Sağlıkta biyosensörler: Yapı, uygulamalar, zorluklar ve gelecek perspektifleri

Öz

Biyosensörler, kimyasal, fizyolojik veya biyolojik değişiklikleri tespit etmek için biyolojik bir tanıma elemanını bir dönüştürücüyle entegre eden analitik cihazlardır. Hızlı tanı, hasta takibi, erken hastalık tespiti ve kişiselleştirilmiş tıptaki rolleri nedeniyle sağlık hizmetlerinde giderek daha önemli hale gelmektedirler. Bu derleme, biyosensörlerin temel yapısını, sınıflandırmasını ve başlıca sağlık uygulamaları kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Biyosensör teknolojilerinin diyabet, kanser, bulaşıcı hastalıklar ve nörolojik bozukluklar gibi durumların teşhis ve takibinde kullanımı ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca, biyosensörlerin giyilebilir sistemlerle entegrasyonu, nanoteknoloji yoluyla ilerlemeleri ve hasta merkezli yaklaşımlarla geliştirilmeleri incelenmektedir. Çalışma ayrıca alandaki mevcut zorlukları ele almakta ve gelecekteki kullanılabilirliklerini genişletmek için malzeme, hassasiyet, taşınabilirlik ve çoklu biyobelirteç tespitinde gerekli iyileştirmeleri vurgulamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, biyosensör teknolojileri sağlık hizmetlerinde devrim yaratma potansiyeline sahiptir ve kişiselleştirilmiş ve sürekli sağlık takibi için gelecekteki sistemlerin temel bileşenleri haline gelmeleri beklenmektedir. Bu makale, alandaki son gelişmelere kapsamlı bir genel bakış sunmakta ve mevcut literatüre katkıda bulunan ileriye dönük bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyosensörler
• Sağlık Teknolojileri
• Hastalık Tanısı
• Nanoteknoloji.

Biosensors in healthcare: Structure, applications, challenges, and future perspectives

Öz

Biosensors are analytical devices that integrate a biological recognition element with a transducer to detect chemical, physiological, or biological changes. They are becoming increasingly important in healthcare due to their roles in rapid diagnosis, patient monitoring, early disease detection, and personalized medicine. This review comprehensively examines the fundamental structure, classification, and major healthcare applications of biosensors. The use of biosensor technologies in diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as diabetes, cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the integration of biosensors with wearable systems, their advancement through nanotechnology, and their enhancement via patient-centered approaches are explored. The study also addresses current challenges in the field and highlights necessary improvements in materials, sensitivity, portability, and multi-biomarker detection to expand their future usability. In conclusion, biosensor technologies have the potential to revolutionize healthcare and are expected to become core components of future systems for personalized and continuous health monitoring. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field and offers a forward-looking perspective that contributes to the existing literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biosensors
• Healthcare technologies
• Disease diagnosis
• Nanotechnology

Kaynakça

1. Turner, A. P. F., Biosensors: Sense and sensitivity, Chemical Society Reviews, 42(8), 3184–3196, (2013).
2. Wang, J., Chen, G., Zhang, Y. ve Zhang, Q., Advances in biosensor technologies for healthcare applications, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 142, 111–122, (2019).
3. Dincer, C., Bruch, R., Kling, A., Dittrich, P. S. ve Urban, G. A., Multiplexed point-of-care testing – xPOCT, Trends in Biotechnology, 37(7), 728–742, (2019).
4. Kim, J., Campbell, A. S., de Ávila, B. E. F. ve Wang, J., Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring, Nature Biotechnology, 37(4), 389–406, (2021).
5. Smith, A. L., Johnson, M. R. ve Lee, H. J., Emerging trends in biosensor technologies for personalized healthcare, Advanced Healthcare Materials, 11(5), 2101803, (2022).
6. Patel, K., Singh, S. ve Kumar, V., Nanomaterial-based biosensors: Recent advancements and future perspectives in clinical diagnostics, Biosensors, 13(3), 189, (2023).
7. Yetisen, A. K., Akram, M. S. ve Lowe, C. R., Paper based microfluidic point of care diagnostic devices, Lab on a Chip, 13(12), 2210–2251, (2013).
8. Tüylek, Z., Biyosensörler ve nanoteknolojik etkileşim, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 71–80, (2017).

9. Lee, S. H., Kim, J. ve Park, T. H., Advances in optical biosensors for medical diagnostics, Trends in Biotechnology, 39(5), 512–525, (2021).
10. Wang, J. ve Gao, X., Nanomaterial based electrochemical biosensors for point of care testing, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 165, 112384, (2020).
11. Bahar, E., Yılmaz, A. ve Kaya, M., Advances in biosensor technologies for healthcare applications, Journal of Biomedical Sensors, 12(3), 145–162, (2024).
12. Heller, A. ve Feldman, B., Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management, Chemical Reviews, 108(7), 2482–2505, (2008).
13. Soler, M., Estevez, M. C., Villar-Vazquez, R., Casal, J. ve Lechuga, L. M., Label-free plasmonic biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics: A review, Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 20(8), 829–844, (2020).
14. Justino, C. I. L., Rocha-Santos, T. A. P. ve Duarte, A. C., Advanced biosensors for environmental and biomedical applications, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 85, 36–60, (2017).
15. Wang, J., Electrochemical biosensors: Towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 200, 113905, (2022).
16. Quesada-González, D. ve Merkoçi, A., Nanomaterial-based biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics, Advanced Materials, 29(13), 1604208, (2017).
17. Zhang, Y., Wang, T. H. ve Lu, H., Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for detecting cancer biomarkers, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 411(3), 599–617, (2019).
18. Wang, Y. ve Chen, L., Stability and sensitivity issues in wearable biosensors: Current trends and future prospects, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 377, 133073, (2024).
19. Lee, S. H., Park, J. ve Kim, D., Advances in biosensor technologies for clinical diagnostics: A comprehensive review, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 230, 115298, (2024).
20. Martinez, A. R. ve Chen, Y., Emerging wearable biosensors for neurological disorder monitoring: Recent trends and challenges, Sensors, 24(3), 987, (2024).
21. Zhang, X., Wang, S., Wu, J. ve Li, M., Nanomaterial based biosensors for disease biomarker detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 141, 111441, (2019).
22. Broughton, J. P., Deng, X., Yu, G., Fasching, C. L., Servellita, V., Singh, J. vd., CRISPR–Cas12 based detection of SARS CoV 2, Nature Biotechnology, 38(7), 870–874, (2020).
23. Wang, J., Advances in biosensor technologies for healthcare applications, Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 17(3), 123–138, (2024).
24. Smith, J. ve Lee, A., Challenges and advancements in biosensor technology for healthcare applications, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 45(3), 215–230, (2024).
25. Garcia, M. ve Patel, R., Integration challenges of biosensor systems with digital health platforms, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 18(2), 145–158, (2024).
26. Lee, S. ve Kim, J., Data privacy and security in biosensor based healthcare monitoring systems, Computers in Biology and Medicine, 165, 107915, (2024).
27. Zhang, Y. ve Huang, L., Wearable biosensors for real-time health monitoring: Current status and future directions, Biosensors, 13(1), 56, (2023).
28. Oliveira, D. ve Santos, M., Smart biosensor integration into telemedicine platforms: Design and limitations, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 374, 132812, (2023).
29. Mehta, K. ve Roy, A., Cybersecurity frameworks for wearable medical devices, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e49876, (2024).
30. Chen, H. ve Luo, X., Towards modular and interoperable biosensor systems for digital health ecosystems, IEEE Access, 11, 85412–85425, (2023).
31. Kumar, S. ve Li, X., Multifunctional biosensors for simultaneous detection of biomarkers in healthcare, Advanced Healthcare Materials, 14(2), 2100853, (2025).
32. Wang, F. ve Li, D., Wearable sweat sensors for non-invasive monitoring of human health, Analytical Chemistry, 89(1), 359–375, (2017).
33. Singh, P. ve Kumar, N., Energy harvesting for self-powered biosensors: Current developments and future prospects, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 322, 128596, (2020).
34. Smith, A. L. ve Johnson, M. R., Advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics, ACS Nano, 15(5), 7450–7467, (2021).
35. Chen, Y., Zhao, W. ve Liu, X., Flexible electronics for wearable health monitoring: Materials and devices, Advanced Functional Materials, 32(14), 2109543, (2022).
36. Zhao, Y. ve Wang, H., Emerging materials for flexible and self-healing biosensors: Applications in wearable health monitoring, Materials Today, 56, 123–137, (2025).
37. Patel, R. ve Sharma, N., Soft polymer coatings for enhanced biocompatibility of electrochemical biosensors, Sensors and Materials, 36(2), 765–777, (2024).
38. Park, S. ve Kim, J., Textile-based biosensors for multi-parametric health monitoring: Recent advances and challenges, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 135, 112701, (2023).
39. Park, J. ve Choi, S., Self-diagnostic biosensors: Current trends and future directions, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 199, 113928, (2025).
40. Zhang, L. ve Chen, G., Impedance-based electrode arrays for multiplexed biosensing applications, Biosensors, 9(3), 89, (2019).
41. Garcia, M. ve Lee, K., Energy harvesting in biosensor devices: Challenges and opportunities, Energy & Environmental Science, 11(10), 2976–2992, (2018).
42. Garcia, M. ve Patel, R., Digital health integration of biosensors: A review of system challenges and solutions, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 28(1), 45–59, (2024).
43. Lee, S. ve Kim, J., Privacy-preserving data analytics in wearable health monitoring systems using federated learning, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 19, 1600–1612, (2024).
44. Duan, H., Zhang, Q. ve Liu, Y., Comprehensive review of wearable electrochemical biosensors in healthcare monitoring, Biosensors, 15(1), 33, (2025).