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IRELAND-ENGLAND RELATIONS FROM WAR TO UNION (1169-1801)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 142 - 159, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.52735/bellek.1023235

Öz

Ireland and England are two neighboring countries that have been in constant interaction both politically and economically. The colonization activities which England began in Ireland in the 12th century covered a long period and were observed to have dominated the Irish lands in time. One of the reasons that led to the England military intervention in Ireland was the ideas put forward by Pope Adrian IV regarding the Ireland. The pope claimed that the Ireland had become a rebel community by turning away from Christianity and asked Henry II for military intervention. Since the 16th century, England has sought to establish a system of land ownership to Protestantize Catholic Ireland through their colonization activities. The reform movements that have arisen in Europe have also affected Britain. The reformation process with the abolition of the Pope's authority over England was another important issue in terms of Ireland and England relations. But Catholics, the great majority of the Irish people, have continued to embrace the teachings of the Roman Church. Even though the Irish tried to fight against England's expansionism, their attempts to fight were always unsuccessful because they did not have enough military forces to be successful.
In this study, by examining the relations of the two countries in the historical process, how England took control of land ownership in Ireland and the events between the two countries during the process have been examined. In addition, the struggle between the two sides in Ireland, which began with the colonization process, took a different dimension with the conflicts arising from sectarian differences after the reformation movements. In order to protect the Protestants settlements in Ireland, England attempted to control the religious, economic and social life of the local population by restrictive laws. In that process, there has been a remarkable transformation of land ownership to the advantage of Protestants. This transformation has led to the progressive impoverishment of the Catholic Irish, who depend on the land. The Protestant Irish and British landowners, who progressively extended their lands, also became rich. However, while the attempt failed, it did provide them to obtain some political rights. The British government, which did not want to make any more concessions to Ireland, ensured that the two countries were united and established as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Union Act enacted in 1801. As a result, England had the right to direct control of Ireland.
The Irish potato famine between 1845 and 1852 is regarded as one of the most tragic events in modern history. As a result of the rotting of the potato, which is the main food of the majority of the Irish population, which was 8.2 million in 1845, due to Phytophthora infestans, sufficient yield could not be obtained. 1.2 million (%14,6) Irish, whose main source of income was potatoes, lacked purchasing power and lost their lives as a result of hunger and epidemics. An estimated 2 million (%24) had to migrate to foreign countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. As the main problem of the research, it has been attempted to focus on the historical process of the transformation of land ownership in Ireland, which caused the severe consequences of famine.
As part of this study it is objective to examine the events that took place until 1801, when the two countries were united, by addressing the historical process of Ireland-England relations that started in the 12th century. Without a doubt, the potato famine that occurred between 1845 and 1852 was a significant breaking point in relations between these two countries. In this context, in this study, it has been tried to understand the relations between the two countries by offering an insight into the process leading up to the period in question and to draw attention to the source of the conflicts that occurred between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland.
The political, economic, and religious events which took place between 1169 and 1801 in the context of Irish-English relations were discussed. The events that occurred as a result of the interaction between Catholics and Protestants and the actions of England on this matter have been revealed. Therefore, the scope of the study is limited to examining the historical dimension of the relations between Ireland and England that took place between 1169 and 1801.
As a method, the document analysis system, which is one of the research methods in the social science field, has been used. Firstly, books and articles on Irish-English relations have been researched. Studies and investigations in this area have been provided. Following the classification of the data obtained from the literature review, they were analyzed with some criticism. Then, the obtained data were synthesized and the writing phase was started.

Kaynakça

  • Ackroyd, Peter, Civil War: A History of England, 3. Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2014.
  • Adelman, Paul – Pearce, Robert, Access to History: Great Britain and the Irish Question 1798-1921, 3. Edition, Hodder Education, London 2010.
  • Aşan, Ahmet Melih, İngiltere 1648-1763, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Yükek Lisans Tezi), Elâzığ 2012.
  • Barnard, Toby, The Kingdom of Ireland 1641-1760, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2004.
  • Bew, Paul, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789-2006, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
  • Connolly, Sean J., Divided Kingdom: Ireland, 1630-1800, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008.
  • Cook, Chris – Stevenson, John, English Historical Facts 1688–1760, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1988.
  • Cook, Chris – Wroughton, John, English Historical Facts 1603–1688, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1980.
  • Curtis, Edmund, A History of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1922, Routledge, London 2002.
  • Davies, Rees. R., Lords and lordship in the British Isles in the late Middle Ages, (Ed. Brendan Smith), Oxford University Press, New York 2009.
  • Dregne, Lukas, “Just Warfare, or Genocide?: Oliver Cromwell and the Siege of Drogheda”, Undergraduate Theses and Professional Papers, 2017.
  • Duffy, Sean, Ireland in the Middle Ages, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1997.
  • Edwards, Ruth Dudley – Hourican, Bridget, An Atlas of Irish History, 3. Edition, Routledge, New York 2005.
  • Effie Murray, Alice, A History of the Commercial and Financial Relations between England and Ireland from the Period of the Restoration, P.S. King & Son, London 1907.
  • Ellis, Steven G. – Maginn, Christopher, The Making of the British Isles: The State of Britain and Ireland, 1450-1660, Routledge, New York 2013.
  • Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture, Vol. 2, Farmington Hills, USA 2004.
  • Frame, Robin, Ireland and Britain 1170-1450, Hambledon Press, London 1998.
  • Fry, Plantagenet Somerset, A history of Ireland, Routledge, London 1988.
  • Gilleard, Chris, Old Age in Nineteenth‐Century Ireland: Ageing under The Union, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2017.
  • Gillingham, John, Conquests, Catastrophe and Recovery: Britain and Ireland 1066-1485, Vintage Books, London 2014.
  • Hachey, Thomas E. – McCaffrey, Lawrence J., The Irish Experience Since 1800: A Concise History, 3. Edition, M.E. Sharpe, New York 2010.
  • Haskins,Charles H., The Normans in European History, Ungar, New York 1959.
  • Hempton, David, Religion and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland From the Glorious Revolution to the Decline of Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003.
  • Holdridge, Jefferson, “Great Hunger, Unspeakable Home: Landscape, Nature and Original Sin in Lady Morgan’s The Wild Irish Girl and William Carleton’s The Black Prophet”,
  • Ireland’s Great Hunger Relief, Representation, and Remembrance, (Ed. David A. Valone), 2. Edition, University Press of America, New Yok 2010.
  • Holmes, Geoffrey, Britain After the Glorious Revolution, 1689-1714, Macmillan, London 1969.
  • Howe, Stephen. R., Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005.
  • Jackson, Alvin, Ireland 1798-1998, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2010.
  • Jones, Clyve (Ed.), A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland & Scotland, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2009.
  • Kennedy, Liam, Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
  • Laçiner, Sedat, “İngiltere, Terör, Kuzey İrlanda Sorunu ve İnsan Hakları”, Avrasya Bir Vakfı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Ankara Çalışmaları Dizisi No: 6. 2001.
  • Montanno, John Patrick, The Roots of English Colonialism in Ireland, Cambridge University Press, New York 2011.
  • Morillo, Stephen, Warfare Under the Anglo-Norman Kings, 1066-1135 Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1997.
  • Mullett, Michael A., Catholics in Britain and Ireland, 1558-1829, Macmillan Press, London 1998.
  • O’Boyle, Edward, “Classical Economics and The Great Irish Famine: A study in limits”, Forum for Social Economics, Vol. 35/2, ss. 21-53.
  • Póirtéir, Cathal, The Great Irish Famine, Mercier Press, Cork 1995.
  • Southcombe, George, Grant Tapsell, Restoration Politics, Religion, and Culture: Britain and Ireland, 1660-1714, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2010.
  • State, Paul F., A Brief History of Ireland, Facts On File, New York 2009.
  • Şöhret, Mesut, “Etno-Dinsel Milliyetçilik Bağlamında İrlanda Sorunu” İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2/4, 2013, ss. 39-76.
  • T. Hudson, Benjamin, “The Changing Economy of the Irish Sea Province: AD. 900-1300”, Britain and Ireland, 900–1300 Insular Responses to Medieval European Change, (Ed.
  • Brendan Smith), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
  • Turner, Sharon, The History of the Anglo-Saxons From the Earliest Period to the Norman Conquest, Longmans, London 1852.
  • Wagner, John A.-Walters Schmid, Susan (Edl.), Encyclopedia of Tudor England, Vol. 1, California 2012.
  • Wiesner, Merry E. -Hanks, Early Modern Europe 1450-1789, 2. Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013.

SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 142 - 159, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.52735/bellek.1023235

Öz

İrlanda ve İngiltere gerek siyasi gerekse ekonomik alanlarda birbirleri ile sürekli etkileşim halinde olmuş iki komşu devlettir. İngiltere’nin XII. yüzyıldan itibaren İrlanda’da başlatmış olduğu kolonizasyon faaliyetleri uzun bir dönemi kapsamış ve zamanla İrlanda topraklarına hâkimiyet kurmuştur. İngiltere’nin, İrlanda’ya karşı yayılmacı bir siyaset izlemesinin önemli sebeplerden biri Papa IV. Adrian’nın İrlandalılar hakkında öne sürdüğü düşünceler olmuştur. Nitekim Papa IV. Adrian, İrlandalıların Hristiyanlıktan uzaklaşarak asi bir topluluğa dönüştüğünü ileri sürmüş ve II. Henry'den askeri bir müdahalede bulunmasını istemiştir. İngilizlerin Papa’nın da desteği ile başlatmış oldukları askeri müdahale İrlanda’da uzun yıllar sürecek olan İngiliz yayılmacılığının ilk adımı olmuştur. İngilizler XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren kolonileşme faaliyetleri ile Katolik İrlanda’yı Protestanlaştırmaya yönelik bir toprak mülkiyet sistemi oluşturmayı hedeflemiştir. İrlandalılar İngiliz yayılmacılığına karşı koymaya çalışsa da yeterli güce sahip olmadıklarından girişimleri sürekli başarısızlığa uğramıştır.
Bu çalışmada iki ülkenin tarihsel süreç içerisindeki ilişkileri incelenerek İngiltere’nin İrlanda üzerindeki toprak mülkiyetinin kontrolünü nasıl ele geçirdiği ve süreç boyunca iki ülke arasında yaşanan olaylar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca İrlanda’da iki taraf arasında kolonileşme süreci ile başlayan mücadele, reform hareketlerinin ardından mezhep farklılıklarından kaynaklanan çatışmalarla farklı bir boyut kazanmıştır. İngiltere, İrlanda’ya yerleştirilen Protestanları korumak için yerli halkın dini, iktisadi ve sosyal hayatını kısıtlayıcı yasalarla kontrolü ele geçirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu süreçte toprakların mülkiyetinde Protestanların lehine dikkate değer ölçüde bir dönüşüm gerçekleşmiştir. Bu durum toprağa bağlı bir şekilde hayatını idame ettiren Katolik İrlandalıların giderek fakirleşmesine yol açarken topraklarını giderek genişleten Protestan İrlandalılar ve İngiliz toprak sahiplerinin de aynı ölçüde zenginleşmesine neden olmuştur.
Amerikan Bağımsızlık Savaşı ve Fransız İhtilali’nin İngiltere ekonomisi ve askeri gücü üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini fırsata çeviren İrlandalılar, 1798 yılında bağımsızlık girişiminde bulunmuş ancak bu girişim başarısızlık ile sonuçlanmıştır. İrlandalılar son girişimlerine rağmen İngiltere’den birtakım siyasi haklar elde etmiştir. Daha fazla taviz vermek istemeyen İngiltere hükümeti 1801 yılında yürürlüğe koyduğu Birlik Yasası ile iki ülkenin Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı şeklinde birleşmesini sağlamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ackroyd, Peter, Civil War: A History of England, 3. Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2014.
  • Adelman, Paul – Pearce, Robert, Access to History: Great Britain and the Irish Question 1798-1921, 3. Edition, Hodder Education, London 2010.
  • Aşan, Ahmet Melih, İngiltere 1648-1763, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Yükek Lisans Tezi), Elâzığ 2012.
  • Barnard, Toby, The Kingdom of Ireland 1641-1760, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2004.
  • Bew, Paul, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789-2006, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
  • Connolly, Sean J., Divided Kingdom: Ireland, 1630-1800, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008.
  • Cook, Chris – Stevenson, John, English Historical Facts 1688–1760, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1988.
  • Cook, Chris – Wroughton, John, English Historical Facts 1603–1688, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1980.
  • Curtis, Edmund, A History of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1922, Routledge, London 2002.
  • Davies, Rees. R., Lords and lordship in the British Isles in the late Middle Ages, (Ed. Brendan Smith), Oxford University Press, New York 2009.
  • Dregne, Lukas, “Just Warfare, or Genocide?: Oliver Cromwell and the Siege of Drogheda”, Undergraduate Theses and Professional Papers, 2017.
  • Duffy, Sean, Ireland in the Middle Ages, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1997.
  • Edwards, Ruth Dudley – Hourican, Bridget, An Atlas of Irish History, 3. Edition, Routledge, New York 2005.
  • Effie Murray, Alice, A History of the Commercial and Financial Relations between England and Ireland from the Period of the Restoration, P.S. King & Son, London 1907.
  • Ellis, Steven G. – Maginn, Christopher, The Making of the British Isles: The State of Britain and Ireland, 1450-1660, Routledge, New York 2013.
  • Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture, Vol. 2, Farmington Hills, USA 2004.
  • Frame, Robin, Ireland and Britain 1170-1450, Hambledon Press, London 1998.
  • Fry, Plantagenet Somerset, A history of Ireland, Routledge, London 1988.
  • Gilleard, Chris, Old Age in Nineteenth‐Century Ireland: Ageing under The Union, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2017.
  • Gillingham, John, Conquests, Catastrophe and Recovery: Britain and Ireland 1066-1485, Vintage Books, London 2014.
  • Hachey, Thomas E. – McCaffrey, Lawrence J., The Irish Experience Since 1800: A Concise History, 3. Edition, M.E. Sharpe, New York 2010.
  • Haskins,Charles H., The Normans in European History, Ungar, New York 1959.
  • Hempton, David, Religion and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland From the Glorious Revolution to the Decline of Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003.
  • Holdridge, Jefferson, “Great Hunger, Unspeakable Home: Landscape, Nature and Original Sin in Lady Morgan’s The Wild Irish Girl and William Carleton’s The Black Prophet”,
  • Ireland’s Great Hunger Relief, Representation, and Remembrance, (Ed. David A. Valone), 2. Edition, University Press of America, New Yok 2010.
  • Holmes, Geoffrey, Britain After the Glorious Revolution, 1689-1714, Macmillan, London 1969.
  • Howe, Stephen. R., Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005.
  • Jackson, Alvin, Ireland 1798-1998, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2010.
  • Jones, Clyve (Ed.), A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland & Scotland, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2009.
  • Kennedy, Liam, Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
  • Laçiner, Sedat, “İngiltere, Terör, Kuzey İrlanda Sorunu ve İnsan Hakları”, Avrasya Bir Vakfı Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Ankara Çalışmaları Dizisi No: 6. 2001.
  • Montanno, John Patrick, The Roots of English Colonialism in Ireland, Cambridge University Press, New York 2011.
  • Morillo, Stephen, Warfare Under the Anglo-Norman Kings, 1066-1135 Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1997.
  • Mullett, Michael A., Catholics in Britain and Ireland, 1558-1829, Macmillan Press, London 1998.
  • O’Boyle, Edward, “Classical Economics and The Great Irish Famine: A study in limits”, Forum for Social Economics, Vol. 35/2, ss. 21-53.
  • Póirtéir, Cathal, The Great Irish Famine, Mercier Press, Cork 1995.
  • Southcombe, George, Grant Tapsell, Restoration Politics, Religion, and Culture: Britain and Ireland, 1660-1714, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2010.
  • State, Paul F., A Brief History of Ireland, Facts On File, New York 2009.
  • Şöhret, Mesut, “Etno-Dinsel Milliyetçilik Bağlamında İrlanda Sorunu” İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2/4, 2013, ss. 39-76.
  • T. Hudson, Benjamin, “The Changing Economy of the Irish Sea Province: AD. 900-1300”, Britain and Ireland, 900–1300 Insular Responses to Medieval European Change, (Ed.
  • Brendan Smith), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
  • Turner, Sharon, The History of the Anglo-Saxons From the Earliest Period to the Norman Conquest, Longmans, London 1852.
  • Wagner, John A.-Walters Schmid, Susan (Edl.), Encyclopedia of Tudor England, Vol. 1, California 2012.
  • Wiesner, Merry E. -Hanks, Early Modern Europe 1450-1789, 2. Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Akif Bayğın 0000-0002-6968-790X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayğın, A. (2021). SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801). BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih Ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 142-159. https://doi.org/10.52735/bellek.1023235
AMA Bayğın A. SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801). BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi. Aralık 2021;3(2):142-159. doi:10.52735/bellek.1023235
Chicago Bayğın, Akif. “SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801)”. BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih Ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 142-59. https://doi.org/10.52735/bellek.1023235.
EndNote Bayğın A (01 Aralık 2021) SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801). BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 3 2 142–159.
IEEE A. Bayğın, “SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801)”, BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 142–159, 2021, doi: 10.52735/bellek.1023235.
ISNAD Bayğın, Akif. “SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801)”. BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 3/2 (Aralık 2021), 142-159. https://doi.org/10.52735/bellek.1023235.
JAMA Bayğın A. SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801). BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021;3:142–159.
MLA Bayğın, Akif. “SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801)”. BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih Ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 142-59, doi:10.52735/bellek.1023235.
Vancouver Bayğın A. SAVAŞTAN BİRLİĞE İRLANDA-İNGİLTERE İLİŞKİLERİ (1169-1801). BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021;3(2):142-59.

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