Covid-19 Salgınının Uluslararası Yatırım Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümü Süreçlerine Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24, 376 - 399, 30.11.2021

Beyza Özturanlı Şanda

https://doi.org/10.47129/bartiniibf.988277

Öz

Dünya çapında bir yılı aşkın süredir devam eden Covid-19 salgını, devletleri benzeri görülmemiş önlemler almaya zorlamakta, tam kapanmalar yanında, seyahat yasakları, ek vize gereklilikleri, tıbbi ürünlerin ithalat ve ihracatına getirilen kısıtlama ve yasaklar, sağlık hizmetlerinin kamulaştırılması, projelerin yavaşlatılması gibi tedbirler yabancı doğrudan yatırımları kaçınılmaz olarak etkilemektedir. Devletlerin salgınla mücadele sürecinde aldığı önlemler, uluslararası yatırım andlaşmalarının ihlali iddialarını gündeme getirebilecek ve bu iddialar, yatırımcıların sınır ötesi ticari faaliyetlerinin ulusal düzeyde karşılaştığı engellerden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıkların bağımsız ve tarafsız yargı organlarınca çözümünü temin etmek amacıyla faaliyet gösteren, kurumsal tahkim mekanizmaları önünde devletlere karşı ileri sürülebilecektir. Yeni dönemde Covid-19 salgını ile mücadele etmek amacıyla alınan ve yabancı doğrudan yatırımları etkileyen ulusal tedbirlerin, uluslararası yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözümüne ilişkin hukuki rejime etkisi önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Salgın, uluslararası yatırım hukuku, yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözümü

Kaynakça

• Augenblick, M. & Rousseau, A. B. (2012). Force Majeure in Tumultuous Times: Impracticability as the New Impossibility. Journal of World Investment. & Trade, 13, 59-75.
• Baklacı, P. (2008). Uluslararası Yatırımlarda “Dolaylı Kamulaştırma” ve Düzenleyici Yetkiler. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, 28(1-2), 1-25.
• Brower, C. N. & Schill, S. W. (2008). Is Arbitration a Threat or a Boom to the Legitimacy of International Law. Chicago Journal of International Law, 9, 471-498.
• Borman, Y. R. (2020). Covid-19 & International Investment Protection. https://www.shearman.com/perspectives/2020/04/covid-19-international-investment-protection (19/08/2021).
• Chitapain, L. (2021). Are Multinational Companies Owed Compensation For COVID-19 Emergency Measures?. The Monitor, Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives https://monitormag.ca/articles/are-multinational-companies-owed-compensation-for-covid-19-emergency-measures (18/08/2021).
• Çal. S (2009). Uluslararası Yatırım Tahkimi ve Kamu Hukuku İlişkisi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
• Danish (2021). Could Covid-19 Trigger ‘localizing’ of International Investment Arbitration?, Investment Policy Brief, 21, https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Investment-PB-21.pdf (18/08/2021).
• Davitti, D., Ho, J., Vargiu P., Vastardis A. (2020). Covid-19 and the Precarity of International Investment Law. IEL Collective, https://medium.com/iel-collective/covid-19-and-the-precarity-of-international-investment-law-c9fc254b3878 (17/08/2021).
• Dolzer R. (2005). The Impact of International Investment Treaties on Domestic Administrative Law. New York Journal of International Law and Politics, 37, 953-972.
• Firoozmand, M. R. & Zamani, J. (2017). Force Majeure in International Contracts: Current Trends and How International Arbitration Practice is Responding. Arbitration International, 33, 395-415.
• Fry, J. D. & Repousis, O. G. (2016). Towards a New World for Investor-State Arbitration Through Transparency. New York Journal of International Law and Politics, 48, 795-865.
• Giray, F. K. (2013). Milletlerarası Yatırım Tahkiminde Kamulaştırmadan Doğan Tazminat ve Tazminatın Hesaplanmasında Kullanılan Yöntemler. 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Basımevi.
• Gözübüyük, Ş. & Tan, T. (2013). İdare Hukuku, Güncelleştirilmiş 9. Bası, Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
• Guntrip, E. (2016). Self-Determination and Foreign Direct Investment: Reimagining Sovereignty in International Investment Law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 65(4), 829–857.
• Jagota, S. P. (1985). State responsibility: Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 16, 249–277.
• Kiraz, Ş. E., & Üstün, E. Y. (2020). Covid-19 and Force Majeure Clauses: An Examination of Arbitral Tribunal’s Awards. Uniform Law Review, 25(4), 437–465.
• Kowalski, P. (2020). Will the post-Covid world be less open to foreign direct investment?. Editors: Baldwin, R., ve Evenett, S., COVID-19 and Trade Policy: Why Turning Inward Won’t Work, 131–149, CEPR Press.
• Ostrove, M., Brown de Vejar, K., / Sanderson, B. (2020). Covid-19 – A Legitimate Basis for Investment Claims?. https://www.dlapiper.com/en/europe/insights/publications/2020/04/covid-19-a-legitimate-basis-for-investment-claims/ (19/08/2021).
• Paddeu, F. & Parlett, K. (2020). Covid-19 and Investment Treaty Claims. Kluwer Arbitration Blog, http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2020/03/30/covid-19-and-investment-treaty-claims/ (10/08/2021).
• Pazarcı, H. (2013). Uluslararası Hukuk. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi.
• Sanderson, C. (2020). Mexico Faces Potential Claims Over Pandemic Response. Global Arbitration Review, https://globalarbitrationreview.com/coronavirus/mexico-faces-potential-claims-over-pandemic-response (10/06/2021).
• Sanderson, C. (2020). Peru Warned of Potential ICSID Claims over Covid-19 Measures. Global Arbitration Review, https://globalarbitrationreview.com/coronavirus/peru-warned-of-potential-icsid-claims-over-covid-19-measures (18/08/2021).
• Schill, S. W. (2019). The European Union’s Foreign Direct Investment Screening Paradox: Tightening Inward Investment Control to Further External Investment Liberalization. Legal Issues of Economic Integration 46(2), 105-128.
• Schmidt, S. (2020). Austria: Thoughts on the Legitimacy, Sustainability and Future of ISDS in Times of Crisis. Mondaq, https://www.mondaq.com/austria/operational-impacts-and-strategy/988580/thoughts-on-the-legitimacy-sustainability-and-future-of-isds-in-times-of-crisis (18/08/2021).
• Sebastiani, F. (2020). Investor-State Disputes during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Balancing Public Health Concerns and Foreign Investors’ Rights, Sciences Po Law Review, https://www.revuedesjuristesdesciencespo.com/index.php/2020/11/13/investor-state-disputes-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-balancing-public-health-concerns-and-foreign-investors-rights/ (10/08/2021).
• Wexler, J. (1987). Rainbow Warrior Affair: State and Agent Responsibility for Authorized Violations of International Law. Boston University of International Law Journal, 5., 389-412.
• Zamir, N. (2017). The Police Powers Doctrine in International Investment Law. Manchester Journal of International Economic Law, 14, 318-337.
• African Union The African Union’s Declaration on Covid-Related ISDS Risks (2021) Annex V: Draft Declaration on The Risk of Investor-State Dispute Settlement With Respect To Covid-19 Pandemic Related Measures. https://www.iisd.org/articles/african-union-ministerial-declaration-covid-related-isds-risks-why-it-matters-now (18/08/2021).
• Agreement Between The Government of The Republic of Turkey and The Government of The People's Republic of China Concerning The Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (2020). https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (19/08/2021).
• Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union Model BIT 2019. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/model-agreements (19/08/2021).
• Bischoff Case, German-Venezuelan Commission, Reports of International Arbıtral Awards, 1903, Vol. X, 420-421.
• Canada Model BIT 2021. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/model-agreements (19/08/2021).
• Glencore Finance (Bermuda) Ltd v. The Plurinational State of Bolivia (PCA Case No. 2016-39), Procedural Order No. 11, 5 May 2020. https://www.italaw.com/cases/5941 (19/08/2021).
• Glencore Finance (Bermuda) Limited v. Plurinational State of Bolivia (PCA Case No. 2016-39), Procedural Order No: 10, 20 January 2020. https://www.italaw.com/cases/5941 (19/08/2021).
• ICC Force Majeure Clause, International Chamber of Commerce, Publication No. 650, Paris 2002, https://iccwbo.org/content/uploads/sites/3/2017/02/ICC-Force-Majeure-Hardship-Clause.pdf (19/08/2021).
• Impregilo S.p.A. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/17, Award of 21 January 2011, https://www.italaw.com/cases/554 (19/08/2021).
• International Court of Justice, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 1997, https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/92 (19/08/2021).
• International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (2020). Proposed Text And Commentary: Agreement for the Coordinated Suspension of Investor–State Dispute Settlement With Respect to COVID-19- Related Measures and Disputes. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2021-02/suspension-isds-covid-19-en.pdf (18/08/2021).
• Investment Policy Hub (2021). Most Recent Hubs. IIA’s.https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (18/08/2021).
• Italy Model BIT 2020. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/model-agreements (19/08/2021).
• Korea-Japan BIT (2003). Agreement Between The Government of The Republic of Korea and The Government Of Japan for The Liberalisation, Promotion and Protection of Investment. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/model-agreements (19/08/2021).
• Marfin Investment Group Holdings S.A., Alexandros Bakatselos and others v. Republic of Cyprus (ICSID Case No. ARB/13/27), Award of 26 July 2018.
• National Grid plc v. The Argentine Republic (UNCITRAL), Award of 3 November 2008, https://www.italaw.com/cases/732 (19/08/2021).
• Netherlands Model BIT 2019. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/model-agreements (19/08/2021).
• Open-Ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Respect to Human Rights (2020). OEIGWG Chairmanship Second Revised Draft of Legally Binding Instrument To Regulate, in International Human Rights Law. The Activities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/WGTransCorp/Session6/OEIGWG_Chair-Rapporteur_second_revised_draft_LBI_on_TNCs_and_OBEs_with_respect_to_Human_Rights.pdf (18/08/2021).
• Philip Morris Brands Sàrl, Philip Morris Products S.A. and Abal Hermanos S.A. v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7. Award of 8 July 2016.
• Saluka Investments B.V. v. The Czech Republic, Partial Award of 17 March 2006, https://www.italaw.com/cases/documents/963 (19/08/2021).
• S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Government of Canada (UNCITRAL), Partial Award of 13 November 2000, https://www.italaw.com/cases/969 (19/08/2021). Teinver S.A., Transportes de Cercanías S.A. and Autobuses Urbanos del Sur S.A. v. The Argentine Republic (ICSID Case No. ARB/09/1), Award of 21 July 2017.
• Uluslararası Hukuka Aykırı Eylemlerinden Dolayı Devletin Sorumluluğu” Taslak Maddeleri (Final Draft Articles), Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Text adopted by the International Law Commission at its fifty-third session, in 2001, and submitted to the General Assembly as a part of the Commission’s report covering the work of that session (A/56/10).
• United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement-USMCA (2020). https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement (19/08/2021).
• Urbaser S.A. and Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, Bilbao Biskaia Ur Partzuergoa v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/26, Award of 8 December 2016 https://www.italaw.com/cases/1144 (19/08/2021).
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Convention on Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), 7 December 1944, (1994) 15 U.N.T.S. 295
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),10 December 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397.
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Investment Policy Monitor No. 24 (UNCTAD/DIAE/PCB/INF/2021/2), February 2021, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaepcbinf2021d2_en.pdf (10/06/2021).
• UNCTAD World Investment Report 2021 (UNCTAD/WIR/2021), https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2021_en.pdf (10/06/2021).