Evaluation of the Relationship between the Visual Aesthetic Liking of Landscapes and Landscape Diversity with the Objective Paradigm

Abstract

There is an interactive relationship between humans and landscapes. This relationship can be evaluated with analytical methods and the results can be used to shape future landscapes. Conducted in Herakleia ad Latmos, including Lake Bafa and its environs, this study has two purposes: 1) to predict people's visual aesthetic liking (VAL) based on the fluency theory; and 2) to determine the relationship between the VAL of the landscape and landscape diversity. This research analyzed geotagged photographs (GPs) to evaluate the spatial distribution of people’s visits using the kernel density method and to predict people’s visual preferences in the landscape. The VAL value of the landscape was estimated by least squares regression. A Sentinel 2-A satellite image, dated 2020, was classified to map land cover. An artificial neural network classified the image with an accuracy of 99%. To assess landscape diversity, the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) and landscape shape index (SHAPE) were computed based on the classified land cover map. The result suggested that the density of GPs focused on Kapıkırı Village and its surroundings in the eastern part of Lake Bafa. A statistically significant relationship was found between landscape diversity and VAL (p <0.05). However, the correlation was weak and negative. The inference is that the density of GPs on landscapes with the same or similar characteristics may be biased with respect to relationships between the VAL of the landscape and landscape diversity. Therefore, analysis of the landscape VAL requires a combination of objective and subjective approaches.

Keywords

• Landscape diversity
• visual landscape
• fluency theory
• landscape metrics
• landscape composition

Peyzajın Görsel Estetik Değeri ve Peyzaj Çeşitliliği Arasındaki İlişkinin Objektif Paradigma ile Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

İnsan ve peyzaj arasında etkileşimli bir ilişki vardır. Bu ilişki, analitik yöntemlerle değerlendirilebilir ve sonuçları gelecek peyzajların tasarlanmasını/planlanmasını etkileyecek şekilde kullanılabilir. Bu araştırma, doğal ve kültürel peyzaj özellikleri ile dikkat çeken Bafa Gölü ve yakın çevresini kapsayan Herakleia ad Latmos’da yürütülmüştür. Bu araştırmanın iki amacı vardır: 1) insan ve peyzaj arasındaki etkileşimi görsel peyzajın estetik değerine dayandırarak insanların beğenisini akıcılık teorisine bağlı olarak tahmin etmek, 2) peyzajın görsel estetik değeri ile peyzaj kompozisyonu arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek. Bu araştırmada, insanların peyzajdaki mekânsal dağılımını Kernel yoğunluğu yöntemi ile değerlendirmek ve insanların görsel tercihlerine dayanan peyzajın estetik değerini tahmin etmek için yersel işaretli sosyal medya fotoğrafları (YİF) analiz edilmiştir. Peyzajın görsel estetik değeri doğrusal regresyon modellerinden en küçük kareler yöntemi (OLS) ile tahmin edilmiştir. Bu araştırmada, peyzaj metriklerini hesaplamak amacıyla üretilen 2020 yılına ait arazi örtüsü haritası, Sentinel 2-A görüntüsü kullanılarak yapay sinir ağları yöntemi ile % 99 doğrulukla sınıflandırılmıştır. Peyzaj çeşitliliğinin değerlendirilmesinde, peyzaj metriklerinden peyzaj çeşitliliğini değerlendiren Shannon çeşitlilik endeksi (SHDI) ve peyzajın şekilsel kompozisyonunu ölçen şekil endeksi (SHAPE) kullanılmıştır. Sonuç, YİF yoğunluğunun Bafa Gölü’nün doğusundaki Kapıkırı Köyü ve çevresinde yoğunlaştığını göstermektedir. Peyzaj çeşitliliği ile insanın görsel beğenisi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuş (p < 0,05), ancak ilişkilerin zayıf ve negatif yönlü olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. YİF yoğunluğunun aynı ya da birbirine yakın karaktere sahip peyzajlar üzerinde olmasının, peyzajın görsel estetik değeri ile peyzaj çeşitliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlerken önyargı oluşturabileceği tahmin edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, peyzajın görsel estetik değerini analiz ederken objektif paradigmaya sübjektif paradigmanın entegre edilmesinin gerekliliği tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• akıcılık teorisi
• peyzaj metrikleri
• peyzaj kompozisyonu
• Görsel peyzaj
• Latmos

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