METAVERSE’ÜN HUKUK SİSTEMLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ MUHTEMEL ETKİLERİ VE GLOBAL METAVERSE PAZARI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 197 - 208, 31.12.2022

Gökçen Yücel Mustafa Aykut

https://doi.org/10.54860/beyder.1203513

Öz

Metaverse kelime olarak öte-evren anlamına gelmektedir. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler internette web 1.0’dan web 4.0’a doğru evrimini sürdürürken içinde bulunduğumuz gerçek dünyanın sınırlarını ortadan kaldıran ve bireyler ne zaman, nerede, nasıl ve kim olmak istiyorsa buna olanak veren sanal bir dünyanın kapıları Metaverse ile aralanmıştır. Söz konusu sanal dünya içerisinde çalışılabilmekte, ticaret yapılabilmekte ve sosyal aktiviteler gerçekleştirilebilmekte, fiziki dünyada yapılan hemen her şey simülasyon yöntemleriyle taklit edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle web 1.0’dan web 4.0’a farklı aşamalardan geçen internetin son otuz yıldaki gelişimi sonucunda ortaya çıkan Metaverse’ün insanlara vaat ettikleri, Metaverse’te hukuki kişilik kavramı, vergilendirme, iş hukuku, hukuki ve cezai uyuşmazlıklar incelenecektir. Geçmiş tecrübeler göstermektedir ki; hukuk doğası gereği teknolojik gelişmeleri takip etmek suretiyle teknolojinin sosyal yaşamda sebep olduğu yıkıcı etkileri sınırlandırmak ve oluşabilecek muhtemel boşlukları doldurmak üzere değişime uğramaktadır. Bu çalışma içerisinde de yıkıcı bir teknoloji olan Metaverse’ün günümüz hukuk sistemleri üzerinde ortaya çıkartabileceği muhtemel değişimler inceleme konusu yapılmaktadır. Son olarak global Metaverse pazarından büyük payı alması beklenen ülkelerin hangileri olacağı ve bu ülkeler ile teknoloji devi şirketlerin karşısında yer alan diğer ülkelerin alabileceği teknik ve hukuki tedbirler hususunda değerlendirmelerde bulunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Metaverse, Web 4.0, NFT, Hukuki Kişilik, Elektronik Kişi, Vergilendirme, İş Hukuku, Hukuki Uyuşmazlık, Cezai Uyuşmazlık, Sanal Mahkeme, Sanal Savcılık, Metaverse Pazarı

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF METAVERSE ON LEGAL SYSTEMS AND THE GLOBAL METAVERSE MARKET

Öz

Metaverse literally means beyond-universe. As developments in information and communication technologies continue to evolve from web 1.0 to web 4.0 through different phases on the Internet, the doors of a virtual world that removes the boundaries of the real world we live in and allows individuals to be whenever, wherever, how and whoever they want have been opened with the Metaverse. It is possible to work, trade and perform social activities in this virtual world and almost everything done in the physical world can be emulated by simulation methods. In this study, first of all, what Metaverse that emerged as a result of the development of the Internet from web 1.0 to web 4.0 in the last thirty years promises to people, the concept of legal personality in Metaverse, taxation, labor law, legal and criminal disputes will be examined. Past experiences show that; law, by its nature, undergoes changes in order to limit the destructive effects of technology in social life and to fill the possible gaps by following the technological developments. In this study, the possible changes that the Metaverse, which is a destructive technology, can reveal on today's legal systems are examined. Finally, evaluations are made about which countries are expected to take a large share from the global Metaverse market. In addition, technical and legal measures that other countries can take against these countries and technology giant companies are evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Web 4.0, Metaverse, NFT, Legal Person, Electronic Person, Taxation, Labor Law, Legal Dispute, Criminal Dispute, Virtual Court, Virtual Prosecutor's Office, Metaverse Market

Kaynakça

• ABUSAİMEH Hesham, Yusra Alshareef, “Detecting the Phishing Website with the Highest Accuracy”, TEM Journal, Volume 10, Issue 2 (2021), ss. 947-953. AĞIR Hüseyin, KARA Mehmet Akif, “Girişimcilik ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Siyaset Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, C. V, S. 2 (2017), ss. 213-227.
• AKDERE Mesut, JİANG Yeling, LOBO Flavio Destri, “Evaluation and assessment of virtual reality-based simulated training: exploring the human– technology frontier”, European Journal of Training and Development, Volume 46, No. 5/6 (2022), ss. 434-449. AKKUS Hilmi Tunahan, GURSOY Samet, DOGAN Mesut, DEMİR Ahmet Burak, “Metaverse and Metaverse Cryptocurrencıes (Meta Coins): Bubbles or Future?”, Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting (JEFA), Volume 9, Issue 1 (2022), ss. 22-29. ALTINDAL Hasan, ARSLAN Yunus Enes, “Türk Hukukunda Dijital Miras: Karşılaşılan Sorunlar Ve Uluslararası Uygulamalar Çerçevesinde Bazı Çözüm Önerileri”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XXV, S. 1 (2021), ss. 313-351.
• ALTINER Ali, BOZKURT Eda, TOKTAŞ Yılmaz, “The Effect of Economic Globalization on Unemployment in Emerging Market Economies”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, C. XXII, Özel Sayı (2018), ss. 1763-1783.
• Anayasa Mahkemesi, T.23.03.2004, E.2001/119, K.2004/37, http://www.kazanci.com, ( 01.10.2022).
• ARAI Kohei, The Growing Need for Metaverse Regulation-Intelligent Systems and Applications (IntelliSys) Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Volume 544, Springer, 2022.
• ATEŞ Hamza, YAVUZ Öznur, “Elektronik Devletten Mobil Devlete Geçiş: Fırsatlar, Tehditler Ve Uygulama Örnekleri”, BEYDER, C. XVI, S. 2 (2019), ss. 155-177.
• AYBAS Meryem, ACAR Ahmet Cevat, “The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Employees’ Work Engagement and the Mediating and Moderating Role of Positive Psychological Capital”, International Review of Management and Marketing, Volume 7, Issue 1 (2017), ss. 363-372.
• BAMAKAN Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini, NEZHADSİSTANİ Nasim, BODAGHİ Omid, QU Qiang, “Patents and intellectual property assets as non‑fungible tokens; key technologies and challenges”, Scientifc Reports, 12:2178 (2022), ss. 1-13.
• BRENNAN Tim, DİETERİCH William, EHRET Beate, “Evaluating The Predictive Validity of The Compas Risk and Needs Assessment System”, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 36, No.1 (2009), ss. 21-40.
• CHARLES Lorraine, XIA Shuting, COUTTS Adam P., “Digitalization and Employment”, International Labour Organization Review (2022), ss. 1-53.
• CHEONG Ben Chester, “Avatars in the metaverse: potential legal issues and remedies”, International Cybersecurity Law Review, Issue: Preprints p1-28 (2022), ss. 1-28.
• CHOİ Sangsu, YOON Kajoong, KİM Miae, YOO Jintak, LEE Bonghyeon, SONG Inho, WOO Jungyub, “Building Korean DMZ Metaverse Using a Web-Based Metaverse Platform”, Applied Science, 12(15), 2022, ss. 1-20.
• CORNELİUS Kai, HERMANN Dieter, Virtiual Worlds and Criminality, London-New York: Springer, 2011.
• Council of the Europen Union, “Metaverse-Virtiual World, Real Challenges”, Analysis and Research Team (2022), ss. 1-15.
• Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA), https://www.mti.gov.sg/Trade/Digital-Economy-Agreements/The-Digital-Economy-Partnership-Agreement, (21.09.2022).
• Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA), https://www.mti.gov.sg/-/media/MTI/Microsites/DEAs/Digital-Economy-Partnership-Agreement/Digital-Economy-Partnership-Agreement.pdf, (21.09.2022).
• EMİR Asiye Şahin, “İş Sözleşmesinde Yer Alan Tahkim (Özel Hakem) Şartının Geçerlilik Sorunu”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XXII, S. 2 (2020), ss. 905-946.
• EŞİTLİ Ezgi Aygün, “Suçların Ve Cezaların Kanuniliği İlkesi”, TBB Dergisi, 104 (2013), ss 225-246. European Parliament, “Metaverse Opportunities, risks and policy implications”, European Parliamentary Research Service (2022), ss. 1-12.
• FLORİDİ Luciano, “Metaverse: a Matter of Experience”, Philosophy & Technology, Vol- 35, Issue-3 (2022), ss. 1-7.
• HİREMATH Banesh, KENCHAKKANAVAR Anand Y., “An Alteration of the Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0: A Comparative Study”, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), Vol-2, Issue-4 (2016), ss. 705-710. KANGAL Zeynel T., Yapay Zeka ve Ceza Hukuku, 1.b., İstanbul: On iki levha Yayıncılık, 2021.
• KELLY Jemima, “AI-driven justice may be better than none at all”, Financial Times, 2022, AI-driven justice may be better than none at all | Financial Times (ft.com), (01.10.2022).
• KILINÇ Doğan, “5651 Sayılı İnternet Ortamında Yapılan Yayınların Düzenlenmesi ve Bu Yayınlar Yoluyla İşlenen Suçlarla Mücadele Edilmesi Hakkında Kanun’un 9/A Maddesi Çerçevesinde Özel Hayatın Korunması”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XX, S. 2 (2016), ss. 577-623.
• KOSTENKO Oleksii, “Electronic Jurisdiction, Metaverse, Artifıcial Intelligence, Digital Personality, Digıtal Avatar, Neural Networks: Theory, Practice, Perspective”, RS Global Journals, 1(73) (2022), ss. 1-13. KÖKEN Enes, “Yapay Zekanın Cezai Sorumluluğu”, TAAD, S. 47 (2021), ss. 247-286. MORTON Elizabeth F., CURRAN Michael F., “Understanding Non-Fungible Tokens and the Income Tax Consequences”, Working Paper (2022), ss. 1-31. Newzoo, “The Metaverse, Blockchain Gaming, and NFTs: Navigating the Internet’s Uncharted Waters”, New Trend Report, 2022. O’MALLEY James, “NFTs: What’s the point?”, PC Pro, Issue 331 (2022), ss. 32-35.
• PİNTO-GUTİÉRREZ Christian, GAİTÁN Sandra, JARAMİLLO Diego, VELASQUEZ Simón, “The NFT Hype: What Draws Attention to Non-Fungible Tokens”, Mathematics, 10(3), 335 (2022), ss. 1-13.
• SOLANKİ Manishkumar R, DONGAONKAR Abhijit, “A Journey of Human Comfort: Web 1.0 to Web 4.0”, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), Vol-3, Issue-6 (2016), ss. 75-78. STEPHENSON Neal, Çev. Sibel HACIOĞLU, Parazit / Snowcrash, 1.b., İstanbul: Altıkırkbeş Yayıncılık, 2016. ŞAHİN Işıl F. Orkunoğlu, ÇİFTÇİ Taha Emre, “Metaverse’de Gerçekleştirilen İşlemlerin Vergilendirilmesi”, Fiscaoeconomia, Volume 6, Issue 2 (2022), ss. 677-698. TARMAN Zeynep Derya, “Yabancılık Unsuru Taşıyan İş Sözleşmelerine Uygulanacak Hukuk”, AUHFD, 59 (3) (2010), ss. 521-550.
• https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/oct/28/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-meta-metaverse, (05.09.2022).
• https://cryptorating.eu/whitepapers/Metaverse/Metaverse-white-paper-v2.1-EN.pdf, (05.09.2022).
• https://www.thedrum.com/news/2022/01/17/5-brands-already-boldly-embracing-the-metaverse, (05.09.2022).
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uImQAmYABY, (06.09.2022).
• https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/621926/IPOL_STU(2020)621926_EN.pdf, (06.09.2022).
• https://www.thedrum.com/news/2022/01/17/5-brands-already-boldly-embracing-the-metaverse, (17.09.2022).
• https://www.avalara.com/blog/en/north-america/2022/01/taxing-the-metaverse-the-basics.html, (17.09.2022).
• https://socialeurope.eu/the-metaverse-is-a-labour-issue, (17.09.2022).
• https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3160997/chinese-scientists-develop-ai-prosecutor-can-press-its-own, (18.09.2022).
• https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/metaverse-market/, (19.09.2022).
• https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkp47y/metaverse-company-to-offer-immortality-through-live-forever-mode, (18.09.2022).
• Watch Investing in the 'Metaverse' - Bloomberg, (18.09.2022).
• Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaverse, (28.09.2022). Yerli ve milli metaverse platformu gözünü dünyaya dikti (aa.com.tr), (29.12.2022).