Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

PETROL, DOĞALGAZ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: AB ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 01.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.54860/beyder.1121374

Öz

Dünya ekonomisi çeşitli olağan dışı durumlarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Yaşanan finansal krizler, Covid-19 süreci dünya ekonomisinde sarsıcı etkiler yaratmaktadır. 24 Şubat 2022’de Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgali ile birlikte enerji sorunu, dünya ekonomisinin yeni gündemini oluşturmaktadır. Enerji, gelişmiş AB ülkeleri sanayisi için önem arz etmektedir. Enerjinin kesintisiz ve güvenli aktarımının sağlanabilmesi AB’nin bekası ve büyümesi için önemli bir unsur olarak görülmektedir. Hem bireysel kullanım hem de çeşitli sektörler tarafından sıklıkla tercih edilen petrol ve doğal gazın diğer enerji çeşitlerine göre farklı bir konumu bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada AB ülkelerinde 2000-2020 dönemi için petrol ve doğal gaz tüketimlerinin, ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki olası etkisi, panel veri analizi ile araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla iki farklı ekonometrik model kurulmuştur. Birinci modelde 26 AB ülkesi ele alınırken ikinci modelde 25 AB ülkesi ele alınmıştır. Her iki modelde de kontrol değişkenleri olarak; sabit sermaye yatırımları ve ihracat serileri kullanılmıştır. Birinci modelin amacı, petrol tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini saptamaktır. Birinci modele ilişkin bulgularda, petrol tüketimindeki bir artışın, ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif yönlü bir etki bıraktığı gözlemlenmiştir. İkinci modelin amacı ise doğal gaz tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki olası etkisini tespit etmektir. İkinci modelin bulgularında, doğal gaz tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etki bırakmadığı yer almaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ajmi, Ahdi N., Shawkat HA.MMOUDEH, Duc Khuong NGUYEN ve João Ricardo SATO; (2015), “On the relationships between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and income: The importance of time variation”, Energy Economics, 49, pp. 629-638.
  • Akıncı, M., Aktürk, E., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2012). Petrol Fiyatları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: OPEC ve Petrol İthalatçısı Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 1-17.
  • Aydın, F. (2010). Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 0(35), 317-340.
  • Belke, A., Dobnik, F., & Dreger, C. (2011). Energy consumption and economic growth: New insights into the cointegration relationship. Energy Economics, 33(5), 782-789.
  • Beşer, N.Ö. & Öztürk S. (2020). Petrol Fiyatlarinda Değişkenlik Ve İktisadi Büyüme: Petrol İthal Eden Ülkeler Üzerine Bir Analiz, Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 68-84.
  • Bildirici, M. E., & Bakırtaş, T. (2014). The Relationship Among Oil, Natural Gas And Coal Consumption And Economic Growth in BRICTS (Brazil, Russian, India, China, Turkey and South Africa) Countries. Energy, 65, 134-144.
  • Bilgili, Faik ve İlhan ÖZTÜRK; (2015), “Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: Evidence from dynamic panel data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews”, 49, pp. 132-138.
  • Bowden N. ve J. Payne (2009) “The causal relationship between U.S. energy consumption and real output A disaggregated analysis”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 31: 180-188.
  • Bozkurt, C. & Akan, Y. (2014). Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 Emisyonları ve Enerji Tüketimi: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Enerji Ekonomisi ve Politikası Dergisi , 4 (3) , 484-494 .
  • BOZOKLU, Şeref, Yılancı, Veli (2013), “Energy consumption and economic growth for selected OECD countries: Further evidence from the Granger causality test in the frequency domain”, Energy Policy, 63, pp. 877–881.
  • Costantini, Valeria, Chiara Martini; (2009), “The causality between energy consumption and economic growth: A multisectoral analysis using non-stationary cointegrated panel data”, Working Paper No: 102, Roma Tre Universita Degli Studi, 591-603.
  • Elüstü, S. (2021). Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Güvenliği: Enerji İthalatı Bağımlılığı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi . İstanbul İktisat Dergisi , 71 (1) , 133-162.
  • Esen, Ö. & Bayrak M. (2017). Does more energy consumption support economic growth in net energyimporting countries?, Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 22(42), 75-98.
  • Georgantopoulos, A. G. & Tsamis, A. D. (2011). The Relationship between Energy Consumption and GDP: A Causality Analysis on Balkan Countries, European Journal of Scientific Research, 61(3), 372-380.
  • Glasure, Y. U. (2002) “Energy and national income in Korea: further evidence on the role of omitted variables”, Energy Economics, 24: 355-365.
  • Hausman, J. (1978). Specification Test in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Investing, Brent Petrol Vadeli İşlemleri Geçmiş Verileri, [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2022, https://tr.investing.com/commodities/brent-oil-historical-data ].
  • Jammazi, Rania & Aloui, Chaker, 2015. "On the interplay between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emission nexus in the GCC countries: A comparative analysis through wavelet approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1737-1751.
  • Jebli, Mehdi, B., Slim B. Youssef, Öztürk, İlhan (2016), “Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries”, Ecological Indicators, 60, pp. 824-831.
  • Katırcıoğlu, Salih, Sami Fethi, Beton Kalmaz, Demet, Çağlar Dilber, Taşpınar, Nigar; (2014), “Energy consumption, international trade, and real income in the USA: An empirical investigation using conditional error correction models”, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 6, pp. 062701.
  • Kraft, J. ve A. Kraft (1978) “On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP” The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2): 401-403.
  • Lee, C. C. ve C. P. Chang (2008) “Energy consumption and economic growth in Asian economies: A more comprehensive analysis using panel data” Resource and Energy Economics, 30: 50–65.
  • Marques, A. C., Fuinhas, J. A. & Tomàs, C. (2019). Energy efficiency and sustainable growth in industrial sectors in European Union countries: A nonlinear ARDL approach, Journal of Cleaner Production, 239 (118045).
  • Nasreen, Samia, ve Sofia Anwar; (2014), “Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries”, Energy Policy, 69, pp. 82–91.
  • Nonejad, Mesud, Sarvoldin Fathi; (2014), “A survey of the causality relation between energy consumption and economic growth in Iran”, International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 1(1), pp. 15-27.
  • Omri, Anis ve Bassem Kahouli; (2014), “Causal relationships between energy consumption, foreign direct investment and economic growth: Fresh evidence from dynamic simultaneous-equations models”, Energy Policy, 67, pp. 913–922.
  • Ozturk, I., & Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus: Panel data analysis for GCC countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 998-1003.
  • Öztürk, İlhan ve Acaravcı, Ali (2010a), “The causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania: Evidence from ARDL bound testing approach”, Applied Energy, 87, pp. 1938-1943.
  • Öztürk, İlhan ve Acaravcı, Ali (2010b), “CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, pp. 3220-3225
  • Öztürk, İlhan, Alper Aslan ve Hüseyin Kalyoncu; (2010), “Energy consumption and economic growth relationship: Evidence from panel data for low and middle income countries”, Energy Policy, 38(8), pp. 4422 4428.
  • Örgün, B. O. & Pala, A. (2017). Enerji Tüketimi, Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: 28 Avrupa Birliği Ülkesi için Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi . Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar , (623) , 9-20 .
  • Pala, Aynur; (2016), “Which energy-growth hypothesis is valid in OECD countries? Evidence from panel Granger causality”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6 (1), pp. 28-34.
  • Pasten, Roberto, Rodrigo SAENS, Rodrigo Contreras MARIN; (2015), “Does energy use cause economic growth in Latin America?”, Applied Economics Letters, 22(17), pp. 1399- 1403.
  • Peseran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pirlogea, C. & Cicea, C. (2012). Econometric perspective of the energy consumption and economic growth relation in European Union, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(8), 5718-5726.
  • Salahuddin, Mohammad, Jeff GOW; (2014), Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council countries, Energy, 73, pp. 44-58.
  • Shakeel, M., Iqbal, M. M., & Majeed, M. T. (2014). Energy consumption, trade and GDP: A case study of South Asian countries. The Pakistan Development Review, 461-476.
  • Sıddique, Hafız Muhammad Abubakar, M. Tarik MAJEED; (2015), “Energy consumption, economic growth, trade and financial development nexus in South Asia”, Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 9 (2), pp. 658-682.
  • Smith, Z. A. (1994) The Environmental Policy Paradox, Prentice Hall, Second Edition, New Jersey.
  • Soytas, U., Sari, R., (2003) “Energy consumption and GDP: causality relationship in G7 countries and emerging markets” Energy Economics 25 (1), 33–37.
  • Soytas, Uğur ve Ramazan, SARI; (2006), “Energy consumption and income in G-7 countries”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 28(7), pp. 739-750.
  • Streimikiene, D. & Kasperowicz. (2016) R. Review of Economic Growth and Energy Consumption: A Panel Cointegration Analysis for EU Countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1545-1549.
  • Şentürk, İsmail. (2012). Kaynaklarına göre enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeye etkileri,1-187.
  • Ucan, Okyay, Ebru ARICIOĞLU ve Fatih YÜCEL; (2014), “Energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from developed countries in Europe”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), pp. 411-419.
  • Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı, Dünya Enerji İstatistikleri, 2010 [ Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2010 ].
  • Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı, Dünya Enerji İstatistikleri, 2020 [ Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2022, World Energy Outlook 2020 – Analysis - IEA ].
  • Yenilmez, F. & Erdem, M. S. (2018). Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği’nde Ekonomik Büyüme ile Enerji Tüketimi Arasındaki İlişki: Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi . Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi , 19 (1), 71-95.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları
  • Yıldırım, Ertuğrul ve Alper ASLAN; (2012), “Energy consumption and economic growth nexus for 17 highly developed OECD countries: further evidence based on bootstrap-corrected causality tests”, Energy Policy, 51, pp. 985-993
  • Yılgör, M. , Öndes, H. & Demir, A. (2018). Petrol Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Panel Veri Analizi: AB Ülkeleri Ve Türkiye Örneği . Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi , Cilt: 6 Sayı: ICEESS’ 18 , 341-348.
  • Yu, E. S. H. ve J. Y. Choi (1985) “The Causal Relationship Between Energy and GNP: An International Comparison” The Journal of Energy and Development 10(2): 249-272.
  • Yuan, Jiahai, Yan XU ve Xingping ZHANG; (2014), “Income Growth, Energy Consumption, and Carbon Emissions: The Case of China”, Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50 (5), pp. 169–181.
  • Zachariadis, Theodoros; (2007), “Exploring the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth with bivariate models: New evidence from G-7 countries”, Energy Economics, 29, pp. 1233-1253.
  • Zou, G. and Chau, K.W. (2006) Short- and Long-Run Effects between Oil Consumption and Economic Growth in China. Energy Policy, 34, 3644-3655.

OIL, NATURAL GAS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE CASE OF THE EU

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 01.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.54860/beyder.1121374

Öz

The world economy is faced with various extraordinary situations. The financial crises experienced and the covid-19 process create shocking effects on the world economy. With the invasion of Ukraine by Russia on February 24, 2022, the energy problem is the new agenda of the world economy. Energy is of great importance for the industry of developed EU countries. Ensuring the uninterrupted and secure transfer of energy is seen as an important element for the survival and growth of the EU. Oil and natural gas, which is frequently preferred by both individual use and various sectors, has a different position compared to other types of energy. In this study, the possible effect of oil and natural gas consumptions on economic growth in EU countries for the period 2000-2020 was investigated by panel data analysis. For this purpose, two different econometric models were established. In the first model, 26 EU countries, and in the second model, 25 EU countries are considered. As control variables in both models; fixed capital investments and export series are used. The aim of the first model is to determine the effect of oil consumption on economic growth. In the findings of the first model, it has been observed that an increase in oil consumption has a positive effect on economic growth. The purpose of the second model is to determine the possible effect of natural gas consumption on economic growth. The findings of the second model show that natural gas consumption does not have a statistically significant effect on economic growth.

Kaynakça

  • Ajmi, Ahdi N., Shawkat HA.MMOUDEH, Duc Khuong NGUYEN ve João Ricardo SATO; (2015), “On the relationships between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and income: The importance of time variation”, Energy Economics, 49, pp. 629-638.
  • Akıncı, M., Aktürk, E., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2012). Petrol Fiyatları İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: OPEC ve Petrol İthalatçısı Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 1-17.
  • Aydın, F. (2010). Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 0(35), 317-340.
  • Belke, A., Dobnik, F., & Dreger, C. (2011). Energy consumption and economic growth: New insights into the cointegration relationship. Energy Economics, 33(5), 782-789.
  • Beşer, N.Ö. & Öztürk S. (2020). Petrol Fiyatlarinda Değişkenlik Ve İktisadi Büyüme: Petrol İthal Eden Ülkeler Üzerine Bir Analiz, Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 68-84.
  • Bildirici, M. E., & Bakırtaş, T. (2014). The Relationship Among Oil, Natural Gas And Coal Consumption And Economic Growth in BRICTS (Brazil, Russian, India, China, Turkey and South Africa) Countries. Energy, 65, 134-144.
  • Bilgili, Faik ve İlhan ÖZTÜRK; (2015), “Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: Evidence from dynamic panel data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews”, 49, pp. 132-138.
  • Bowden N. ve J. Payne (2009) “The causal relationship between U.S. energy consumption and real output A disaggregated analysis”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 31: 180-188.
  • Bozkurt, C. & Akan, Y. (2014). Ekonomik Büyüme, CO2 Emisyonları ve Enerji Tüketimi: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Enerji Ekonomisi ve Politikası Dergisi , 4 (3) , 484-494 .
  • BOZOKLU, Şeref, Yılancı, Veli (2013), “Energy consumption and economic growth for selected OECD countries: Further evidence from the Granger causality test in the frequency domain”, Energy Policy, 63, pp. 877–881.
  • Costantini, Valeria, Chiara Martini; (2009), “The causality between energy consumption and economic growth: A multisectoral analysis using non-stationary cointegrated panel data”, Working Paper No: 102, Roma Tre Universita Degli Studi, 591-603.
  • Elüstü, S. (2021). Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Güvenliği: Enerji İthalatı Bağımlılığı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi . İstanbul İktisat Dergisi , 71 (1) , 133-162.
  • Esen, Ö. & Bayrak M. (2017). Does more energy consumption support economic growth in net energyimporting countries?, Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 22(42), 75-98.
  • Georgantopoulos, A. G. & Tsamis, A. D. (2011). The Relationship between Energy Consumption and GDP: A Causality Analysis on Balkan Countries, European Journal of Scientific Research, 61(3), 372-380.
  • Glasure, Y. U. (2002) “Energy and national income in Korea: further evidence on the role of omitted variables”, Energy Economics, 24: 355-365.
  • Hausman, J. (1978). Specification Test in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Investing, Brent Petrol Vadeli İşlemleri Geçmiş Verileri, [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2022, https://tr.investing.com/commodities/brent-oil-historical-data ].
  • Jammazi, Rania & Aloui, Chaker, 2015. "On the interplay between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emission nexus in the GCC countries: A comparative analysis through wavelet approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1737-1751.
  • Jebli, Mehdi, B., Slim B. Youssef, Öztürk, İlhan (2016), “Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries”, Ecological Indicators, 60, pp. 824-831.
  • Katırcıoğlu, Salih, Sami Fethi, Beton Kalmaz, Demet, Çağlar Dilber, Taşpınar, Nigar; (2014), “Energy consumption, international trade, and real income in the USA: An empirical investigation using conditional error correction models”, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 6, pp. 062701.
  • Kraft, J. ve A. Kraft (1978) “On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP” The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2): 401-403.
  • Lee, C. C. ve C. P. Chang (2008) “Energy consumption and economic growth in Asian economies: A more comprehensive analysis using panel data” Resource and Energy Economics, 30: 50–65.
  • Marques, A. C., Fuinhas, J. A. & Tomàs, C. (2019). Energy efficiency and sustainable growth in industrial sectors in European Union countries: A nonlinear ARDL approach, Journal of Cleaner Production, 239 (118045).
  • Nasreen, Samia, ve Sofia Anwar; (2014), “Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries”, Energy Policy, 69, pp. 82–91.
  • Nonejad, Mesud, Sarvoldin Fathi; (2014), “A survey of the causality relation between energy consumption and economic growth in Iran”, International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 1(1), pp. 15-27.
  • Omri, Anis ve Bassem Kahouli; (2014), “Causal relationships between energy consumption, foreign direct investment and economic growth: Fresh evidence from dynamic simultaneous-equations models”, Energy Policy, 67, pp. 913–922.
  • Ozturk, I., & Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus: Panel data analysis for GCC countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 998-1003.
  • Öztürk, İlhan ve Acaravcı, Ali (2010a), “The causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania: Evidence from ARDL bound testing approach”, Applied Energy, 87, pp. 1938-1943.
  • Öztürk, İlhan ve Acaravcı, Ali (2010b), “CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, pp. 3220-3225
  • Öztürk, İlhan, Alper Aslan ve Hüseyin Kalyoncu; (2010), “Energy consumption and economic growth relationship: Evidence from panel data for low and middle income countries”, Energy Policy, 38(8), pp. 4422 4428.
  • Örgün, B. O. & Pala, A. (2017). Enerji Tüketimi, Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: 28 Avrupa Birliği Ülkesi için Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi . Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar , (623) , 9-20 .
  • Pala, Aynur; (2016), “Which energy-growth hypothesis is valid in OECD countries? Evidence from panel Granger causality”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6 (1), pp. 28-34.
  • Pasten, Roberto, Rodrigo SAENS, Rodrigo Contreras MARIN; (2015), “Does energy use cause economic growth in Latin America?”, Applied Economics Letters, 22(17), pp. 1399- 1403.
  • Peseran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pirlogea, C. & Cicea, C. (2012). Econometric perspective of the energy consumption and economic growth relation in European Union, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(8), 5718-5726.
  • Salahuddin, Mohammad, Jeff GOW; (2014), Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Gulf Cooperation Council countries, Energy, 73, pp. 44-58.
  • Shakeel, M., Iqbal, M. M., & Majeed, M. T. (2014). Energy consumption, trade and GDP: A case study of South Asian countries. The Pakistan Development Review, 461-476.
  • Sıddique, Hafız Muhammad Abubakar, M. Tarik MAJEED; (2015), “Energy consumption, economic growth, trade and financial development nexus in South Asia”, Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 9 (2), pp. 658-682.
  • Smith, Z. A. (1994) The Environmental Policy Paradox, Prentice Hall, Second Edition, New Jersey.
  • Soytas, U., Sari, R., (2003) “Energy consumption and GDP: causality relationship in G7 countries and emerging markets” Energy Economics 25 (1), 33–37.
  • Soytas, Uğur ve Ramazan, SARI; (2006), “Energy consumption and income in G-7 countries”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 28(7), pp. 739-750.
  • Streimikiene, D. & Kasperowicz. (2016) R. Review of Economic Growth and Energy Consumption: A Panel Cointegration Analysis for EU Countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1545-1549.
  • Şentürk, İsmail. (2012). Kaynaklarına göre enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeye etkileri,1-187.
  • Ucan, Okyay, Ebru ARICIOĞLU ve Fatih YÜCEL; (2014), “Energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from developed countries in Europe”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), pp. 411-419.
  • Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı, Dünya Enerji İstatistikleri, 2010 [ Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2010 ].
  • Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı, Dünya Enerji İstatistikleri, 2020 [ Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2022, World Energy Outlook 2020 – Analysis - IEA ].
  • Yenilmez, F. & Erdem, M. S. (2018). Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği’nde Ekonomik Büyüme ile Enerji Tüketimi Arasındaki İlişki: Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi . Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi , 19 (1), 71-95.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları
  • Yıldırım, Ertuğrul ve Alper ASLAN; (2012), “Energy consumption and economic growth nexus for 17 highly developed OECD countries: further evidence based on bootstrap-corrected causality tests”, Energy Policy, 51, pp. 985-993
  • Yılgör, M. , Öndes, H. & Demir, A. (2018). Petrol Tüketiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Panel Veri Analizi: AB Ülkeleri Ve Türkiye Örneği . Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi , Cilt: 6 Sayı: ICEESS’ 18 , 341-348.
  • Yu, E. S. H. ve J. Y. Choi (1985) “The Causal Relationship Between Energy and GNP: An International Comparison” The Journal of Energy and Development 10(2): 249-272.
  • Yuan, Jiahai, Yan XU ve Xingping ZHANG; (2014), “Income Growth, Energy Consumption, and Carbon Emissions: The Case of China”, Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50 (5), pp. 169–181.
  • Zachariadis, Theodoros; (2007), “Exploring the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth with bivariate models: New evidence from G-7 countries”, Energy Economics, 29, pp. 1233-1253.
  • Zou, G. and Chau, K.W. (2006) Short- and Long-Run Effects between Oil Consumption and Economic Growth in China. Energy Policy, 34, 3644-3655.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yüksel Okşak 0000-0001-8794-4597

Tufan Sarıtaş 0000-0003-1728-2377

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Okşak, Y., & Sarıtaş, T. (2022). PETROL, DOĞALGAZ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME: AB ÖRNEĞİ. Bilgi Ekonomisi Ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 17(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.54860/beyder.1121374