duyulan malzemelerde kaplama olarak kullanılabileceğini anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Katyonik karboksimetil selüloz
• sodyum aljinat
• biyo filmler
• karakterizasyon

Kaynakça

1. Babu, R.P., O'Conno, K. ve Seeram, R. (2013). Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends. Progress in Biomaterials, 2, 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-0517-2-8
2. Bedian, L., Villalba-Rodríguez, A.M., Hernández-Vargas, G., Parra-Saldivar, R. ve Iqbal, H.M.N. (2017). Bio-based materials with novel characteristics for tissue engineering applications - A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 98, 837-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.048
3. Benchabane, A. ve Bekkour, K. (2008). Rheological properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions. Colloid and Polymer Science, 286, 1173-1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-008-1882-2
4. Han, Y., Yu, M. ve Wang, L. (2018). Physical and antimicrobial properties of sodium alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 15, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.11.001
5. He, X., Ye, L., He, R., He, J., Ouyang, S. ve Zhang, J. (2022). Antibacterial dental resin composites (DRCs) with synthesized bis-quaternary ammonium monomethacrylates as antibacterial agents. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 135, 105487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105487
6. Javanbakht, S., Shaabani, A. (2019). Carboxymethyl cellulose-based oral delivery systems. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 133, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.079
7. Kenawy, E.R.S., Kamoun, E.A., Elsigeny, S.M., Haikal, S., El-Shehawy, A.A ve Mahmoud, Y.A.G. (2023). Physically cross-linked PVA-quaternized chitosan-Ag NPs composite hydrogel membranes for potential topical wound healing applications: Synthesis, physicochemical properties, and in vitro bioevaluation. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 13, 23-35. http://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2023.62346
8. Luo, Y. ve Wang, Q. (2014). Recent development of chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes with natural polysaccharides for drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 64, 353-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.017

9. Rahman, M.S., Hasan, M.S., Nitai, A.S., Nam, S., Karmakar, A.K., Ahsan, M.S., Shiddiky, M.J.A. ve Ahmed, M.B. (2021). Recent developments of carboxymethyl cellulose. Polymers, 13, 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081345
10. Ramakrishnan, R. ve Kulandhaivelu, S.V. (2021). Preparation and properties of sodium alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose films for packaging application. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 1634.1644. https://epg.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/dl.php?journal_id=11570
11. Šimkovic, I., Gucmann, F. ve Hricovíni, M. (2023). Properties of quaternized and crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose films. Cellulose, 30, 2023-2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-05031-5
12. Şen, F., Uzunsoy, İ, Baştürk, E. ve Kahraman, M.V. (2017). Antimicrobial agent-free hybrid cationic starch/sodium alginate polyelectrolyte films for food packaging materials. Carbohydrate Polymers, 170, 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.079
13. Tan, H., Ma, R., Lin, C., Liu, Z. ve Tang, T. (2013). Quaternized chitosan as an antimicrobial agent: Antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action and biomedical applications in orthopedics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14, 1854-1869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14011854
14. Van Houdt R. ve Michiels C. W. (2010). Biofilm formation and the food industry, a focus on the bacterial outer surface. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109, 1117-1131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04756.x
15. Yang, J.S., Xie, Y.J. ve He, W. (2011). Research progress on chemical modification of alginate: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.048
16. Yin, M., Lin, X., Ren, T., Li, Z., Ren, X. ve Huang, T.S. (2018). Cytocompatible quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend film loaded copper for antibacterial application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120, 992-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.105
17. Yu, H., Fu, Y., Li, G. ve Liu, Y. (2013). Antimicrobial surfaces of quaternized poly[(2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate] grafted on wood via ARGET ATRP. Holzforschung, 67, 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2012-0077
18. Yun, X., Zhang, Q., Luo, B., Jiang, H., Chen, C., Wang, S. ve Min, D. (2020). Fabricating flexibly resistive humidity sensors with ultra-high sensitivity using carbonized lignin and sodium alginate. Electroanalysis, 32, 2282-2289. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.202060128
19. Zhang, J., Wang, X.X., Zhang, B., Ramakrishna, S., Yu, M., Ma, J.W., ve Long, Y.Z. (2018). In situ assembly of well-dispersed Ag nanoparticles throughout electrospun alginate nanofibers for monitoring human breath-Smart fabrics. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10, 19863-19870. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01718
20. Zhao, Q., Jiang, Y., Duan, Z., Yuan, Z., Zha, J., Wu, Z., Huang, Q., Zhou, Z., Li, H., He, F., Su, Y., Tan, C. ve Tai, H. (2022). A Nb2CTx/sodium alginate-based composite film with neuron-like network for self-powered humidity sensing. Chemical Engineering Journal, 438, 135588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135588