The Role of Authenticity and World Assumptions in Predicting Counselor Trainees’ Self-Efficacy

Öz

The aim of the present study was to understand the role of authentic living, self-alienation, accepting external influence, and benevolence of the world assumption in predicting counselor self efficacy of counselor trainees. Participants were undergraduate students, who were enrolled in the third (N=123) and fourth (N=195) years of psychological counseling and guidance programs at two public universities in İstanbul. The data was gathered via World Assumptions Scale (benevolence of the world subscale), Counselor Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES), Authenticity Scale and information form. Results showed that the authentic living, self-alienation, accepting external influence, and benevolence of the world assumption were significant variables in predicting counselor self-efficacy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Counselor self-efficacy
• Authenticity
• World Assumptions

PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMAN ADAYLARININ DANIŞMAN ÖZYETERLİĞİNİ YORDAMADA OTANTİKLİK VE DÜNYAYA İLİŞKİN VARSAYIMLARIN ROLÜ

Öz

Bu çalışma, psikolojik danışmanlık öğrencilerinin danışman öz-yeterliliklerini yordamada otantiklik ve dünyaya ilişkin varsayımların rolünü anlamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, İstanbul'da bulunan iki devlet üniversitesinin Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Ana Bilim Dalında lisans eğitimi görmekte olan üçüncü (N=123) ve dördüncü (N=195) sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Veriler, kişisel bilgi formu, Danışman Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği, Dünyaya ilişkin varsayımlar ölçeği (iyilik varsayımı alt boyutu) ve Otantiklik Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, danışman özyeterliliğinin, otantikliğin alt boyutları olan kendine yabancılaşma, dışsal etkiye açıklık ve otantik yaşama ile iyilik varsayımı tarafından yordandığı saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Danışman Özyeterliliği
• Otantiklik
• Dünyaya İlişkin Varsayımlar

Kaynakça

1. Al-Darmaki, F.R. (2004). Counselor training, anxiety, and counseling self-efficacy: Implications for training psychology students from the United Arab Emirates University. Social Behavior and Personality, 32 (5), 429-439.
2. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
3. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 22-147.
4. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations f Thought And Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5. Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25 (5), 729-735.
6. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
7. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, vol. 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth.
8. Bradley, C., & Fiorini, J. (1999). Evaluation of counseling practicum: National study of programs accredited by CACREP. Counselor Education and Supervision, 39, 110–119.

9. Casey, E. A., & Nurius, P. S. (2005). Trauma exposure and sexual revictimization risk: Comparisons across single, multiple incident, and multiple perpetrator victimizations. Violence Against Women, 11, 505–530.
10. Daniels, J. A. (1997). The influence of performance feedback and causal attributions upon ratings of counseling self-efficacy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska.
11. Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘‘ what’’ and ‘‘why ’’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
12. Deci, E.L,. Ryan, R.M (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 109-134
13. Demir, İ, İşmen Gazioğlu, E. (2013). Theoretical Orientation of Counselor Trainees in terms of Personal, Vocational and Experiental Factors. IAC World Conference. Counseling and Technology Use: Real Lives Virtual Contexts. İstanbul, Boğaziçi University 8-11 September ‘da sunulan bildiri
14. Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
15. Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth andCcrisis. New York: Norton.
16. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1952). An Object-Relations Theory of the Personality. New York: Basic Books.
17. Franzese, A. T. (2007). To thine own self be true? An exploration of authenticity. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Duke University.
18. Gecas, V. (1986). The motivational significance of self-concept for socialization theory. E. Lawler (ed.), Advances in Group Processes (131-156) . New York: JAI Press.
19. George, L. (1998). Self and Identity in Later Life: Protecting and Enhancing the Self. Journal of Aging and Identity, 3, 133–52.
20. Goldman, B. M., & Kernis, M. H. (2002). The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5 (6), 18-20.
21. Gül, A. (2010). Benlik düzenleme odakları, otantiklik ve ilişkisel/özerk benlik ketlenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.
22. Hayes, C. T., & Weathington, B. L. (2007). Optimism, stress, life satisfaction, and job burnout in restaurant managers. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 141, 565-579.
23. Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (1999). Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67 (6), 945-955.
24. Horney, K. (1937). The Neurotic Personality of Our Time. New York: Norton.
25. Horney, K. (1939). New Ways in Psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
26. Horney, K. (1951). Neurosis and Human Growth. London: Routledge.
27. Icekson, T., & Pines, A. M. (2013). Positive perception: A three dimensional model and a scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 54 (2), 180-186.
28. İlhan, T., & Özdemir, Y. (2013). Otantiklik Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4 (40), 142-153.
29. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7 (2), 113-136.
30. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. New York, NY: Free Press.
31. Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychology Inquiry, 14, 1–26.
32. Lakey, C. E., Kernis, M. H., Heppner, W. L., & Lance, C. E. (2008). Individual differences in authenticity and mindfulness as predictors of verbal defensiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 42 (1), 230-238.
33. Larson, L. M., & Daniels, J. A. ( 1998). Review of the counseling self-efficacy literature. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 179-218.
34. Larson, L. M., Suzuki, L. A., Gillespie, K. N., Potenza, M. T., Bechtel, M. A., & Toulouse, A. L. (1992). Development and validation of the counseling selfestimate inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 105-120.
35. Lenton, A. P., Bruder, M., Slabu, L., & Sedikides, C. (2013). How does “being real” feel? The experience of state authenticity. Journal of Personality, 81 (3), 276-289.
36. Luszczynska, A., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). General self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries. International Journal of Psychology, 40 (2), 80–89.
37. May, R. (1981). Freedom and Destiny. New York: Norton
38. Melchert, T. P. Hays, V. L. Wiljanen, L. M., & Kolocek, A. K. (1996). Testing models of counselor development with a measure of counseling self-efficacy. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 640-655.
39. Moore, W., & Esselman, M. (1992). Teacher efficacy, power, school climate and achievement: A desegregatingdistrict’s experience. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, SanFrancisco’da sunulan bildiri.
40. Mullen, P. R., Uwamahoro, O., Blount, A. J., & Lambie, G. W. (2015). Development of counseling students’ self-efficacy during preparation and training. The Professional Counselor, 5 (1), 175-184.
41. Pamukçu, B. (2011). The investigation of counseling self-efficacy levels of counselor trainees. Unpublished master’s thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
42. Parkes, C. M. (1971). Psycho-social transitions: A field of study. Social Science and Medicine, 5, 101–115.
43. Parkes, C. M. (1975). What becomes of redundant world models? A contribution to the study of adaptation to change. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 48, 131–137.
44. Poulin, M., & Silver, R. C. (2008). World benevolence beliefs and wellbeing across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 23, 13–23.
45. Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
46. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy. London: Constable
47. Rogers, C. R. (1964). Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 160 –167.
48. Rogers, C. R. (1980). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
49. Ryan, R. M., LaGuardia, J. G. & Rawsthome, L. J. (2005). Self-Complexity and the authenticity of self-Aspects: Effects on well-being and resilience to stressful events. North American Journal of Psychology, 7, 431–448.
50. Satıcı, S. A., Uysal, R., & Akın, A. (2013). Perceived social support as predictor of academic locus of control. GESJ: Education, Science and Psychology, 1(23), 79-86.
51. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and selfesteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078.
52. Schmid, P. F. (2005). Authenticity and alienation: Towards an understanding of the person beyond the categories of order and disorder. S. Joseph & R. Worsley (Eds.), Person-centred psychopathology (pp. 75– 90). Ross-on-Wye, England: PCCS Books
53. Schunk, D. H. (1983). Progress self-monitoring: Effects on children's self-efficacy and achievement. Journal of Experimental Education, 51, 89-93.
54. Schunk, D. H., & Ertmer, P. A. (1999). Self-regulatory processes during computer skill acquisition: Goal and self-evaluative influences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 251–260.
55. Schunk. D. H. (1996). Goal and self-evaluative influences during children's cognitive skill learning. American Educational Research Journal, 33, 359-382.
56. Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24, 783-791.
57. Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Rawsthorne, L. J. & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the big-five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1380 –1393.
58. Sullivan, H. S. (1940). Conceptions of modern Psychiatry. New York: Norton.
59. Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. New York: Norton.
60. Tang, M., Addison, K. D., LaSure-Bryant, D., Norman, R., O'Connell, W., & Stewart-Sicking, J. A. (2004). Factors That Influence Self-Efficacy of Counseling Students: An Exploratory Study. Counselor Education and Supervision, 44 (1), 70–80.
61. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2007). The differential antecedents of self-efficacy beliefs of novice and experienced teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23, 944 –956.
62. Turner, R. 1976. The Real Self: From Institution to Impulse. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 989–1016.
63. Vannini, P., & Burgess, J. P. (2016). Authenticity in Culture,Sself, and Society. London: Routledge.
64. Webb, R. , and Ashton, P. (1987) Teacher motivation and the conditions of teaching: A call for ecological reform. Walker, S. & Barton, L. (eds.) Changring Policies, Changing Teachers (pp. 75– 90). Open University Press: Milton Keynes.
65. Wester, S. R., & Vogel, D. L. (2002). Working with the masculine mystique: Male gender role conflict, counseling self-efficacy, and the training of male psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33 (4), 370-384.
66. Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008). The authentic personality: a theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55 (3), 385-397.
67. Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
68. Yılmaz, B. (2008). Dünyaya İlişkin Varsayımlar Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması: Ön Çalışma. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(21), 41-51.
69. Zimmerman, B. J., & Kitsantas, A. (1999). Acquiring writing revision skill: Shifting from process to outcome self-regulatory goals. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91 (2), 241–250.