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Siyah Alacalarda Kuru Dönem Süresinin Kısaltılması

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 64 - 75, 17.06.2021

Öz

Sütçü sığırlarda laktasyonun sonunda süt veriminin azalarak kendiliğinden ya da insan eliyle sütten kesilmesiyle başlayıp buzağılamaya kadar devam eden kuru dönem süresi hakkında yaklaşık 100 yıldır çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Başlarda optimum kuru dönem süresini belirlemeye yönelik olan çalışmalar genellikle verilere dayalı olup bu çalışmalarda kuru dönem süresinin 50-60 gün arasında olması gerektiği belirtilmektedir. Genetik ve çevresel faktörlerin iyileştirilmesiyle son yıllarda ineklerin buzağılamaya 2 ay kala süt verimleri yüksek seviyede devam etmektedir. Bu yüzden son yıllarda süt verimindeki artışa bağlı olarak kuru dönemin kısaltılması ile ilgili deneysel çalışmalara ağırlık verilmektedir. Bu çalışmalarda kuru dönem süresinin 30-40 güne kadar kısaltılabileceği belirtilmiştir. Kuru dönemi kısalan ineklere direkt geçiş dönemi rasyonu verileceğinden böylelikle daha az rasyon ve barınak değişikliği olacaktır. Bu durum buzağılamadan sonra enerji dengesi ve döl veriminde artış sağlayacaktır. Bir sonraki laktasyonda kuru dönemin kısaltılmasından dolayı bir miktar düşüş görülse de kuru dönemin kısaltılmasına bağlı ekstra süt elde edilmesi, sağlık ve döl verimindeki artış sonucu verimli ömür süresinin uzaması görülecektir. Bu derlemede kuru dönem süresinin kısaltılmasıyla beraber siyah alacalarda süt verimi ve kompozisyonu, sağlık durumu ve meme bezlerinde meydana gelebilecek değişiklikler anlatılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bu uygulamanın kârlılığı, sürü yönetimine etkisi ve pratikte uygulanabilirliği üzerinde durulmuş olup yetiştiricilere bilgi vermek ve araştırıcıların kapsamlı çalışmaları için fikir sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Annen, E., Collier, R. J., McGuire, M., Vicini, J., Ballam, J., Lormore, M. (2004). Effect of modified dry period lengths and bovine somatotropin on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(11), 3746-3761. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73513-4.
  • Arnold, P. D., Becker, R. (1936). Influence of preceding dry period and of mineral supplement on lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 19(4), 257-266. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(36)93061-8.
  • Atashi, H., Zamiri, M. J., Dadpasand, M. (2013). Association between dry period length and lactation performance, lactation curve, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows in Iran. J Dairy Sci, 96(6), 3632-3638. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5943.
  • Athie, F., Bachman, K., Head, H., Hayen, M., Wilcox, C. (1997). Milk Plasmin During Bovine Mammary Involution That Has Been Accelerated by Estrogen1. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(8), 1561-1568. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76086-7.
  • Bachman, K. (2002). Milk production of dairy cows treated with estrogen at the onset of a short dry period. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(4), 797-803. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74138-6.
  • Bachman, K. C., Schairer, M. L. (2003). Invited review: bovine studies on optimal lengths of dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 86(10), 3027-3037. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73902-2.
  • Bauman, D. E., Vernon, R. G. (1993). Effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on lactation. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 13: 437-461.
  • Bernier-Dodier, P., Girard, C., Talbot, B., Lacasse, P. (2011). Effect of dry period management on mammary gland function and its endocrine regulation in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(10), 4922-4936. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4116.
  • Capuco, A., Wood, D., Baldwin, R., Mcleod, K., Paape, M. (2001). Mammary cell number, proliferation, and apoptosis during a bovine lactation: relation to milk production and effect of bST. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(10), 2177-2187. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74664-4.
  • Capuco, A. V., Akers, R. M., Smith, J. J. (1997). Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: quantification of nucleic acids and histology. J Dairy Sci, 80(3), 477-487. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75960-5.
  • Cermakova, J., Kudrna, V., Simeckova, M., Vyborna, A., Dolezal, P., Illek, J. (2014). Comparison of shortened and conventional dry period management strategies. J Dairy Sci, 97(9), 5623-5636. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7499.
  • Chen, J., Gross, J. J., van Dorland, H. A., Remmelink, G. J., Bruckmaier, R. M., Kemp, B., van Knegsel, A. T. (2015). Effects of dry period length and dietary energy source on metabolic status and hepatic gene expression of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 98(2), 1033-1045. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8612.
  • Church, G. T., Fox, L. K., Gaskins, C. T., Hancock, D. D., Gay, J. M. (2008). The effect of a shortened dry period on intramammary infections during the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci, 91(11), 4219-4225. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1377.
  • Coppock, C., Everett, R., Natzke, R., Ainslie, H. (1974). Effect of dry period length on Holstein milk production and selected disorders at parturition. Journal of Dairy Science, 57(6), 712-718. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(74)84953-2.
  • Dahl, G. E., Petitclerc, D. (2003). Management of photoperiod in the dairy herd for improved production and health. Journal of Animal Science, 81(15_suppl_3), 11-17. DOI: 10.2527/2003.81suppl_311x.
  • Funk, D. A., Freeman, A. E., Berger, P. J. (1987). Effects of previous days open, previous days dry, and present days open on lactation yield. J Dairy Sci, 70(11), 2366-2373. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80297-7.
  • Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh, N., Mohit, A. (2013). Effect of dry period length on the subsequent production and reproduction in Holstein cows. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(1). 100-108. DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2013111-3165.
  • Grummer, R., Rastani, R. (2004). Why reevaluate dry period length? Journal of Dairy Science, 87: E77-E85. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70063-6.
  • Gulay, M. S., Hayen, M. J., Bachman, K. C., Belloso, T., Liboni, M., Head, H. H. (2003). Milk production and feed intake of Holstein cows given short (30-d) or normal (60-d) dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 86(6), 2030-2038. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73792-8.
  • Gulay, M. S., Hayen, M. J., Head, H. H., Wilcox, C. J., Bachman, K. C. (2005). Milk production from Holstein half udders after concurrent thirty- and seventy-day dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 88(11), 3953-3962. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73081-2.
  • Gümen, A., Rastani, R., Grummer, R., Wiltbank, M. (2005). Reduced dry periods and varying prepartum diets alter postpartum ovulation and reproductive measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(7), 2401-2411. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72918-0.
  • Hale, S., Capuco, A., Erdman, R. (2003). Milk yield and mammary growth effects due to increased milking frequency during early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(6), 2061-2071. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73795-3.
  • Hurley, W. L. (1989). Mammary gland function during involution. J Dairy Sci, 72(6), 1637-1646. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79276-6.
  • Jolicoeur, M. S., Brito, A. F., Santschi, D. E., Pellerin, D., Lefebvre, D., Berthiaume, R., Girard, C. L. (2014). Short dry period management improves peripartum ruminal adaptation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 97(12), 7655-7667. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8590.
  • Klein, J. W., Woodward, T. (1943). Influence of length of dry period upon the quantity of milk produced in the subsequent lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 26(8), 705-713. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(43)92771-7.
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  • Rastani, R. R., Grummer, R. R., Bertics, S. J., Gumen, A., Wiltbank, M. C., Mashek, D. G., Schwab, M. C. (2005). Reducing dry period length to simplify feeding transition cows: milk production, energy balance, and metabolic profiles. J Dairy Sci, 88(3), 1004-1014. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72768-5.
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  • Santschi, D. E., Lefebvre, D. M., Cue, R. I., Girard, C. L., Pellerin, D. (2011c). Incidence of metabolic disorders and reproductive performance following a short (35-d) or conventional (60-d) dry period management in commercial Holstein herds. J Dairy Sci, 94(7), 3322-3330. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3595.
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  • van Knegsel, A. T., Remmelink, G. J., Jorjong, S., Fievez, V., Kemp, B. (2014). Effect of dry period length and dietary energy source on energy balance, milk yield, and milk composition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 97(3), 1499-1512. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7391.
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Shortening Dry Period Length in Holstein Cows

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 64 - 75, 17.06.2021

Öz

Since the last century, a great deal of researches has been carried out to determine optimum dry period length which is nonlactating part of successive lactations. In 19th century; most studies, used observational data from lactation records, recommended dry period length to be between 50-60 day. With improving genetic and environmental conditions in last decades, cows are still producing a desirable amount of milk before the last 2 months of lactation. So, the researchers, focused on experimental researches about dry period length, have proposed shortening dry period to be 30-40 d in length. Shortening dry period of cows would cause less ration and therefore housing changes throughout the dry period. Although milk losses in the subsequent lactation due to shortening dry period length; improvement reproductive performance and energy balance due to this management procedure would maximize productive life and gain considerable amount of milk prior to calving. This review gives general information how shortening dry period in Holsteins will affect milk yield and composition, health, mammary gland. The review also focuses on profitability, herd management and practical aspects of shortening dry periods for dairy breeders and encourage researchers to make more comprehensive studies.

Kaynakça

  • Annen, E., Collier, R. J., McGuire, M., Vicini, J., Ballam, J., Lormore, M. (2004). Effect of modified dry period lengths and bovine somatotropin on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(11), 3746-3761. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73513-4.
  • Arnold, P. D., Becker, R. (1936). Influence of preceding dry period and of mineral supplement on lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 19(4), 257-266. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(36)93061-8.
  • Atashi, H., Zamiri, M. J., Dadpasand, M. (2013). Association between dry period length and lactation performance, lactation curve, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows in Iran. J Dairy Sci, 96(6), 3632-3638. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5943.
  • Athie, F., Bachman, K., Head, H., Hayen, M., Wilcox, C. (1997). Milk Plasmin During Bovine Mammary Involution That Has Been Accelerated by Estrogen1. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(8), 1561-1568. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76086-7.
  • Bachman, K. (2002). Milk production of dairy cows treated with estrogen at the onset of a short dry period. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(4), 797-803. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74138-6.
  • Bachman, K. C., Schairer, M. L. (2003). Invited review: bovine studies on optimal lengths of dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 86(10), 3027-3037. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73902-2.
  • Bauman, D. E., Vernon, R. G. (1993). Effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on lactation. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 13: 437-461.
  • Bernier-Dodier, P., Girard, C., Talbot, B., Lacasse, P. (2011). Effect of dry period management on mammary gland function and its endocrine regulation in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(10), 4922-4936. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4116.
  • Capuco, A., Wood, D., Baldwin, R., Mcleod, K., Paape, M. (2001). Mammary cell number, proliferation, and apoptosis during a bovine lactation: relation to milk production and effect of bST. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(10), 2177-2187. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74664-4.
  • Capuco, A. V., Akers, R. M., Smith, J. J. (1997). Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: quantification of nucleic acids and histology. J Dairy Sci, 80(3), 477-487. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75960-5.
  • Cermakova, J., Kudrna, V., Simeckova, M., Vyborna, A., Dolezal, P., Illek, J. (2014). Comparison of shortened and conventional dry period management strategies. J Dairy Sci, 97(9), 5623-5636. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7499.
  • Chen, J., Gross, J. J., van Dorland, H. A., Remmelink, G. J., Bruckmaier, R. M., Kemp, B., van Knegsel, A. T. (2015). Effects of dry period length and dietary energy source on metabolic status and hepatic gene expression of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 98(2), 1033-1045. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8612.
  • Church, G. T., Fox, L. K., Gaskins, C. T., Hancock, D. D., Gay, J. M. (2008). The effect of a shortened dry period on intramammary infections during the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci, 91(11), 4219-4225. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1377.
  • Coppock, C., Everett, R., Natzke, R., Ainslie, H. (1974). Effect of dry period length on Holstein milk production and selected disorders at parturition. Journal of Dairy Science, 57(6), 712-718. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(74)84953-2.
  • Dahl, G. E., Petitclerc, D. (2003). Management of photoperiod in the dairy herd for improved production and health. Journal of Animal Science, 81(15_suppl_3), 11-17. DOI: 10.2527/2003.81suppl_311x.
  • Funk, D. A., Freeman, A. E., Berger, P. J. (1987). Effects of previous days open, previous days dry, and present days open on lactation yield. J Dairy Sci, 70(11), 2366-2373. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80297-7.
  • Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh, N., Mohit, A. (2013). Effect of dry period length on the subsequent production and reproduction in Holstein cows. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(1). 100-108. DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2013111-3165.
  • Grummer, R., Rastani, R. (2004). Why reevaluate dry period length? Journal of Dairy Science, 87: E77-E85. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70063-6.
  • Gulay, M. S., Hayen, M. J., Bachman, K. C., Belloso, T., Liboni, M., Head, H. H. (2003). Milk production and feed intake of Holstein cows given short (30-d) or normal (60-d) dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 86(6), 2030-2038. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73792-8.
  • Gulay, M. S., Hayen, M. J., Head, H. H., Wilcox, C. J., Bachman, K. C. (2005). Milk production from Holstein half udders after concurrent thirty- and seventy-day dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 88(11), 3953-3962. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73081-2.
  • Gümen, A., Rastani, R., Grummer, R., Wiltbank, M. (2005). Reduced dry periods and varying prepartum diets alter postpartum ovulation and reproductive measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(7), 2401-2411. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72918-0.
  • Hale, S., Capuco, A., Erdman, R. (2003). Milk yield and mammary growth effects due to increased milking frequency during early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(6), 2061-2071. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73795-3.
  • Hurley, W. L. (1989). Mammary gland function during involution. J Dairy Sci, 72(6), 1637-1646. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79276-6.
  • Jolicoeur, M. S., Brito, A. F., Santschi, D. E., Pellerin, D., Lefebvre, D., Berthiaume, R., Girard, C. L. (2014). Short dry period management improves peripartum ruminal adaptation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 97(12), 7655-7667. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8590.
  • Klein, J. W., Woodward, T. (1943). Influence of length of dry period upon the quantity of milk produced in the subsequent lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 26(8), 705-713. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(43)92771-7.
  • Klusmeyer, T. H., Fitzgerald, A. C., Fabellar, A. C., Ballam, J. M., Cady, R. A., Vicini, J. L. (2009). Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin and a shortened or no dry period on the performance of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 92(11), 5503-5511. OI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2390.
  • Kok, A., van Middelaar, C., Engel, B., van Knegsel, A., Hogeveen, H., Kemp, B., de Boer, I. (2016). Effective lactation yield: A measure to compare milk yield between cows with different dry period lengths. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(4), 2956-2966. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10559.
  • Kuhn, M., Hutchison, J., Norman, H. (2006). Dry period length to maximize production across adjacent lactations and lifetime production. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(5), 1713-1722. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72239-1.
  • Lee, J. E., Fosgate, O. T., Carmon, J. (1961). Some effects of certain environmental and inherited influences upon milk and fat production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 44(2), 296-299. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(61)89734-8.
  • Lefebvre, D., Santschi, D. (2012). New concepts in dry period management. WCDS Advances in dairy Technology, 24; 203-218.
  • Makuza, S. M., McDaniel, B. T. (1996). Effects of days dry, previous days open, and current days open on milk yields of cows in Zimbabwe and North Carolina. J Dairy Sci, 79(4), 702-709. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76416-0.
  • Mayasari, N., de Vries Reilingh, G., Nieuwland, M. G., Remmelink, G. J., Parmentier, H. K., Kemp, B., van Knegsel, A. T. (2015). Effect of maternal dry period length on colostrum immunoglobulin content and on natural and specific antibody titers in calves. J Dairy Sci, 98(6), 3969-3979. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8753.
  • O’Connor, J., Oltenacu, P. (1988). Determination of optimum drying off time for dairy cows using decision analysis and computer simulation. Journal of Dairy Science, 71(11), 3080-3091. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79908-7.
  • O’Hara, E. A., Omazic, A., Olsson, I., Båge, R., Emanuelson, U., Holtenius, K. (2018). Effects of dry period length on milk production and energy balance in two cow breeds. Animal, 12(3), 508-514. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731117001987.
  • Pezeshki, A., Mehrzad, J., Ghorbani, G. R., De Spiegeleer, B., Collier, R. J., Burvenich, C. (2008). The effect of dry period length reduction to 28 days on the performance of multiparous dairy cows in the subsequent lactation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 88(3), 449-456. DOI: 10.4141/CJAS08012.
  • Pezeshki, A., Mehrzad, J., Ghorbani, G. R., Rahmani, H. R., Collier, R. J., Burvenich, C. (2007). Effects of short dry periods on performance and metabolic status in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 90(12), 5531-5541. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0359.
  • Rajala-Schultz, P. J., Hogan, J. S., Smith, K. (2005). Association between milk yield at dry-off and probability of intramammary infections at calving. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(2), 577-579. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72720-X.
  • Rastani, R. R., Grummer, R. R., Bertics, S. J., Gumen, A., Wiltbank, M. C., Mashek, D. G., Schwab, M. C. (2005). Reducing dry period length to simplify feeding transition cows: milk production, energy balance, and metabolic profiles. J Dairy Sci, 88(3), 1004-1014. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72768-5.
  • Remond, B., Rouel, J., Pinson, N., Jabet, S. (1997). An attempt to omit the dry period over three consecutive lactations in dairy cows. HAL archives-ouvertes, 46(5), 399-408. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00889705.
  • Safa, S., Soleimani, A., Heravi Moussavi, A. (2013). Improving productive and reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows through dry period management. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 26(5), 630-637. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12303.
  • Santschi, D. E., Lefebvre, D. M., Cue, R. I., Girard, C. L., Pellerin, D. (2011a). Complete-lactation milk and component yields following a short (35-d) or a conventional (60-d) dry period management strategy in commercial Holstein herds. J Dairy Sci, 94(5), 2302-2311. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3594.
  • Santschi, D. E., Lefebvre, D. M., Cue, R. I., Girard, C. L., Pellerin, D. (2011b). Economic effect of short (35-d) compared with conventional (60-d) dry period management in commercial Canadian Holstein herds. J Dairy Sci, 94(9), 4734-4743. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3596.
  • Santschi, D. E., Lefebvre, D. M., Cue, R. I., Girard, C. L., Pellerin, D. (2011c). Incidence of metabolic disorders and reproductive performance following a short (35-d) or conventional (60-d) dry period management in commercial Holstein herds. J Dairy Sci, 94(7), 3322-3330. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3595.
  • Sawa, A., Bogucki, M., Neja, W. (2012). Dry period length and performance of cows in the subsequent production cycle. Archiv Tierzucht, 55(2), 140-147. DOI: 10.5194/aab-55-140-2012.
  • Schaeffer, L., Henderson, C. (1972). Effects of days dry and days open on Holstein milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 55(1), 107-112. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85439-0.
  • Shoshani, E., Rozen, S., Doekes, J. (2014). Effect of a short dry period on milk yield and content, colostrum quality, fertility, and metabolic status of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(5), 2909-2922. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7733.
  • Smith, A., Wheelock, J., Dodd, F. (1966). Effect of milking throughout pregnancy on milk yield in the succeeding lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 49(7), 895-896. DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(66)87966-3.
  • Smith, J., Legates, J. (1962). Relation of days open and days dry to lactation milk and fat yields. Journal of Dairy Science, 45(10), 1192-1198. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(62)89595-2.
  • Soleimani, A., Moussavi, A. H., Mesgaran, M. D., Golian, A. (2010). Effects of dry period length on, milk production and composition, blood metabolites and complete blood count in subsequent lactation of Holstein dairy cows. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol, 68: 597-602. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.294.3044&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
  • Sorensen, J. T., Enevoldsen, C. (1991). Effect of dry period length on milk production in subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci, 74(4), 1277-1283. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78283-0.
  • Sorensen, M. T., Norgaard, J. V., Theil, P. K., Vestergaard, M., Sejrsen, K. (2006). Cell turnover and activity in mammary tissue during lactation and the dry period in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 89(12), 4632-4639. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72513-9.
  • Steeneveld, W., Schukken, Y. H., van Knegsel, A. T., Hogeveen, H. (2013). Effect of different dry period lengths on milk production and somatic cell count in subsequent lactations in commercial Dutch dairy herds. J Dairy Sci, 96(5), 2988-3001. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6297.
  • Steeneveld, W., Van Knegsel, A., Remmelink, G., Kemp, B., Vernooij, J., Hogeveen, H. (2014). Cow characteristics and their association with production performance with different dry period lengths. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(8), 4922-4931. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7859.
  • Van Hoeij, R., Lam, T., De Koning, D., Steeneveld, W., Kemp, B., Van Knegsel, A. (2016). Cow characteristics and their association with udder health after different dry period lengths. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(10), 8330-8340. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10901.
  • van Knegsel, A. T., Remmelink, G. J., Jorjong, S., Fievez, V., Kemp, B. (2014). Effect of dry period length and dietary energy source on energy balance, milk yield, and milk composition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 97(3), 1499-1512. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7391.
  • Watters, R. D., Guenther, J. N., Brickner, A. E., Rastani, R. R., Crump, P. M., Clark, P. W., Grummer, R. R. (2008). Effects of dry period length on milk production and health of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 91(7), 2595-2603. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0615.
  • Watters, R. D., Wiltbank, M. C., Guenther, J. N., Brickner, A. E., Rastani, R. R., Fricke, P. M., Grummer, R. R. (2009). Effect of dry period length on reproduction during the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci, 92(7), 3081-3090. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1294.
  • Weber, C., Losand, B., Tuchscherer, A., Rehbock, F., Blum, E., Yang, W., Bruckmaier, R. M., Sanftleben, P., Hammon, H. M. (2015). Effects of dry period length on milk production, body condition, metabolites, and hepatic glucose metabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 98(3), 1772-1785. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8598.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer), Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Mustafa Çam 0000-0002-1821-191X

Şeref İnal Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4746-8930

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çam, M., & İnal, Ş. (2021). Siyah Alacalarda Kuru Dönem Süresinin Kısaltılması. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), 64-75.