Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Right to Work and Gender Equality: Employment Creation Programs

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 23 - 40, 20.10.2022

Öz

Employer of last resort (ELR) is a Keynesian policy alternative in which state creates employment and provides the guarantee to be employed as a right. The objective of the study is to discuss the potential positive outcomes of employment guarantee policy on women’s economic empowerment and economic participation. Employment creation programs with various scopes and targets have been adopted as policies in response to high unemployment and poverty across many countries. However due to their limited scope, duration and different objectives, those programs have rather limited transformative influence compared to the ELR framework. Nevertheless the public employment creation programs implemented in the US, South Africa, India and Argentina discussed here as cases show that, despite their limited scope, programs’ impact on women’s economic empowerment and the potential they entail when they are designed from a gender aware perspective is remarkable.

Kaynakça

  • Afridi, F., Mukhopadhyay, A. &Sahoo, S. (2012). Female Labour Force Participation and Child Education in India: The Effect of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. Discussion Paper Series, No 6593, Almanya: IZA.
  • Antonopoulos, Rania & Kim, K. (2008). South Africa: Scaling up the Public Works Programme: A Social Sector Intervention Proposal. New York: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Research PROJECT No: 34.
  • Antonopoulos, Rania & Kim, K. (2011). Public Job Creation Programs: The Economic Benefits of Investing In Social Care, Case Studies in South Africa and the United States. New York: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper No: 671.
  • Dejardin Amelita K. (1996). Public Works Programmes, A Strategy for Poverty Alleviation: The Gender Dimension. Issues in Development Discussion Paper 10. Geneva: ILO.
  • Devereux, S. & Solomon, C. (2006). Employment Creation Programmes: The International Experience. Geneva: ILO.
  • EPWP (Expanded Public Works Programme). (2022). Expanded Public Works Programme Five Year Report 2004/05-2008/09. 25.08, 2022 tarihinde Public Works and Infrasturcuture-Republic of South Africa: http://www.epwp.gov.za/ adresinden alındı.
  • Forstater, M. (2004). Green Jobs: Addressing Critical Issues Surrounding Environment, Workplace and Employment. International Journal Environment, Workplace and Employment, 1 (1), 53-61.
  • Garzon de la Roza, G. (2006). Continued Struggle for Survival: How Plan Jefes y Jefas Affected Poor Women’s Lives in Greater Buenos Aires, 2002-2005. Georgetown University Development Management and Policy Program Collection.
  • Harvey, P. (1989). Securing the Right to Employment. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • İzdeş, Ö. (2014). Makro İstikrar Arayışında İnsanca Bir Alternatif: Tam İstihdam Garantisi. Almanak 2012-2013 Analizleri. (Ed. Serap Ozturk). İstanbul: Sosyal Araştırmalar Vakfı, 97-118.
  • Keynes, J.M. (1980). Activities 1940–46. Shaping the Post-War World: Employment and Commodities. Volume XXVII of Collected Works. (Ed. Moggridge). London, UK: Macmillan.
  • Keynes, J.M. (1991). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. New York: Harcourt. Khara, R. & Nayak, N. (2009). Women Workers and Perceptions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Economic and Political Weekly: Vol XLIV, No 43, 49-57.
  • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). (2005). MGNREGA Act. 20 08, 2022 tarihinde, MGNREGA-Ministry Of Rural Development, Government of India: https://nrega.nic.in/Nregahome/MGNREGA_new/Nrega_home.aspx adresinden alındı.
  • Manza, J. (2000). Political Sociological Models of the US New Deal. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 297-322. Minsky, H. P. (2008). Stabilizing An Unstable Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Mitchell, Willam F. (1998). The Buffer Stock Employment Model and the NAIRU: The Path to Full Employment. Journal of Economic Issues 32(2), 547–556.
  • Nayyer, R. (2002). The Contribution of Public Works and Other Labour-based Infrastructure to Poverty Alleviation: The Indian Experience. Issues in Employment and Poverty, Discussion Paper, 3. Geneva: ILO. Pankaj, A. & Tankha, R. (2010). Empowerment Effects of the NREGS On Women Workers: A Study In Four States. Economic and Political Weekly, XLV, No:43, 45-55.
  • Papadimitriou, Dimitri B., Forstater, M. & Wray, R. (1998). Toward Full Employment Without Inflation: The Job Opportunity Program. New York: The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Report 8(3), 5–8.
  • Plagerson, S., Hochfeld, T., & Stuart, L. (2019). Social Security and Gender Justice in South Africa: Policy Gaps and Opportunities. Journal of Social Policy, 48(2), 293-310.
  • Rose, Nancy E. (2009). Lessons from the New Deal Public Employment Programmes. Monthly Review, 61 (5), 21-32.
  • Skidelsky, R. (1994). John Maynard Keynes-The Economist As A Savior. Baskerville-ABD: Penguin Press.
  • Tanzarn, N. & Gutierrez, M. T. (2015). Public Works Programmes: A Strategy for Poverty Alleviation: the Gender Dimension Revisited in Employment Intensive Investment Programmes (EIIPs) in 30 Countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Geneva: ILO.
  • Tcherneva, P. (2012). What do poor women want? Public Employment or Cash Transfers? Lessons from Argentina. New York: Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No:705.
  • Tcherneva, P. (2014). Full Employment: The Road Not Taken. New York: Working Papers Levy Economics Insitute, No:789.
  • Tcherneva, P. & Wray, R. (2005). Is Argentina’s Jefes de Hogar an Employer of Last Resort Program?. New York: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, Working Paper 43.
  • Vaughan, A. (2016). Our Expanded Public Works Programme reflections on over a decade Pretoria: Department of Public Works, Government Printer.
  • Wray, R. (1998). Understanding Modern Money: The Key to Full Employment and Price Stability. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Wray, R. (2000). The Employer of Last Resort Approach to Full Employment. New York: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, Working Paper, No: 9.

Çalışma Hakkı ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği: İstihdam Yaratma Programları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 23 - 40, 20.10.2022

Öz

Keynesyen bir alternatif olan devletin son istihdam mercii rolünü üstlenerek istihdam yaratması politikasında devlet bir hak olarak istihdam edilme olanağı sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma istihdam garantisi politikasının kadınların ekonomik hayata katılımı ve ekonomik güçlenmesi açısından sonuçlarını tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bir makroekonomik yaklaşım olarak benimsenmeksizin, yüksek işsizlik ve yoksullukla geçici mücadele araçları olarak farklı kapsamda ve içerikte uygulanan istihdam yaratma programları ise devletin makroekonomik politika ekseninde son istihdam mercii olarak bir istihdam garantörü olma rolünden daha sınırlı etki ve dönüşüm gücüne sahiptir. Bununla birlikte çalışmada ele alınan ABD, Güney Afrika, Hindistan ve Arjantin’de uygulanan kamu istihdam yaratma programlarının daha sınırlı kapsamda tasarlanmış haliyle dahi kadının ekonomik güçlenmesi üzerindeki etkileri ve programların cinsiyete duyarlı bir perspektifle tasarlanmasının yaratacağı fark dikkate değerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Afridi, F., Mukhopadhyay, A. &Sahoo, S. (2012). Female Labour Force Participation and Child Education in India: The Effect of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. Discussion Paper Series, No 6593, Almanya: IZA.
  • Antonopoulos, Rania & Kim, K. (2008). South Africa: Scaling up the Public Works Programme: A Social Sector Intervention Proposal. New York: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Research PROJECT No: 34.
  • Antonopoulos, Rania & Kim, K. (2011). Public Job Creation Programs: The Economic Benefits of Investing In Social Care, Case Studies in South Africa and the United States. New York: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper No: 671.
  • Dejardin Amelita K. (1996). Public Works Programmes, A Strategy for Poverty Alleviation: The Gender Dimension. Issues in Development Discussion Paper 10. Geneva: ILO.
  • Devereux, S. & Solomon, C. (2006). Employment Creation Programmes: The International Experience. Geneva: ILO.
  • EPWP (Expanded Public Works Programme). (2022). Expanded Public Works Programme Five Year Report 2004/05-2008/09. 25.08, 2022 tarihinde Public Works and Infrasturcuture-Republic of South Africa: http://www.epwp.gov.za/ adresinden alındı.
  • Forstater, M. (2004). Green Jobs: Addressing Critical Issues Surrounding Environment, Workplace and Employment. International Journal Environment, Workplace and Employment, 1 (1), 53-61.
  • Garzon de la Roza, G. (2006). Continued Struggle for Survival: How Plan Jefes y Jefas Affected Poor Women’s Lives in Greater Buenos Aires, 2002-2005. Georgetown University Development Management and Policy Program Collection.
  • Harvey, P. (1989). Securing the Right to Employment. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • İzdeş, Ö. (2014). Makro İstikrar Arayışında İnsanca Bir Alternatif: Tam İstihdam Garantisi. Almanak 2012-2013 Analizleri. (Ed. Serap Ozturk). İstanbul: Sosyal Araştırmalar Vakfı, 97-118.
  • Keynes, J.M. (1980). Activities 1940–46. Shaping the Post-War World: Employment and Commodities. Volume XXVII of Collected Works. (Ed. Moggridge). London, UK: Macmillan.
  • Keynes, J.M. (1991). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. New York: Harcourt. Khara, R. & Nayak, N. (2009). Women Workers and Perceptions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Economic and Political Weekly: Vol XLIV, No 43, 49-57.
  • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). (2005). MGNREGA Act. 20 08, 2022 tarihinde, MGNREGA-Ministry Of Rural Development, Government of India: https://nrega.nic.in/Nregahome/MGNREGA_new/Nrega_home.aspx adresinden alındı.
  • Manza, J. (2000). Political Sociological Models of the US New Deal. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 297-322. Minsky, H. P. (2008). Stabilizing An Unstable Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Mitchell, Willam F. (1998). The Buffer Stock Employment Model and the NAIRU: The Path to Full Employment. Journal of Economic Issues 32(2), 547–556.
  • Nayyer, R. (2002). The Contribution of Public Works and Other Labour-based Infrastructure to Poverty Alleviation: The Indian Experience. Issues in Employment and Poverty, Discussion Paper, 3. Geneva: ILO. Pankaj, A. & Tankha, R. (2010). Empowerment Effects of the NREGS On Women Workers: A Study In Four States. Economic and Political Weekly, XLV, No:43, 45-55.
  • Papadimitriou, Dimitri B., Forstater, M. & Wray, R. (1998). Toward Full Employment Without Inflation: The Job Opportunity Program. New York: The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Report 8(3), 5–8.
  • Plagerson, S., Hochfeld, T., & Stuart, L. (2019). Social Security and Gender Justice in South Africa: Policy Gaps and Opportunities. Journal of Social Policy, 48(2), 293-310.
  • Rose, Nancy E. (2009). Lessons from the New Deal Public Employment Programmes. Monthly Review, 61 (5), 21-32.
  • Skidelsky, R. (1994). John Maynard Keynes-The Economist As A Savior. Baskerville-ABD: Penguin Press.
  • Tanzarn, N. & Gutierrez, M. T. (2015). Public Works Programmes: A Strategy for Poverty Alleviation: the Gender Dimension Revisited in Employment Intensive Investment Programmes (EIIPs) in 30 Countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Geneva: ILO.
  • Tcherneva, P. (2012). What do poor women want? Public Employment or Cash Transfers? Lessons from Argentina. New York: Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No:705.
  • Tcherneva, P. (2014). Full Employment: The Road Not Taken. New York: Working Papers Levy Economics Insitute, No:789.
  • Tcherneva, P. & Wray, R. (2005). Is Argentina’s Jefes de Hogar an Employer of Last Resort Program?. New York: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, Working Paper 43.
  • Vaughan, A. (2016). Our Expanded Public Works Programme reflections on over a decade Pretoria: Department of Public Works, Government Printer.
  • Wray, R. (1998). Understanding Modern Money: The Key to Full Employment and Price Stability. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Wray, R. (2000). The Employer of Last Resort Approach to Full Employment. New York: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, Working Paper, No: 9.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Özge İzdeş 0000-0002-2012-2828

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İzdeş, Ö. (2022). Çalışma Hakkı ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği: İstihdam Yaratma Programları. Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 7(2), 23-40.

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