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Quality Adjusted Human Capital Index 1976-2013

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 13 - 49, 27.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.263942

Öz

The human capital variable is considered primary source of economic growth in the literature of endogenous growth models and it is supported by several empirical researches. In these studies the human capital variable is incorporated to the model as quantity and quality while quality is measured by the average years of education. This study aims at simply calculating the human capital quality from a wider perspective. Therefore, a data set including 80 countries duration of 1976-2013 and two indices from this data set are formed. Ten variables are chosen which are considered to be related with human capital quality and in order to make them independent from unit they all are standardized. In order to receive better results oil rich countries are excluded from the data set. The first index is calculated by principal components analysis and the second index calculated by arithmetic mean method. The findings obtained from indices supports the each other. The net result of the observed period, it has been provided serious increases human capital quality in countries such as South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, Thailand, Malaysia and Mexico. For instance, in 1976 South Korea was ranked 22th in the index, however, in 2013 she placed in the first; Singapore increased from 23th to 12th and China increased from 71th to 29th. When it comes to developed countries, it can be conferred that all these countries stabled within the first 20 and except for minor changes they did not show any radical increase or decrease througout the period.

Kaynakça

  • Altinok, N., Diebolt, C., & Demeulemeester, J. L. (2014). A new international database on education quality: 1965–2010. Applied Economics, 46(11), 1212-1247.
  • Azariadis, C., & Drazen, A. (1990). Threshold externalities in economic development. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 501-526.
  • Barro, R.J.(1991). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-443.
  • Barro, R.J (1997). Determinants of economic growth: A cross-country study. NBER Working Paper, 5698.
  • Barro, R. J. (2001). Human capital and growth. The American Economic Review, 91(2), 12-17.
  • Barro, R.J.,& Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic Growth (Second Edition). Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Benhabib, J., & Spiegel, M. M. (1994). The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary economics, 34(2), 143-173.
  • Castelló-Climent, A., & Hidalgo-Cabrillana, A. (2012). The role of educational quality and quantity in the process of economic development. Economics of Education Review, 31(4), 391-409.
  • Dinçer, B., Özaslan, M., & Kavasoğlu, T. (2003). İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması. Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Yayın No:2671.
  • Dunteman, G. J. (1989). Principal Component Analysis. California: Sage Publications.
  • Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., & Newman, P. (1987). The new Palgrave: a dictionary of economics.
  • Field, A. (2000). Discovering Statistical Using SPSS for Windows. London-Thousand Oaks-New Delhi: Sage Publications.
  • Gartner, M. (2003). Macro Economics. England: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Grammy, A. P., & Assane, D. (1997). New evidence on the effect of human capital on economic growth. Applied economics letters, 4(2), 121-124.
  • Gundlach, E. (1995). The role of human capital in economic growth: new results and alternative interpretations. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 131(2), 383-402.
  • Hanushek, E. A., & Kimko, D. D. (2000). Schooling, labor-force quality, and the growth of nations. American economic review, 1184-1208..
  • Henderson, D. J., Polachek, S. W., & Wang, L. (2011). Heterogeneity in schooling rates of return. Economics of Education Review, 30(6), 1202-1214.
  • Illich, Ivan (2008). İhtiyaçlar. W. Sachs(Eds.),(çev.O.Etiman). Kalkınma Sözlüğü İstanbul: Özgür Üniversite.157-180.
  • Islam, N. (1995). Growth empirics: a panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1127-1170.
  • Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2002). Applied multivariate statistical analysis (Vol. 5, No. 8). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.
  • Jones, C. I. (2002). Sources of US economic growth in a world of ideas. The American Economic Review, 92(1), 220-239.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factor simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36
  • Krishnan, V. (2010). Constructing an area-based socioeconomic index: A principal components analysis approach. Edmonton, Alberta: Early Child Development Mapping Project.
  • Lee, J. W., & Barro, R. J. (2001). Schooling quality in a cross–section of countries. Economica, 68(272), 465-488.
  • Lindahl, M., & Krueger, A. B. (2001). Education for Growth: Why and for Whom?. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4), 1101-1136.
  • Lutz, W., Sanderson, W. C., & Scherbov, S. (2004). The end of world population growth in the 21st century. New Challenges for Human Capital Formation and Sustainable Development. London.
  • Mankiw, G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. (1992). A contribution to the emprics of economic growth. Ouarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Mincer J.A. (1974). Schooling, Experince and Earnings. Newyork: Columbia University Press.
  • OECD (2001). The Well-Being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital. Education and Skills. Paris, France.
  • O'Neill, D. (1995). Education and income growth: Implications for cross-country inequality. Journal of Political Economy, 1289-1301
  • Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2004). Returns to investment in education: a further update. Education economics, 12(2), 111-134.
  • Romer, D. (2012). Advanced Macroeconomics (Fourth edition). Boston MA: McGraw Hill.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Human capital and growth: theory and evidence. InCarnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy (Vol. 32, pp. 251-286)..
  • Tatlıdil, H. (1996). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Analiz, Ankara: Akademi Matbaası.
  • Temple, J. (1999). The new growth evidence. Journal of economic Literature, 37(1), 112-156.
  • Timm, N. H. (2002). Applied Multivariate Analysis. Newyork: Springer
  • UNDP, (2015). Human Development Report Work for Human Development. Alınan yer http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf
  • UNDP, (2015). Human Development Report Work for Human Development Technical Notes, Alınan yer http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2015_technical_notes.pdf

Nitelik Uyarlanmış Beşeri Sermaye Endeksi 1976-2013

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 13 - 49, 27.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.263942

Öz

İçsel büyüme modelleri literatüründe beşeri sermaye
değişkeni ekonomik büyümenin temel kaynağı olarak gösterilmekte ve bu durum
birçok ampirik çalışma ile desteklenmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda beşeri
sermaye değişkeni ele alınırken miktar ve kalite olarak modele dahil edilmiş,
kalite yönü ise genellikle ortalama eğitim yılı olarak ölçülmüştür. Bu
çalışmanın yapılmasındaki amaç ise beşeri sermaye kalitesini daha kapsamlı bir
biçimde hesaplama çabasından ibarettir. Bu çerçeve içerisinde 1976-2013
yıllarını ve 80 ülkeyi kapsayan panel veri seti ve bu veri setinden iki farklı
endeks oluşturulmuştur. Beşeri sermaye kalitesi ile ilintili olduğu düşünülen
on farklı değişken seçilmiştir ve değişkenleri birimlerinden bağımsız hale
getirebilmek amacıyla her değişken standardize edilmiştir. Daha sağlıklı
sonuçlar alabilmek için veri setine petrol zengini ülkeler dahil edilmemiştir.
Bu endekslerden ilki temel bileşenler analizi metoduyla diğeri ise ağırlıklı
aritmetik ortalama metoduyla hesaplanmıştır. Endekslerden elde edilen bulgular
birbirini destekler niteliktedir. Gözlemlenen en net sonuç söz konusu dönemde
Güney Kore, Hong Kong, Singapur, Çin, Tayland, Malezya, Meksika gibi ülkelerde
beşeri sermaye kalitesinde ciddi artışlar söz konusudur. Örneğin 1976 yılında
Güney Kore endekste 22. sırada yer alırken, 2013 yılında 1.sıraya, Singapur 23.
Sıradan 12. sıraya Çin ise 71.sıradan 29. sıraya yükselmektedir. Gelişmiş ülke
sıralamalarına baktığımızda söz konusu ülkelerin daima ilk 20 arasında yer
aldığı kendi aralarında küçük değişiklikler haricinde büyük bir sıçrama veya
düşmenin söz konusu olmadığı görülmektedir. 

Kaynakça

  • Altinok, N., Diebolt, C., & Demeulemeester, J. L. (2014). A new international database on education quality: 1965–2010. Applied Economics, 46(11), 1212-1247.
  • Azariadis, C., & Drazen, A. (1990). Threshold externalities in economic development. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 501-526.
  • Barro, R.J.(1991). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-443.
  • Barro, R.J (1997). Determinants of economic growth: A cross-country study. NBER Working Paper, 5698.
  • Barro, R. J. (2001). Human capital and growth. The American Economic Review, 91(2), 12-17.
  • Barro, R.J.,& Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic Growth (Second Edition). Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Benhabib, J., & Spiegel, M. M. (1994). The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary economics, 34(2), 143-173.
  • Castelló-Climent, A., & Hidalgo-Cabrillana, A. (2012). The role of educational quality and quantity in the process of economic development. Economics of Education Review, 31(4), 391-409.
  • Dinçer, B., Özaslan, M., & Kavasoğlu, T. (2003). İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması. Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Yayın No:2671.
  • Dunteman, G. J. (1989). Principal Component Analysis. California: Sage Publications.
  • Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., & Newman, P. (1987). The new Palgrave: a dictionary of economics.
  • Field, A. (2000). Discovering Statistical Using SPSS for Windows. London-Thousand Oaks-New Delhi: Sage Publications.
  • Gartner, M. (2003). Macro Economics. England: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Grammy, A. P., & Assane, D. (1997). New evidence on the effect of human capital on economic growth. Applied economics letters, 4(2), 121-124.
  • Gundlach, E. (1995). The role of human capital in economic growth: new results and alternative interpretations. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 131(2), 383-402.
  • Hanushek, E. A., & Kimko, D. D. (2000). Schooling, labor-force quality, and the growth of nations. American economic review, 1184-1208..
  • Henderson, D. J., Polachek, S. W., & Wang, L. (2011). Heterogeneity in schooling rates of return. Economics of Education Review, 30(6), 1202-1214.
  • Illich, Ivan (2008). İhtiyaçlar. W. Sachs(Eds.),(çev.O.Etiman). Kalkınma Sözlüğü İstanbul: Özgür Üniversite.157-180.
  • Islam, N. (1995). Growth empirics: a panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1127-1170.
  • Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2002). Applied multivariate statistical analysis (Vol. 5, No. 8). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.
  • Jones, C. I. (2002). Sources of US economic growth in a world of ideas. The American Economic Review, 92(1), 220-239.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factor simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36
  • Krishnan, V. (2010). Constructing an area-based socioeconomic index: A principal components analysis approach. Edmonton, Alberta: Early Child Development Mapping Project.
  • Lee, J. W., & Barro, R. J. (2001). Schooling quality in a cross–section of countries. Economica, 68(272), 465-488.
  • Lindahl, M., & Krueger, A. B. (2001). Education for Growth: Why and for Whom?. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4), 1101-1136.
  • Lutz, W., Sanderson, W. C., & Scherbov, S. (2004). The end of world population growth in the 21st century. New Challenges for Human Capital Formation and Sustainable Development. London.
  • Mankiw, G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. (1992). A contribution to the emprics of economic growth. Ouarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Mincer J.A. (1974). Schooling, Experince and Earnings. Newyork: Columbia University Press.
  • OECD (2001). The Well-Being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital. Education and Skills. Paris, France.
  • O'Neill, D. (1995). Education and income growth: Implications for cross-country inequality. Journal of Political Economy, 1289-1301
  • Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2004). Returns to investment in education: a further update. Education economics, 12(2), 111-134.
  • Romer, D. (2012). Advanced Macroeconomics (Fourth edition). Boston MA: McGraw Hill.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Human capital and growth: theory and evidence. InCarnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy (Vol. 32, pp. 251-286)..
  • Tatlıdil, H. (1996). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Analiz, Ankara: Akademi Matbaası.
  • Temple, J. (1999). The new growth evidence. Journal of economic Literature, 37(1), 112-156.
  • Timm, N. H. (2002). Applied Multivariate Analysis. Newyork: Springer
  • UNDP, (2015). Human Development Report Work for Human Development. Alınan yer http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf
  • UNDP, (2015). Human Development Report Work for Human Development Technical Notes, Alınan yer http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2015_technical_notes.pdf
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Yayın İlkeleri
Yazarlar

Devran Şanlı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Kasım 2016
Kabul Tarihi 19 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şanlı, D. (2016). Nitelik Uyarlanmış Beşeri Sermaye Endeksi 1976-2013. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 1(1), 13-49. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.263942