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Piyeten

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 18 - 32, 20.07.2018

Öz

Piyeten,
başlıca etken Dichelobacter nodosus’un
neden olduğu bulaşıcı bakteriyel bir ayak hastalığıdır. Piyetenin benign ve
virülent olmak üzere başlıca iki klinik formu tanımlanmıştır. Hastalığın hafif
formu olan benign piyeten, interdigital dokunun yangısı ve dejenerasyonu ile
karakterizedir. Virülent piyeten ise tırnağın epitelyal dokusunun ciddi
dejeneratif ve nekrotik hasarı ile karakterizedir. Bu formda bir veya birden
fazla ayakta eksungulasyon görülebilir. Hastalığın şiddeti; D. nodosus suşunun virülensi, çevresel
koşullar, çiftlik uygulamaları ve konak hayvanın duyarlılığı gibi çeşitli
faktörlere bağlıdır. Piyeten, etkilenen koyunlarda şiddetli ağrı ve topallığa
neden olur. Piyeten ve buna bağlı olarak gelişen topallıklar, koyun ve keçi
yetiştiriciliğinin yaygın olduğu ülkelerde hayvan refahı ve ekonomik açıdan
duyulan endişelerin ana sebebini oluşturmaktadır. Hastalık; yapağı veriminde
azalmaya, kuzularda yetersiz büyümeye, koyunlarda fertilitenin düşmesine ve
enfekte koyunların satış imkânının kısıtlanmasına neden olarak sürü verimliliği
ve karlılık üzerinde çok büyük bir etkiye sahiptir. Piyeten ile mücadelede
piyetenin çalışıldığı birçok bölgede hastalığın eradikasyonu ve yönetimi ile
ilgili gelecek vadeden yeni yaklaşım stratejileri geliştirilebilir. Bu
uygulamalar içerisinde; spesifik aşı geliştirme, Dichelobacter nodosus’un genetik yapısı ile ilgili önemli bilgiler
edinme, çevreye özgü yeni yönetim stratejileri geliştirme, yeni genetik test
yöntemleri geliştirme ve hastalığa dirençli hayvan elde etmeye yarayan ıslah
çalışmaları sayılabilir. Bu derlemede koyunların önemli bir ayak hastalığı olan
piyeten hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, K. A., Lewis, C. J. (2005). Current approaches to the management of ovine footrot. Veterinary Journal, 169, 1, 28-41.
  • Alkan, F. (1998). Konya bölgesinde koyunlarda görülen Piyeten'in etiyolojisinde çinko ve bakırın rolü. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 76 s. Konya
  • Alkan, F. (2017). Koyunlarda ayak hastalıkları ve genel yaklaşım. 3. Koyun-Keçi Sağlığı ve Yönetimi Kongresi, 23-32, Bursa
  • Allworth, M. B. (2014). Challenges in ovine footrot control. Small Ruminant Research, 118 (1), 110-113.
  • Angell, J., Duncan, J., Carter, S., Grove-White, D. (2014). Farmer reported prevalence and factors associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis in Wales: a questionnaire of 511 sheep farmers. Preventive veterinary medicine, 113, 1, 132-138.
  • Anonim, (2011). Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC). Opinion on lameness in sheep. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110405203111/http://www.fawc.org.uk/pdf/sheep-lameness-opinion-110328.pdf. (Erişim: 19.11.2017).
  • Avki, S., Temizsoylu, D., Yiğitaslan, K. (2004). Burdur yöresi koyunlarında ayak hastalıklarının dağılımı ve çevresel faktörler yönünden değerlendirilmesi. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi, 10, 1-2, 5-12.
  • Barwell, R., Eppleston, J., Watt, B., Dhand, N. K. (2015). Foot abscess in sheep: Evaluation of risk factors and management options. Preventive veterinary medicine, 122, 3, 325-331.
  • Bennett, G. N., Hickford, J. G. (2011). Ovine footrot: new approaches to an old disease. Veterinary microbiology, 148 (1), 1-7.
  • Bennett, G., Hickford, J., Sedcole, R., Zhou, H. (2009). Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and the epidemiology of footrot. Anaerobe, 15 (4), 173-176.
  • Bhardwaj, V., Dhungyel, O., De Silva, K., Whittington, R. J. (2014). Investigation of immunity in sheep following footrot infection and vaccination. Vaccine, 32 (51), 6979-6985.
  • Calvo-Bado, L. A., Green, L. E., Medley, G. F., Ul-Hassan, A., Grogono-Thomas, R., Buller, N., Kaler, J., Russell, C. L., Kennan, R. M., Rood, J. I., Wellington, E. M. (2011). Detection and diversity of a putative novel heterogeneous polymorphic proline-glycine repeat (Pgr) protein in the footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus. Veterinary microbiology, 147 (3-4), 358-366.
  • Cheetham, B. F., Tanjung, L. R., Sutherland, M., Druitt, J., Green, G., McFarlane, J., Bailey, G. D., Seaman, J. T., Katz, M. E. (2006). Improved diagnosis of virulent ovine footrot using the intA gene. Veterinary microbiology, 116 (1-3), 166-174.
  • Conington, J., Bünger, L., Hoise, B. (2008). Breeding for resistance to footrot in sheep. EAAP S25’ Breeding goals Including Environment Behaviour and Welfare Considerations. Lithuania.
  • Dar, K., Naikoo, M., Hafiz, A., Tufani, N. (2015). Comparative efficacy of different treatment regimens for the management of acute footrot in sheep of Kashmir Valley. J Veterinar Sci Technol, 6 (6) 262, 2.
  • Dhungyel, O. P., Hill, A. E., Dhand, N. K., Whittington, R. J. (2013). Comparative study of the commonly used virulence tests for laboratory diagnosis of ovine footrot caused by Dichelobacter nodosus in Australia. Veterinary microbiology, 162, 2-4, 756-760.
  • Dhungyel, O., Hunter, J., Whittington, R. (2014). Footrot vaccines and vaccination. Vaccine, 32 (26), 3139-3146.
  • Duncan, J., Angell, J., Carter, S., Evans, N., Sullivan, L., Grove-White, D. (2014). Contagious ovine digital dermatitis: an emerging disease. The Veterinary Journal, 201 (3), 265-268.
  • Egerton, J. R., Roberts, D. S. (1971). Vaccination against ovine footrot. J. Comp. Pathol. 81, 179-185.
  • Foddai, A., Green, L. E., Mason, S. A., Kaler, J. (2012). Evaluating observer agreement of scoring systems for foot integrity and footrot lesions in sheep. BMC veterinary research, 8 (1), 65.
  • Frosth, S. (2016). Dichelobacter nodosus and footrot in Swedish sheep. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Doktora Tezi, 71 s. Uppsala
  • Frosth, S., Konig, U., Nyman, A. K., Pringle, M., Aspan, A. (2015). Characterisation of Dichelobacter nodosus and detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Treponema spp. in sheep with different clinical manifestations of footrot. Veterinary microbiology, 179 (1-2), 82-90.
  • Glynn, T. (1993). Benign footrot–an epidemiological investigation into the occurrence, effects on production, response to treatment and influence of environmental factors. Australian veterinary journal, 70 (1), 7-12.
  • Greber, D., Bearth, G., Lüchinger, R., Schuepbach-Regula, G., Steiner, A. (2016). Elimination of virulent strains (aprV2) of Dichelobacter nodosus from feet of 28 Swiss sheep flocks: A proof of concept study. The Veterinary Journal, 216, 25-32.
  • Green, L. E., George, T. R. (2008). Assessment of current knowledge of footrot in sheep with particular reference to Dichelobacter nodosus and implications for elimination or control strategies for sheep in Great Britain. Veterinary journal, 175 (2), 173-80.
  • Hall, J. A., Sendek, R. L., Chinn, R. M., Bailey, D. P., Thonstad, K. N., Wang, Y., Forsberg, N. E., Vorachek, W. R., Stang, B. V., Van Saun, R. J. (2011). Higher whole-blood selenium is associated with improved immune responses in footrot-affected sheep. Veterinary research, 42 (1), 99.
  • Hall, J., Bailey, D., Thonstad, K., Van Saun, R. (2009). Effect of parenteral selenium administration to sheep on prevalence and recovery from footrot. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 23 (2), 352-358.
  • Iqbal, A., Tripathi, A., Wazir, V. (2011). Foot rot–An emerging issue in sheep husbandry. International Journal of Livestock Research, 1 (1), 5-16.
  • İn, M. (2014). Afyon bölgesi koyunlarında ayak hastalıklar prevelansının araştırılması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 56 s. Afyon.
  • İzci, C. (1993). Koyunların önemli bir ayak hastalığı: Piyeten (Foot-rot). Hasad, 8, 26-28.
  • Jimenez, R., Piriz, S., Mateos, E., Vadillo, S. (2004). Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 25 selected antimicrobial agents against Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium strains isolated from footrot in sheep of Portugal and Spain. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 51, (5), 245-248.
  • Kaler, J., Wani, S. A., Hussain, I., Beg, S. A., Makhdoomi, M., Kabli, Z. A., Green, L. E. (2012). A clinical trial comparing parenteral oxytetracyline and enrofloxacin on time to recovery in sheep lame with acute or chronic footrot in Kashmir, India. BMC veterinary research, 8, 12.
  • Kennan, R. M., Han, X., Porter, C. J., Rood, J. I. (2011). The pathogenesis of ovine footrot. Veterinary microbiology, 153 (1-2), 59-66.
  • Lacasta, D., Ferrer, L. M., Ramos, J. J., Gonzalez, J. M., Ortin, A., Fthenakis, G. C. (2015). Vaccination schedules in small ruminant farms. Veterinary microbiology, 181 (1-2), 34-46.
  • Laven, R. A. (2017). Untangling best practice for controlling footrot in sheep. The Veterinary Journal, 221 (2017), 14–15.
  • Liu, D., Yong, W. (1997). Improved laboratory diagnosis of ovine footrot: an update. The Veterinary Journal, 153 (1), 99-105.
  • Moore, L. J., Wassink, G. J., Green, L. E., Grogono-Thomas, R. (2005). The detection and characterisation of Dichelobacter nodosus from cases of ovine footrot in England and Wales. Veterinary microbiology, 108 (1-2), 57-67.
  • Phythian, C. J., Cripps, P. J., Grove-White, D., Michalopoulou, E., Duncan, J. S. (2016). Inter-observer agreement for clinical examinations of foot lesions of sheep. Veterinary journal, 216, 189-195.
  • Pugh, D. G. (2012). Sheep and Goat Medicine. Elsevier, 291-324.
  • Raadsma, H. W., Dhungyel, O. P. (2013). A review of footrot in sheep: New approaches for control of virulent footrot. Livestock Science, 156 (1-3), 115-25.
  • Raadsma, H. W., Egerton, J. R. (2013). A review of footrot in sheep: Aetiology, risk factors and control methods. Livestock Science, 156 (1-3), 106-14.
  • Raadsma, H. W., Egerton, J. R., Nicholas, F. W. (1991). Investigations in genetic variation for resistance to footrot. In: Gray, G. D., Woolaston, R. R. (Eds.). Breeding for Disease resistance in Sheep. Proceedings of a Workshop for UNE. Armidale, pp. 41-50.
  • Rather, M., Wani, S., Hussain, I., Bhat, M., Kabli, Z., Magray, S. (2011). Determination of prevalence and economic impact of ovine footrot in central Kashmir India with isolation and molecular characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus. Anaerobe, 17 (2), 73-77.
  • Wani, S. A., Samanta, I. (2006). Current understanding of the aetiology and laboratory diagnosis of footrot. Veterinary journal, 171 (3), 421-428.
  • Wassink, G. J., George, T. R., Kaler, J., Green, L. E. (2010). Footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep: Farmer satisfaction with current management, their ideal management and sources used to adopt new strategies. Preventive veterinary medicine, 96 (1), 65-73.
  • Webb Ware, J., Kluver, P. (2014). Footrot Manual for Contractors. http://www.lbn.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Footrot-manual-for-footrot-contractors.pdf. ( Erişim: 22.05.2017).
  • Winter, A. C. (2004). Lameness in sheep 2. Treatment and control. Practice, 26, 571, 130-139.
  • Winter, A. C. (2008). Lameness in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 76 (1-2), 149-53.
  • Winter, A. C. (2009). Footrot control and eradication (elimination) strategies. Small Ruminant Research, 86 (1-3), 90-3.
  • Winter, A. C. (2011). Treatment and control of hoof disorders in sheep and goats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 27 (1), 187-92.

Footrot

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 18 - 32, 20.07.2018

Öz

Footrot
is a contagious bacterial foot disease caused by Dichelobacter nodosus. Two major clinical forms of footrot have
been described, benign and virulent. The benign footrot which is mild form of
the disease is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of interdigital
tissue. Virulent footrot is characterized by severe degenerative and necrotic
damage of the epithelial tissue of the hoof. In this form, one or more foot
exungulation can be seen. The severity of the disease depends on various
factors such as the virulence of the D.
nodosus
strain, environmental conditions, farm applications and the
susceptibility of the host animal. Footrot causes severe pain and lameness in
affected sheep. Footrot and its associated lameness are the main causes of
animal welfare and economic worries in countries where sheep and goat breeding
are common. The disease has a great effect on herd productivity and
profitability, leading to a decrease in wool yield, inadequate growth in lambs,
decreased fertility in sheep, and limited sales opportunities for infected
sheep. Future strategies for the eradication and management of the disease in
many regions where the footrot is being studied in struggle with the footrot
can be developed. These include developing specific vaccines, acquiring
important information about the genetic structure of Dichelobacter nodosus, developing new management strategies
specific to the environment, developing new genetic testing methods, and
breeding trials to obtain disease-resistant animals. In this review,
information has been given about footrot which is an important foot disease of
sheep.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, K. A., Lewis, C. J. (2005). Current approaches to the management of ovine footrot. Veterinary Journal, 169, 1, 28-41.
  • Alkan, F. (1998). Konya bölgesinde koyunlarda görülen Piyeten'in etiyolojisinde çinko ve bakırın rolü. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 76 s. Konya
  • Alkan, F. (2017). Koyunlarda ayak hastalıkları ve genel yaklaşım. 3. Koyun-Keçi Sağlığı ve Yönetimi Kongresi, 23-32, Bursa
  • Allworth, M. B. (2014). Challenges in ovine footrot control. Small Ruminant Research, 118 (1), 110-113.
  • Angell, J., Duncan, J., Carter, S., Grove-White, D. (2014). Farmer reported prevalence and factors associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis in Wales: a questionnaire of 511 sheep farmers. Preventive veterinary medicine, 113, 1, 132-138.
  • Anonim, (2011). Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC). Opinion on lameness in sheep. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110405203111/http://www.fawc.org.uk/pdf/sheep-lameness-opinion-110328.pdf. (Erişim: 19.11.2017).
  • Avki, S., Temizsoylu, D., Yiğitaslan, K. (2004). Burdur yöresi koyunlarında ayak hastalıklarının dağılımı ve çevresel faktörler yönünden değerlendirilmesi. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi, 10, 1-2, 5-12.
  • Barwell, R., Eppleston, J., Watt, B., Dhand, N. K. (2015). Foot abscess in sheep: Evaluation of risk factors and management options. Preventive veterinary medicine, 122, 3, 325-331.
  • Bennett, G. N., Hickford, J. G. (2011). Ovine footrot: new approaches to an old disease. Veterinary microbiology, 148 (1), 1-7.
  • Bennett, G., Hickford, J., Sedcole, R., Zhou, H. (2009). Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and the epidemiology of footrot. Anaerobe, 15 (4), 173-176.
  • Bhardwaj, V., Dhungyel, O., De Silva, K., Whittington, R. J. (2014). Investigation of immunity in sheep following footrot infection and vaccination. Vaccine, 32 (51), 6979-6985.
  • Calvo-Bado, L. A., Green, L. E., Medley, G. F., Ul-Hassan, A., Grogono-Thomas, R., Buller, N., Kaler, J., Russell, C. L., Kennan, R. M., Rood, J. I., Wellington, E. M. (2011). Detection and diversity of a putative novel heterogeneous polymorphic proline-glycine repeat (Pgr) protein in the footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus. Veterinary microbiology, 147 (3-4), 358-366.
  • Cheetham, B. F., Tanjung, L. R., Sutherland, M., Druitt, J., Green, G., McFarlane, J., Bailey, G. D., Seaman, J. T., Katz, M. E. (2006). Improved diagnosis of virulent ovine footrot using the intA gene. Veterinary microbiology, 116 (1-3), 166-174.
  • Conington, J., Bünger, L., Hoise, B. (2008). Breeding for resistance to footrot in sheep. EAAP S25’ Breeding goals Including Environment Behaviour and Welfare Considerations. Lithuania.
  • Dar, K., Naikoo, M., Hafiz, A., Tufani, N. (2015). Comparative efficacy of different treatment regimens for the management of acute footrot in sheep of Kashmir Valley. J Veterinar Sci Technol, 6 (6) 262, 2.
  • Dhungyel, O. P., Hill, A. E., Dhand, N. K., Whittington, R. J. (2013). Comparative study of the commonly used virulence tests for laboratory diagnosis of ovine footrot caused by Dichelobacter nodosus in Australia. Veterinary microbiology, 162, 2-4, 756-760.
  • Dhungyel, O., Hunter, J., Whittington, R. (2014). Footrot vaccines and vaccination. Vaccine, 32 (26), 3139-3146.
  • Duncan, J., Angell, J., Carter, S., Evans, N., Sullivan, L., Grove-White, D. (2014). Contagious ovine digital dermatitis: an emerging disease. The Veterinary Journal, 201 (3), 265-268.
  • Egerton, J. R., Roberts, D. S. (1971). Vaccination against ovine footrot. J. Comp. Pathol. 81, 179-185.
  • Foddai, A., Green, L. E., Mason, S. A., Kaler, J. (2012). Evaluating observer agreement of scoring systems for foot integrity and footrot lesions in sheep. BMC veterinary research, 8 (1), 65.
  • Frosth, S. (2016). Dichelobacter nodosus and footrot in Swedish sheep. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Doktora Tezi, 71 s. Uppsala
  • Frosth, S., Konig, U., Nyman, A. K., Pringle, M., Aspan, A. (2015). Characterisation of Dichelobacter nodosus and detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Treponema spp. in sheep with different clinical manifestations of footrot. Veterinary microbiology, 179 (1-2), 82-90.
  • Glynn, T. (1993). Benign footrot–an epidemiological investigation into the occurrence, effects on production, response to treatment and influence of environmental factors. Australian veterinary journal, 70 (1), 7-12.
  • Greber, D., Bearth, G., Lüchinger, R., Schuepbach-Regula, G., Steiner, A. (2016). Elimination of virulent strains (aprV2) of Dichelobacter nodosus from feet of 28 Swiss sheep flocks: A proof of concept study. The Veterinary Journal, 216, 25-32.
  • Green, L. E., George, T. R. (2008). Assessment of current knowledge of footrot in sheep with particular reference to Dichelobacter nodosus and implications for elimination or control strategies for sheep in Great Britain. Veterinary journal, 175 (2), 173-80.
  • Hall, J. A., Sendek, R. L., Chinn, R. M., Bailey, D. P., Thonstad, K. N., Wang, Y., Forsberg, N. E., Vorachek, W. R., Stang, B. V., Van Saun, R. J. (2011). Higher whole-blood selenium is associated with improved immune responses in footrot-affected sheep. Veterinary research, 42 (1), 99.
  • Hall, J., Bailey, D., Thonstad, K., Van Saun, R. (2009). Effect of parenteral selenium administration to sheep on prevalence and recovery from footrot. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 23 (2), 352-358.
  • Iqbal, A., Tripathi, A., Wazir, V. (2011). Foot rot–An emerging issue in sheep husbandry. International Journal of Livestock Research, 1 (1), 5-16.
  • İn, M. (2014). Afyon bölgesi koyunlarında ayak hastalıklar prevelansının araştırılması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 56 s. Afyon.
  • İzci, C. (1993). Koyunların önemli bir ayak hastalığı: Piyeten (Foot-rot). Hasad, 8, 26-28.
  • Jimenez, R., Piriz, S., Mateos, E., Vadillo, S. (2004). Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 25 selected antimicrobial agents against Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium strains isolated from footrot in sheep of Portugal and Spain. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 51, (5), 245-248.
  • Kaler, J., Wani, S. A., Hussain, I., Beg, S. A., Makhdoomi, M., Kabli, Z. A., Green, L. E. (2012). A clinical trial comparing parenteral oxytetracyline and enrofloxacin on time to recovery in sheep lame with acute or chronic footrot in Kashmir, India. BMC veterinary research, 8, 12.
  • Kennan, R. M., Han, X., Porter, C. J., Rood, J. I. (2011). The pathogenesis of ovine footrot. Veterinary microbiology, 153 (1-2), 59-66.
  • Lacasta, D., Ferrer, L. M., Ramos, J. J., Gonzalez, J. M., Ortin, A., Fthenakis, G. C. (2015). Vaccination schedules in small ruminant farms. Veterinary microbiology, 181 (1-2), 34-46.
  • Laven, R. A. (2017). Untangling best practice for controlling footrot in sheep. The Veterinary Journal, 221 (2017), 14–15.
  • Liu, D., Yong, W. (1997). Improved laboratory diagnosis of ovine footrot: an update. The Veterinary Journal, 153 (1), 99-105.
  • Moore, L. J., Wassink, G. J., Green, L. E., Grogono-Thomas, R. (2005). The detection and characterisation of Dichelobacter nodosus from cases of ovine footrot in England and Wales. Veterinary microbiology, 108 (1-2), 57-67.
  • Phythian, C. J., Cripps, P. J., Grove-White, D., Michalopoulou, E., Duncan, J. S. (2016). Inter-observer agreement for clinical examinations of foot lesions of sheep. Veterinary journal, 216, 189-195.
  • Pugh, D. G. (2012). Sheep and Goat Medicine. Elsevier, 291-324.
  • Raadsma, H. W., Dhungyel, O. P. (2013). A review of footrot in sheep: New approaches for control of virulent footrot. Livestock Science, 156 (1-3), 115-25.
  • Raadsma, H. W., Egerton, J. R. (2013). A review of footrot in sheep: Aetiology, risk factors and control methods. Livestock Science, 156 (1-3), 106-14.
  • Raadsma, H. W., Egerton, J. R., Nicholas, F. W. (1991). Investigations in genetic variation for resistance to footrot. In: Gray, G. D., Woolaston, R. R. (Eds.). Breeding for Disease resistance in Sheep. Proceedings of a Workshop for UNE. Armidale, pp. 41-50.
  • Rather, M., Wani, S., Hussain, I., Bhat, M., Kabli, Z., Magray, S. (2011). Determination of prevalence and economic impact of ovine footrot in central Kashmir India with isolation and molecular characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus. Anaerobe, 17 (2), 73-77.
  • Wani, S. A., Samanta, I. (2006). Current understanding of the aetiology and laboratory diagnosis of footrot. Veterinary journal, 171 (3), 421-428.
  • Wassink, G. J., George, T. R., Kaler, J., Green, L. E. (2010). Footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep: Farmer satisfaction with current management, their ideal management and sources used to adopt new strategies. Preventive veterinary medicine, 96 (1), 65-73.
  • Webb Ware, J., Kluver, P. (2014). Footrot Manual for Contractors. http://www.lbn.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Footrot-manual-for-footrot-contractors.pdf. ( Erişim: 22.05.2017).
  • Winter, A. C. (2004). Lameness in sheep 2. Treatment and control. Practice, 26, 571, 130-139.
  • Winter, A. C. (2008). Lameness in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 76 (1-2), 149-53.
  • Winter, A. C. (2009). Footrot control and eradication (elimination) strategies. Small Ruminant Research, 86 (1-3), 90-3.
  • Winter, A. C. (2011). Treatment and control of hoof disorders in sheep and goats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 27 (1), 187-92.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Kadir Sulu Bu kişi benim

Fahrettin Alkan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sulu, K., & Alkan, F. (2018). Piyeten. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 7(1), 18-32.