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The Effect of Unemployment on Health in Turkey: An Empirical Analysis

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 117 - 144, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.749623

Öz

Although the unfavorable effects of unemployment on health are known, their dimensions cannot be fully revealed by researchers. The main problem may be due to the healthy labor supply and the social factors being effective in the interaction between unemployment and health. Social class, poverty, age, income level and housing differences can be listed as social factors. While social factors indirectly affect the relationship between unemployment and health, unemployment and health affect each other directly. While some health problems (depression, anxiety, suicide, deaths due to lung cancer, malnutrition, lack of access to health services) are inevitable for those who lose their jobs, unhealthy workforce is likely to have negative effects on economic growth. In this study, unemployment and health data were used in the period of 1988-2018 for Turkey and time series analysis was done. Health is proxied by life expectancy, financial development is proxied by the share of domestic loans in GDP, inflation is proxied by CPI, economic growth is proxied by GDP and unemployment is proxied by the share of total labor force. According to the results obtained from the study, one-way causality relationship was determined from unemployment, financial development and inflation to life expectancy in the long term. In addition, mutual causality was observed between economic growth and health in the long term. In the short term, there are one-way causations from economic growth to health and from health to financial development. These results prove that long-term unemployment is an important cause of health. Therefore, policy makers are advised to support unemployed people in terms of economic, social and health, in addition to reducing unemployment.

Kaynakça

  • Ahn, N., Garcia, J. R., & Jimeno, J. F. (2004). The ımpact of unemployment on individual well-being in the EU. NEPRI Working Paper, 29, 1-19. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/110596/WP%20029.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi; 16.05.2020]
  • Ahs, A., & Westerling, R. (2006). Mortality in relation to employment status during different levels of unemployment. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 34(2), 159-167. DOI: 10.1080/14034940510032374
  • Bağcı, E., & Börü, M.K. (2018). Ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye’de ekonometrik bir analiz. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 22(4), 890-897.
  • Bartley, M., & Plewis, I. (2002). Accumulated labor market disadvantage an0d limiting long-term illness: Data from the 1971-1991 Office for National Statistics’ Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(2), 336-41.
  • Björklund, A., & Eriksson, T. (1998). Unemployment and mental health: Evidence from research in the Nordic countries. International Journal of Social Welfare, 7(3), 219-235. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2397.1998.tb00286.
  • Brenner, M. H., & Mooney, A. (1983). Unemployment and health in the context of economic change. Social Science & Medicine, 17(16), 1125-1138.
  • Brydsten, A., Hammarström, A., Strandh, M., & Johansson, K. (2015). Youth unemployment and functional somatic symptoms in adulthood: results from the northern Swedish cohort. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 796–800.
  • Clark, A., & Oswald, A. (1994). Unhappiness and unemployment, The Economic Journal, 104, 648-659. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4889731_Unhappiness_and_Unemployment [Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020]
  • Currie, J., & Madrian, B.C. (1999). Health, health insurance and the labor market. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, Part C, 3309-3416.
  • Çetin, M., & Ecevit, E. (2010). Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir panel regresyon analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 166-182.
  • Dorling, D. (2009). Unemployment and health. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24194011_Unemployment_and_Health, [Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020]
  • Engle, R.F., & Granger, C.W.J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236, [Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2020]
  • Ertekin, S. M., Betül, D. Y., & Kırca, M. (2016). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme ve işsizliğin bebek ölümlerine etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 7(17), 123-140. DOI: 10.17823/gusb.322.
  • Gaspar, K., (2009). The relationship between unemployment and health. http://econ.core.hu/file/download/szirak11/gaspar.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2020]
  • Gerdthama, Ulf-G., & Johannesson, M. (2002). A note on the effect of unemployment on mortality. Journal of Health Economics, 22(2003), 505–518. www2.nefec.org/files/groups /25/files/gerdtham%202003.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi; 14.08.2019].
  • Gordo, L.R. (2006). Effects of short- and long-term unemployment on health satisfaction: evidence from German data. Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, 38(20), 2335-2350.
  • Güleryüz E. H., & Köse, T. (2017). İşsizlik ve sağlık göstergeleri: Türkiye örneği. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(633),27-39.
  • Holland, K. (2012). Effects of unemployment on health and mental healthbased on gender, https://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/38/,[Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020].
  • Iversen, L., Andersen, O., Andersen, PK., Christoffersen, K., & Keiding N. (1987). Unemployment and mortality in Denmark, 1970-80. BMJ, 295, 879-884.
  • Iversen, L. (1989). Unemployment and mortality. Stress medicine, 5(2), 85-92.
  • Jin, R., Chandrakant, P. S., & Tomislav, J. S. (1995). The impact of unemployment on health: a review of the evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 153(5), 529-40.
  • Kesbiç, C. Y., & Salman, G. (2018). Türkiye’de sağlık harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin tespiti: 1980-2014 VAR model analizi. Finans, Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 639,163-180.
  • Kriegbaum, M., Ulla, C., Merete, O., & Rikke, L. (2010). Excessive drinking and history of unemployment and cohabitation in Danish men born in 1953. European Journal of Public Health, 21(4), 444–448.
  • Lavis, J. N. (1998). Unemployment and mortality: a longitudinal study in the United States, 1968-1992. www.researchgate.net/publication/7567302_A_note_on_the_effect_of_ unemployment _on_mortality. [Erişim tarihi: 02.05.2020].
  • Levine, L. (2013). Economic growth and the unemployment rate, Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42063.pdf,[Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020]
  • Lundin, A. (2011). Unemployment and mortality and morbidty. From The Department Of Publıc Health Scıences Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, https://openarchive.ki.se /xmlui/ bitstream/handle/10616/40759/Thesis_Andreas_Lundin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, [Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2020].
  • Martikainen, P. T. (1990). Unemployment and mortality among finnish men (1981-1985). British Medical Journal, 301, 407-411.
  • Martikainen, P. T., & Valkonen, T. (1996). Excess mortality of unemployment men and women during a period of rapidly incrasing unemployment. The Lancet, 348(9032), DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03291-6.
  • Martikainen, P., Maki, N., & Jantti, M. (2007). The effects of unemployment on mortality following workplace downsizing and workplace closure: A register-based follow-up study of finnish men and women during economic boom and recession. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(9),1070-1075.
  • Mckee-Ryan, F., Zhaoli, S., Connie, R. W., & Angole, J. K. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: a meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 53-79.
  • Moller, H. (2012). Health effects of unemployment. www.wirralintelligenceservice.org/media/ 1086/unemployment-2-sept-12.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi. 02.05.2020].
  • Monsef, A., & Mehrjardi, A.S. (2018). Effect of unemployment on health capital. Iranian Economic Review, 22(4), 1016-1033.
  • Morris, J.K., Cook, D.G., & Shaper, A.G. (1992). Non-employment and changes in smoking, drinking and body weight. BMJ, 304,536-541.
  • Moser, K. A., Fox, A.J., & Jones, D.R. (1984). Unemployment and mortality in the OPCS Longitudinal Study. The Lancet, 8415(324), 1324-1329.
  • Moser, K.A., Fox, A.J., Jones, D.R., & Goldblatt, P. O. (1986). Unemployment and mortality: further evidence from the OPCS longitudinal study. British Medical Journal, 294, 86-90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1245095/pdf/bmjcred00002-0016.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020].
  • Nazlioglu, S., Kayhan, S., & Adiguzel, U. (2014). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Turkey: cointegration, linear and nonlinear granger causality. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 9(4), 315-324.
  • Ng, S., & Perron, P. (2001). Lag lenght selection and the construction of unit root tests with good size and power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1519-1554.
  • Norström, F., Virtanen, P., Hammarström, A., Gustafsson, P., & Janlert, U. (2014). How does unemployment affect self-assessed health? A systematic review focusing on subgroup effects. BMC Public Health, 14(1),1-13. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1310, [Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2020].
  • Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951679.
  • Paul, K. I., & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 264-282.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of long run relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/jae.616. [Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2020].
  • Phillips, P.C.B., & Hansen, B.E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies,57(1), 99-125.
  • Stock, J.H., & Watson, M.W. (1993). A simple estimator for cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 4, 783-820.
  • Strandh, M.,Hammarstro, A., Nilsson, K., Mikael Nordenmark, M., & Russel, H. (2012). Unemployment, gender and mental health: the role of the gender regime. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(5), ISSN 0141–9889,649–665
  • Toffolutti, V., & Suhrcke, M. (2014). Assessing the short term health impact of the Great Recession in the European Union: A cross-country panel analysis. Preventive Medicine,64. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed,2014.03.028.
  • TÜİK, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do, [Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2020].
  • Wilson, H., & Walker, M. (1993). Unemployment and health: A review. Public Health, 107(3),153-162.
  • Winkelmann, L., & Winkelmann, R. (1995). Unemployment: Where does it hurt?. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6ef2/6d029cffa4c92eb055bd796e60942d179141.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020].
  • World Bank. (2020). World Development Indicators Database, https://data.worldbank.org, [Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020].
  • Zagozdzon, P., Parszuto,J., Wrotkowska, M., & Dydjow-Bnedek, D. (2008). Effect of unemployment on cardiovascular risk factors and mental health. Occupational Medicine, 64(6). DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqu044.

Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Sağlık Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 117 - 144, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.749623

Öz

İşsizliğin sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri bilinmesine rağmen bunların boyutları araştırmacılar tarafından tam olarak ortaya konulamamaktadır. Temel sorun, sağlıklı işgücü arzı ve işsizlik ile sağlık arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimde sosyal faktörlerin etkili olmasından kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Sosyal sınıf, yoksulluk, yaş, gelir düzeyi ve konut farklılıkları sosyal faktörler olarak sıralanabilir. Sosyal faktörler, işsizlik ve sağlık arasındaki ilişkiyi dolaylı olarak etkilerken işsizlik ve sağlık karşılıklı olarak birbirlerini doğrudan etkilemektedirler. İşlerini kaybedenlerin bir takım sağlık sorunlarının ortaya çıkması (depresyon, kaygı, intihar, akciğer kanserine bağlı ölümler, yetersiz beslenme, sağlık hizmetlerine erişememe) kaçınılmaz iken sağlıksız işgücünün de ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumsuz etkilerinin olması muhtemeldir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye için 1988-2018 dönemine ait işsizlik ve sağlık verilerinden yararlanılmıştır ve zaman serisi analizi yapılmıştır. Sağlığı temsilen doğuşta yaşam beklentisi, finansal gelişmeyi temsilen yurt içi kredilerin GSYİH içindeki payı, enflasyonu temsilen TÜFE ve ekonomik büyümeyi temsilen GSYİH ve işsizliği temsilen toplam işgücü içerisindeki işsizlik oranı alınmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar şöyledir: uzun dönemde işsizlik, finansal gelişme ve enflasyondan doğuşta yaşam beklentisine tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca uzun dönemde ekonomik büyüme ile sağlık arasında karşılıklı nedenselliğe rastlanmıştır. Kısa dönemde ise ekonomik büyümeden sağlığa ve sağlıktan finansal gelişmeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellikler söz konusudur. Bu sonuçlar uzun dönemde işsizliğin sağlığın önemli bir nedeni olduğunu kanıtlar niteliktedir. Buradan hareketle politika yapıcılara işsizliğin azaltılmasına ek olarak işsiz kalanların ekonomik, sosyal ve sağlık bakımından desteklenmesi tavsiye edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahn, N., Garcia, J. R., & Jimeno, J. F. (2004). The ımpact of unemployment on individual well-being in the EU. NEPRI Working Paper, 29, 1-19. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/110596/WP%20029.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi; 16.05.2020]
  • Ahs, A., & Westerling, R. (2006). Mortality in relation to employment status during different levels of unemployment. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 34(2), 159-167. DOI: 10.1080/14034940510032374
  • Bağcı, E., & Börü, M.K. (2018). Ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye’de ekonometrik bir analiz. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 22(4), 890-897.
  • Bartley, M., & Plewis, I. (2002). Accumulated labor market disadvantage an0d limiting long-term illness: Data from the 1971-1991 Office for National Statistics’ Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(2), 336-41.
  • Björklund, A., & Eriksson, T. (1998). Unemployment and mental health: Evidence from research in the Nordic countries. International Journal of Social Welfare, 7(3), 219-235. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2397.1998.tb00286.
  • Brenner, M. H., & Mooney, A. (1983). Unemployment and health in the context of economic change. Social Science & Medicine, 17(16), 1125-1138.
  • Brydsten, A., Hammarström, A., Strandh, M., & Johansson, K. (2015). Youth unemployment and functional somatic symptoms in adulthood: results from the northern Swedish cohort. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(5), 796–800.
  • Clark, A., & Oswald, A. (1994). Unhappiness and unemployment, The Economic Journal, 104, 648-659. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4889731_Unhappiness_and_Unemployment [Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020]
  • Currie, J., & Madrian, B.C. (1999). Health, health insurance and the labor market. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, Part C, 3309-3416.
  • Çetin, M., & Ecevit, E. (2010). Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir panel regresyon analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 166-182.
  • Dorling, D. (2009). Unemployment and health. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24194011_Unemployment_and_Health, [Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020]
  • Engle, R.F., & Granger, C.W.J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236, [Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2020]
  • Ertekin, S. M., Betül, D. Y., & Kırca, M. (2016). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme ve işsizliğin bebek ölümlerine etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 7(17), 123-140. DOI: 10.17823/gusb.322.
  • Gaspar, K., (2009). The relationship between unemployment and health. http://econ.core.hu/file/download/szirak11/gaspar.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2020]
  • Gerdthama, Ulf-G., & Johannesson, M. (2002). A note on the effect of unemployment on mortality. Journal of Health Economics, 22(2003), 505–518. www2.nefec.org/files/groups /25/files/gerdtham%202003.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi; 14.08.2019].
  • Gordo, L.R. (2006). Effects of short- and long-term unemployment on health satisfaction: evidence from German data. Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, 38(20), 2335-2350.
  • Güleryüz E. H., & Köse, T. (2017). İşsizlik ve sağlık göstergeleri: Türkiye örneği. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(633),27-39.
  • Holland, K. (2012). Effects of unemployment on health and mental healthbased on gender, https://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/38/,[Erişim Tarihi: 03.05.2020].
  • Iversen, L., Andersen, O., Andersen, PK., Christoffersen, K., & Keiding N. (1987). Unemployment and mortality in Denmark, 1970-80. BMJ, 295, 879-884.
  • Iversen, L. (1989). Unemployment and mortality. Stress medicine, 5(2), 85-92.
  • Jin, R., Chandrakant, P. S., & Tomislav, J. S. (1995). The impact of unemployment on health: a review of the evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 153(5), 529-40.
  • Kesbiç, C. Y., & Salman, G. (2018). Türkiye’de sağlık harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin tespiti: 1980-2014 VAR model analizi. Finans, Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 639,163-180.
  • Kriegbaum, M., Ulla, C., Merete, O., & Rikke, L. (2010). Excessive drinking and history of unemployment and cohabitation in Danish men born in 1953. European Journal of Public Health, 21(4), 444–448.
  • Lavis, J. N. (1998). Unemployment and mortality: a longitudinal study in the United States, 1968-1992. www.researchgate.net/publication/7567302_A_note_on_the_effect_of_ unemployment _on_mortality. [Erişim tarihi: 02.05.2020].
  • Levine, L. (2013). Economic growth and the unemployment rate, Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42063.pdf,[Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020]
  • Lundin, A. (2011). Unemployment and mortality and morbidty. From The Department Of Publıc Health Scıences Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, https://openarchive.ki.se /xmlui/ bitstream/handle/10616/40759/Thesis_Andreas_Lundin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, [Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2020].
  • Martikainen, P. T. (1990). Unemployment and mortality among finnish men (1981-1985). British Medical Journal, 301, 407-411.
  • Martikainen, P. T., & Valkonen, T. (1996). Excess mortality of unemployment men and women during a period of rapidly incrasing unemployment. The Lancet, 348(9032), DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03291-6.
  • Martikainen, P., Maki, N., & Jantti, M. (2007). The effects of unemployment on mortality following workplace downsizing and workplace closure: A register-based follow-up study of finnish men and women during economic boom and recession. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(9),1070-1075.
  • Mckee-Ryan, F., Zhaoli, S., Connie, R. W., & Angole, J. K. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: a meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 53-79.
  • Moller, H. (2012). Health effects of unemployment. www.wirralintelligenceservice.org/media/ 1086/unemployment-2-sept-12.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi. 02.05.2020].
  • Monsef, A., & Mehrjardi, A.S. (2018). Effect of unemployment on health capital. Iranian Economic Review, 22(4), 1016-1033.
  • Morris, J.K., Cook, D.G., & Shaper, A.G. (1992). Non-employment and changes in smoking, drinking and body weight. BMJ, 304,536-541.
  • Moser, K. A., Fox, A.J., & Jones, D.R. (1984). Unemployment and mortality in the OPCS Longitudinal Study. The Lancet, 8415(324), 1324-1329.
  • Moser, K.A., Fox, A.J., Jones, D.R., & Goldblatt, P. O. (1986). Unemployment and mortality: further evidence from the OPCS longitudinal study. British Medical Journal, 294, 86-90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1245095/pdf/bmjcred00002-0016.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020].
  • Nazlioglu, S., Kayhan, S., & Adiguzel, U. (2014). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Turkey: cointegration, linear and nonlinear granger causality. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 9(4), 315-324.
  • Ng, S., & Perron, P. (2001). Lag lenght selection and the construction of unit root tests with good size and power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1519-1554.
  • Norström, F., Virtanen, P., Hammarström, A., Gustafsson, P., & Janlert, U. (2014). How does unemployment affect self-assessed health? A systematic review focusing on subgroup effects. BMC Public Health, 14(1),1-13. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1310, [Erişim tarihi: 04.06.2020].
  • Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951679.
  • Paul, K. I., & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 264-282.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of long run relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/jae.616. [Erişim Tarihi: 17.05.2020].
  • Phillips, P.C.B., & Hansen, B.E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies,57(1), 99-125.
  • Stock, J.H., & Watson, M.W. (1993). A simple estimator for cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 4, 783-820.
  • Strandh, M.,Hammarstro, A., Nilsson, K., Mikael Nordenmark, M., & Russel, H. (2012). Unemployment, gender and mental health: the role of the gender regime. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(5), ISSN 0141–9889,649–665
  • Toffolutti, V., & Suhrcke, M. (2014). Assessing the short term health impact of the Great Recession in the European Union: A cross-country panel analysis. Preventive Medicine,64. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed,2014.03.028.
  • TÜİK, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do, [Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2020].
  • Wilson, H., & Walker, M. (1993). Unemployment and health: A review. Public Health, 107(3),153-162.
  • Winkelmann, L., & Winkelmann, R. (1995). Unemployment: Where does it hurt?. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6ef2/6d029cffa4c92eb055bd796e60942d179141.pdf, [Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020].
  • World Bank. (2020). World Development Indicators Database, https://data.worldbank.org, [Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2020].
  • Zagozdzon, P., Parszuto,J., Wrotkowska, M., & Dydjow-Bnedek, D. (2008). Effect of unemployment on cardiovascular risk factors and mental health. Occupational Medicine, 64(6). DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqu044.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Eyyup Ecevit Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2417-4043

Zeynep Öztürk Yaprak 0000-0002-1661-0167

Murat Çetin 0000-0002-7886-4162

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ecevit, E., Öztürk Yaprak, Z., & Çetin, M. (2020). Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Sağlık Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 117-144. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.749623


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