Buğday Saplarından (Triticum aestivum L.) KOH-Hava Metodu İle Kağıthamuru Üretimi

Öz

Kâğıt üretimi ton başına üretimde oldukça yüksek su kullanımı olan bir endüstriyel alandır. Pişirme sırasında hammaddeden siyah çözeltiye geçen kimyasallar ve organik ve inorganik maddeler kirliliğe neden olabilir. Genellikle, ekin saplarından kâğıt hamuru elde etmek için NaOH metodu kullanılır. Kâğıt hamuru proseslerinden arta kalan sodyum atık sularda tuzluluğa neden olduğundan uzaklaştırılmalıdır. Siyah çözelti arıtma işlemi zaman ve maliyet artışına neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenlerden dolayı siyah çözeltiyi arıtmadan uzaklaştırmanın yollarını aramak önemlidir. Bu amaçla pişirme için seçilen alkali toprakta tuzluluk yapmamalıdır. Kâğıt hamuru üretmek için NaOH’tan zayıf bir alkali olan KOH seçilmiştir. Hava ağartıcı özellikte olduğundan, KOH-Hava pişirmesi yapılmıştır. Eğer potasyum doğru kullanılırsa bitkiler için önemli bir besin kaynağıdır. Bu çalışmada, elde edilen siyah çözelti pH ortalaması 12 olan güçlü bir bazdır. Optimum hamur üretim şartları sıcaklık, zaman ve KOH oranı olarak sırasıyla 120°C, 60 dak. ve %18 KOH olarak tespit edilmiştir. KOH metodu ile elde edilen hamur ve kâğıtların kalitesi geleneksel NaOH metodu ile buğday saplarından üretilen hamur ve kağıtlarla başa baş rekabet edecek seviyede olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• kağıt hamuru,kağıt,KOH-Hava Metodu,buğday sapı

Manufacturing of Pulp from Wheat Straw (Triticum aestivum L.) by KOH-Air Method

Abstract

Paper manufacturing is a very high water use per
ton industrial sector. Chemicals and organic and inorganic substances which
pass through black solution from raw material during cooking may cause
pollution. Generally, NaOH method is used to manufacture paper pulp from cereal
straw. Since, sodium increases water salinity in black liquor which was a
residue from paper pulp processes and it must be removed. Black liqour
treatment increases the time and cost of operations. For these reasons it has
become imperative to search for ways to dispose of the black liquor without
performing purification.  For this
purpose, the alkali   selected for
cooking should not cause salinity to the soil. In order to produce pulp, KOH
was used which is a weaker base than NaOH. Because air has bleaching
characteristic, KOH-Air cookings were performed. On the other hand, if
potassium is used correctly it will be a considerable nutrient for plants. In
this study, the black liquor obtained was strong base having mean pH as 12. The
optimum pulp manufacturing conditions were temperature, time and KOH ratio were
determined as 120°C, 60 min and 18% KOH. It has seen that pulp and paper
quality of KOH method compete par with traditional NaOH method pulp and paper
using wheat straw.

Keywords

• pulp,paper,KOH-Air method,wheat straw

Kaynakça

1. 1. Chen T, Li Y, Lei L, Hong M, Sun Q, Hou Y (2017). Influence of Residual Black Liquor in Pulp on Wastewater Pollution after Bleaching Process. BioResources. 12(1): 2031-2039.
2. 2. Crouse BW, Douglas GW (1991). Alkaline Papermaking: an overview. Tappi Journal 74 (7):152-159.
3. 3. Deniz İ, Kırcı H, Ates S (2004). Optimisation of wheat straw Triticum drum kraft pulping. Industrial Crops and Products 19 (3): 237–243.
4. 4. Freeman HM (1995). Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook. McGraw-Hill, Inc.,New York.
5. 5. Gençer A, Eroğlu H, Karakurt R (2006). Utilization of Black Liqour from KOH-Air Paper Pulp Production Method as a Fertilizer in Broad Beans (Vicia faba) Cultivation.Ekoloji. 15 (61): 56-60
6. 6. Gülsoy SK, Kılıç Pekgözlü A, Aktaş AC (2015). Utilization of the Pomegranate Tree (Punica granatum L.) in the Paper Industry. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 39: 295-299. © TÜBİTAK doi:10.3906/tar-1404-105
7. 7. Gümüşkaya E, Usta M, Balaban M (2007). Carbohydrate components and crystalline structure oforganosolv hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast fibers pulp. Bioresource Technology 98 (3): 491–497
8. 8. ISO 5636–3 (2009). Air permeability

9. 9. ISO 8791–2 (2009). Surface smoothness
10. 10. İstek A, Özkan İ (2008). Effect of Sodium Borohydride on PopulusTtremula L. Kraft Pulping. Turk. J. Agric. For. 32 (2):131-136.
11. 11. Lupton F G H (1987). “Wheat” In: Wheat breading, Chapman and Hall Ltd. Pp. 22-28.
12. 12. Miner R, Unwin J (1991). Progress in Reducing Water Use and Waste Water Load in the U.S. PaperIndustry. Tappi Journal. 74 (8): 127-131.
13. 13. Neal C, Jarvie HP, Neal M, Love AJ, Hill L, Wickham H (2005). Water Quality of Treated Effluent in a Rural Area of the upper Thames Basin, Southern England, and the Impacts of Such Effluents on Riverine Phosphorus Concentrations. Journal of Hydrology 304:103-107.
14. 14. Springer AM (1993). Industrial Environmental Control Pulp and Paper Industry. Tappi Press, Atalanta.
15. 15. Stavropoulas WS (1988). What Can Packaging Manufacturers Do About Munipical Solid Waste?, Tappi Journal. 71 (3): 209-211.
16. 16. SCAN-cm 15-62 (1962). Viscosity of cellulose in cupriethylenediamine solution (CED).
17. 17. TAPPI T 203 cm-99 (1999). Alpha-, beta- and gamma-cellulose in pulp
18. 18. TAPPI T 222 om–02 (2002). Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp
19. 19. TAPPI T 207 cm–99 (1999). Water solubility of wood and pulp
20. 20. TAPPI T 204 cm–97 (1997). Solvent extractives of wood and pulp
21. 21. TAPPI T 257 cm-02 (2002). Sampling and preparing wood for analysis.
22. 22. TAPPI T 410 om–02 (2002). Grammage of paper and paperboard (weight per unit area)
23. 23. TAPPI 411 om–97 (1997). Thickness (caliper) of paper, paperboard, and combined board
24. 24. TAPPI T 525 om-02 (2002). Diffuse brightness of pulp.
25. 25. TAPPI T 519 om-02 (2002). Diffuse opacity of paper (d/0 paper backing)
26. 26. TAPPI T 494 om-01 (2001). Tensile properties of paper and paperbord
27. 27. TAPP T 414 om-98 (1998). Internal tearing resistance of paper (Elmendorf- typmethod)
28. 28. TAPPI 412 om–02 (2002). Moisture in pulp, paper and paperboard
29. 29. TAPPI 220 sp–01 (2001). Physical testing of pulp handsheets
30. 30. TAPPI T 402 sp–03 (2003). Standard conditioning and testing atmospheres paper board pulp handsheets and related products.
31. 31. TAPPI 403 om–02 (2002). Bursting strength of paper
32. 32. TAPPI T 236 om-99 (1999). Kappa number of pulp.
33. 33. Yang G, Zhang G, Whang H (2015). Current State of Sludge Production, Manegement, Treatment and Disposal in China. Water Resources. 78:60-73.
34. 34. Zou H, Liukkonen B, Genco CJ, Miller W (2000). Influence of Kraft Pulping on the Kinetics of Oxygen Delignification. Tappi Journal 83(2): 65-71.