Bazı sedatif ve anestezik aromatik bitki yağlarının gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, L.) kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, geleneksel tıpta sedatif ve anestezik etkileri olduğu bilinen alıç (Crataegus monogyna), limon otu (Melissa officinalis), haşhaş (Papaver somniferum), biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis)’ den elde edilen yağların 96 saat ve 25 mg/L konsantrasyonda gökkuşağı alabalıklarının kanında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) meydana getirdiği biyokimyasal ve hematolojik değişimler belirlendi. Alıç, limon otu ve haşhaş yağı uygulanan grupların ALT (alanin aminotransferaz), ALP (alkalen fosfataz), AST (aspartat aminotransferaz), LDH (laktat dehidrogenaz), glikoz, kortizol, toplam protein, üre ve kreatinin seviyelerinde kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel açıdan önemli artışlar (P<0.05), toplam kolesterol, trigliserid, sodyum, potasyum ve demir seviyelerinde ise önemli azalmalar (P<0.05) tespit edildi. Hematolojik parametrelerde ise alıç ve haşhaş yağı uygulanan balıkların eritrosit, hemoglobin ve hematokrit seviyelerinde kontrole göre anlamlı artışlar (P<0.05), lökosit değerinde ise azalma (P<0.05) belirlendi. Biyokimyasal ve hematolojik sonuçlar, literatürde balık anestezisinde doğal ajan olarak sıkça kullanılan karanfil yağının 25-50 mg/L konsantrasyonu ile yapılan çalışmalarda elde edilen kan parametreleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, alıç, haşhaş ve limon otunun da sedasyon ve anestezi için kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu yüzden sentetik anestezikler yerine doğal anestezikler olarak 25 mg/L konsantrasyonda 96 saat uygulanan alıç, haşhaş ve limon otu yağının balıkların fizyolojik fonksiyonlarının düzenlenmesinde alternatif bir antioksidan takviyesi olarak kullanılabileceği ve onları tüketen organizmaların sağlığına da olumlu katkılar sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Crataegus monogyna,Melissa officinalis,Papaver somniferum,Rosmarinus officinalis,Rainbow trout,Sedatif etki,anestezik etki

Effects on the blood parameters of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, L.) of some sedative and anesthetic aromatic plant oils

Öz

In this study, the oil obtained from hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) known to have sedative and anesthetic efficacy in traditional medicine were determined biochemical and hematological changes in blood of rainbow throut (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in 96 h and a concentration of 25 mg/L. There were statistically significant increases in the levels of ALT (alanin aminotransferaz), ALP (alkalen fosfataz), AST (aspartat aminotransferaz), LDH (laktat dehidrogenaz), glucose, cortisol, total protein, urea and creatinine levels in the groups treated with hawthorn, lemon balm and opium poppy when compared with the control group (P<0.05) and total cholesterol, triglyceride, sodium, potassium and iron levels were found significant reductions (P<0.05). In hematological parameters; there were significant increases (P<0.05) in erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of fish treated with hawthorn and opium poppy oil and decrease in leukocyte count (P<0.05). Biochemical and hematological results have shown that hawthorn, opium poppy and lemon balm oil can also be used for sedation and anesthesia when compared to blood parameters obtained from studies with 25-50 mg/L concentration of clove oil commonly used as a natural agent in fish anesthesia. It is believed that hawthorn, opium poppy and lemon balm oil applied in concentration of 25 mg/L for 96 h may be used as an alternative antioxidant supplement in the regulation of the physiological functions of fish and may provide positive contributions to the health of the consuming organisms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Crataegus monogyna,Melissa officinalis,Papaver somniferum,Rosmarinus officinalis,Blood,Rainbow trout,sedative effect,anesthetic effect

Kaynakça

1. Dobsikova, R., Velisek, J., Wlasow, T., Gomulka, P., Svobodova, Z., ve Novotny, L., Effects of cypermethrin on some haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 27(suppl.2), 91-95,2006.
2. Dönmez, E.A., Kolay, M., Özkan, F., ve Koyuncu, C.E., FMC ve malaşit yeşili sağaltım dozlarının (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758)’un bazı kan parametrelerinde meydana getirdiği değişimler, Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Sciences, 23(1/1), 61-64, (2006).
3. Parveen, S., Bharose, R., ve Singh, D., Effect of tannery waste water on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity of fresh water fish, Channa punctatus, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(2), 643-647, (2017).
4. Talas, Z.S., Gulhan, M.F., Erdogan, K., ve Orun, I., 2014. Antioxidant effects of propolis on carp Cyprinus carpio exposed to arsenic: biochemical and histopathologic findings, Diseases of Aquatic Organims, 108, 241–249, (2014).
5. Cooke, S.J., Suski, C.D., Ostrand, K.G., Tafts, B.L., ve Wahl, DH., Behavioural and physiological assessment of low concentrations of clove oil anaesthetic for handling and transportating large mouth bass Micropterus salmoides, Aquaculture, 239, 509-529, (2004).
6. Hajek, G.J., Klyszejko, B., ve Dziaman, R., The anaesthetic effect of clove oil on common carp, Cyprinus carpio L, Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 36(2), 93-97, (2006).
7. Trushenski, J.T., Bowker, J.D., Cooke, S.J., Erdahl, D., Bell, T., MacMillan, J.R., Yanong, R.P., Hill, J.E., Fabrizio, M.C., Garvey, J.E., ve Sharon, S., Issues Regarding the use of sedatives in fisheries and the need for immediate-release options, Transactions of the American Fisheries Socciety, 142, 156-170, (2013).
8. Yanar, M., ve Genç, E., Anaesthetic effects of quinaldine sulphate together with the use of diazepam on Oreochromis niloticus L. 1758 (Cichlidae) at different temperatures, Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 28(6), 1001-1005, (2004).

9. Meza, S., Immobilization of carp (Cyprinus carpio), catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) using xylocaine with sodium bicarbonate [PhD Thesis]. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Fac de Med Vet Zootec. 33 p. (1983)
10. Harvey, B., Denny, C., Kaiser, S., ve Young, J., Remote intramuscular injection of immobilising drugs into fish using a laser-aimed underwater dart gun, Veterinary Record, 122(8), 174-177, (1988).
11. Anju, T.D., Solomon, S.G., ve Cheikyula, J.O., Effects of aqueous leaf extract of tephropsia vogeli as a traquilizer on the african cat fish Heterobranchus longifilis val. (pisces 1840), American Journal of Research Communucation, 3(6), 45-59, (2015).
12. Knaak, N., ve Fiuza, L,M., Potencial dos óleos essenciais de plantas no controle de insetos e microrganismos, Neotropicol Biology and Conservation, 5, 120-132, (2010).
13. Mylonas, C.C., Cardinaletti, G., Sigelaki, I., ve Polzonetti-Magni, A., Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures, Aquaculture, 246(1-4), 467-481, (2005).
14. Roohi, Z., ve Imanpoor, M.R., The efficacy of the oils of spearmint and methyl salicylate as new anesthetics and their effect on glucose levels in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) juveniles. Aquaculture, 437, 327-332, (2015).
15. Cihangir, E., ve Diler, İ., Yavru ve Jüvenil Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, L.) yemlerine farklı oranlarda ilave edilen kekik (Origanum vulgare, L.) uçucu yağının büyüme performansı ve yemden yararlanma üzerine etkisi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 86-96, (2016).
16. Metin, S., Didinen, B.I, Kubilay, A., Pala, M., ve Aker, İ.,. Bazı tıbbi bitkilerin Gökkuşağı Alabalıkları (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Üzerinde anestezik etkilerinin belirlenmesi, Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research 1(1), 37-42, (2015).
17. Samec, D., ve Piljac-Zegarac, J., Postharvest stability of antioxidant compounds in hawthorn and cornelian cherries at room and refrigerator temperatures-comparison with blackberries, white and red grapes, Scientia Horticulturae, 131, 15–21, (2011).
18. Shakeri, A., Sahebkar, A., ve Javadi, B., Melissa officinalis L. – A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 188, 204-228, (2016).
19. Aksoy, L. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) oil for preparation of biodiesel: Optimization of conditions, Applied Energy, 88, 4713-4718, (2011).
20. Albuquerque, U.P., Medeiros, P.M., Almeida, A.L.S., Monteiro, J.M., Neto, E.M.F.L., Melo, J.G., ve Santos, J.P., Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: A quantitative approach, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114(3), 325-35, (2007).
21. Taqi, A., Askar, K.A., Mutihac, L., ve Stamatin, I., Effect of Laurus nobilis L. oil, Nigella sativa L. oil and oleic acid on the antimicrobial and physical properties of subsistence agriculture: the case of cassava/pectin based edible films, Food and Agricultural Immunology, 24(2), 241-254, (2013).
22. Atamanalp, M., ve Bayır, A., Bir Dezenfektanın (Malahit Yeşili) Subletal Dozlarının Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 177-187, (2003).
23. Soto, C.G., Burhanuddin, Clove oil as a fish anaesthetic for measuring length and weight of rabbitfish (Siganus lineatus), Aquaculture, 135, 149-152, (1995).
24. Munday, P.L., ve Wilson, S.K.,. Comparative efficacy of clove oil and other chemicals in anaesthetization of Pomacentras amboinensis,a coral reef fish, Journal of Fish Biology, 51, 931-938, (1997).
25. Imanpoor, M.R., Bagheri, T., ve Hedayeti, S.A.A., The anesthetic effects of clove essence in Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 2(1), 29-36, (2010).
26. Dolezelova, P., Macova, S., Plhalova, L., Pistekova, V., ve Svobodova, Z., The acute toxicity of clove oil to fish Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata, Acta Veterinaria Brno, 80(3), 305-308, (2011).
27. Ghazilou, A., ve Chenary, F., Evaluation of rosemary oil anesthesia in carp, Online Jornal of Veterinary Research, 15(2), 112-118, (2011).
28. Silva, L.L., Parodi, T.V., Reckziegel, P., Garcia, V.O., Bürger, M.E., Baldisserotto, B., Malmann, C.A., Pereira, A.M.S., ve Heinzmann, B.M., Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum: anesthetic effect, mechanism of action and tolerance in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), Aquaculture, 350-353, 91-97, (2012).
29. Yıldız, M., Kayım, M., ve Akın, S., The anesthetic effects of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different concentrations and temperatures, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(4), 947-961, (2013).
30. El-Domiaty, N.A., Stress response of juvenile Clarias lazera elicited by copper, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiolology, C88 (2), 259-262, (1987).
31. Vosyliene, M.Z., Haematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during short-term exposure to copper, Ekologija, 3, 12-18, (1996).
32. Van Vuren, J.H.J., Van der Merwe, M., ve Du Preez, H.H., The effect of copper on the blood chemistry of Clarias garlepinus (Clariidae), Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety, 29, 187-199, (1994).
33. Vijayan, M.M., Pereira, C., Grau, E.G., ve Iwama, G.K., Metabolic responses associated with confinement stress in Tilapia; The Role of Cortisol, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 116C, 1, 89-85, (1997).
34. Zhiteneva, L.D., Poltavceva, T.G., Rudnickaja, O.A., Atlas of normal and pathological cells in the blood of fish. Rostov-on-Don, 112 pp. (1989).
35. Gültepe, N., Balıklarda beslenme ile kan parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiler, Alınteri, 12 (B), 25-30, (2007).
36. Keleştemur ,G.T., ve Özdemir,Y., Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W. 1792) yavrularının kortizol, glikoz ve bazı kan elektrolit değerleri üzerine anestezinin etkileri, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(3), 213-217, (2010).
37. Danli, J., Yubo, W., Di, H., Xing, R., ve Yan, W., Effect of blood glucose level on acute stress response of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 43(5), 1433-1442, (2017).
38. Pirhonen, J., ve Schreck, C.B., Effects of anaesthesia with MS-222, clove oil and CO2 on feed intake and plasma cortisol in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquaculture, 220(1-4) , 14, 507-514, (2003).
39. Knoph, M.B., ve Masoval, K., Plasma Ammonia and urea levels in Atlantic Salmon Farmed in Sea Water, Journal of Fish Biology, 49, 165-168, (1996).
40. Karagül H, Altıntaş A, Fidancı UR, Sel, T., Klinik Biyokimya, Medisan Yayın Evi, Yayın No:45, s. 430(1), Ankara, (2000).
41. Velisek, J., ve Svobodova, Z., Anaesthesia of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with 2-Phenoxyethanol: acute toxicity and effects on biochemical blood profile, Acta Veterinaria, 73, 247-252, (2004).
42. Simoes, L.N., Lombardi, D.C., Gomide, A.T.M., ve Gomes, L.C., Efficacy of clove oil as anesthetic in handling and transportation of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Actinopterygii: Cichlidae) juveniles, Zoologia, 28(3), 285–290, (2011).
43. Davidson, G.W., Davie, P., Young, G., ve Fowler, R., Physiological Response of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to Crowding and Anesthesia With AQUI-S, Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 31(1), 105-114, (2000).
44. Velisek, J., Wlasow, T., Gomulka, P., Svobodova, Z., ve Novotny, L., Effects of 2-phenoxyethanol anaesthesia on Sheatfish (Silurus glanis L.), Veterinary Medicine, 52 (3),103-110, (2007).
45. Azizoğlu, A., ve Cengizler, İ., Sağlıklı Oreochromis niloticus (L.) bireylerinde bazı hematolojik parametrelerin saptanması üzerine bir araştırma, Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 20, 425-431, (1996).
46. Mayer, S., A review of the scientific justifications for maintaining cetaceans in captivity, (edit. By Frances Clarke), A report for the whale and dolphin conservation society (WDCS), 35 p., (1998).
47. Demir, N., İhtiyoloji, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Basımevi, Cilt No. 2, İstanbul, 365 s. (1996).
48. Ryan, S., The dynamics of MS-222 anaesthesia in a marine teleost (Pagrus auratus: Sparidae), Comporative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 101(3), 593-600, (1992).