Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile/Polythiophene Fibers for Phosphate Anion Sensing

Öz

Electrospun fibers are widely used in various applications such as tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, materials science, chemical industry, energy storage, and sensor thanks to their combination of unique properties such as large surface area, high mechanical stability, high porosity, and great electrical conductivity. In addition, conducting polymers (CPs) used in fiber structures offer an extraordinary range of materials due to their diverse properties such as electrical and optical properties, the possibility of both chemical and electrochemical synthesis, and ease of processing. Among CPs, polythiophene (PTh) is highly important due to its unique redox electrical behavior, ease of synthesis, and application in many fields. In this study, 10 wt% polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers (P1), 10 wt% PAN/1 wt% PTh fibers (P2), and 10 wt% PAN/3 wt% PTh fibers (P3) were produced using an electrospinning technique. The structures, the morphologies and the electroactivities of the electrospun fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Cyclic voltammetry (CV). FTIR, SEM-EDX and TGA results supported the presence of PTh in PAN fibers. The electrochemical behaviors of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glasses coated with the P1, P2, and P3 fibers in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at various concentrations were assessed by CV. These electrospun fibers containing PTh were used for phosphate anion sensing. For all fiber samples, the oxidation potential increased with a decreasing concentration of phosphate buffer solution. The obtained results indicated that the thermal stability and electrical conductivity of the fibers were affected by PTh. This study shows that PAN fibers containing PTh as anionic sensors can be used as new recognition models.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anion sensing
• electrospinning
• fiber
• polyacrylonitrile
• polythiophene

Kaynakça

1. Al-Ahmed, A., Bahaidarah, H.M., Mazumder, M.A.J. (2013). Biomedical perspectives of polyaniline based biosensors, Advanced Materials Research, 810, 173-216.
2. Ambade, R.B., Ambade, S.B., Shrestha, N.K., Salunkhe, R.R., Lee, W., Bagde, S.S., Kim, J.H., Stadler, F.J., Yamauchi, Y., Lee, S.H. (2017). Controlled growth of polythiophene nanofibers in TiO2 nanotube arrays for supercapacitor applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5, 172-180.
3. Bertuoli, P.T., Ordoño, J., Armelin, E., Pérez-Amodio, S., Baldissera, A.F., Ferreira, C.A., Puiggalí, J., Engel, E., Valle, L.J., Alemán, C. (2019). Electrospun conducting and biocompatible uniaxial and core−shell fibers having poly(lactic acid), poly(ethylene glycol), and polyaniline for cardiac tissue engineering. ACS Omega, 4, 3660-3672.
4. Bouzzine, S.M., Salgado-Morán, G., Hamidi, M., Bouachrine, M., Pacheco, A.G., Glossman-Mitnik, D. (2015). DFT study of polythiophene energy band gap and substitution effects. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Journal of Chemistry, Article ID 296386, 2015, 1-12.
5. Can, M., Pekmez, K., Pekmez, N., Yıldız, A. (1998). Electropolymerization of thiophene with and without aniline in acetonitrile. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 22, 47-53.
6. Chen, C.H., Dai, Y.F. (2011). Effect of chitosan on interfacial polymerization of aniline. Carbohydrate Polymers 84, 840-843.
7. Duan, Q., Wang, B.,Wang, H. (2012). Effects of stabilization temperature on structures and properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based stabilized electrospun nanofiber mats. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B: Physics, 51(12), 2428-2437.
8. Eren, E., Aslan, E., Uygun Oksuz, A. (2014). The Effect of anionic surfactant on the properties of polythiophene/chitosan composites. Polymer Engineering and Science, 54, 2632-2640.

9. Gök, A., Omastova, M., Yavuz, A.G. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of polythiophenes prepared in the presence of surfactants. Synthetic Metals, 157, 23-29.
10. Jalili, R., Morshed, M., Ravandi, S.A.H. (2006). Fundamental parameters affecting electrospinning of PAN nanofibers as uniaxially aligned fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 101, 4350-4357.
11. Kaloni, T.P., Giesbrecht, P.K., Schreckenbach, G., Freund, M.S. (2017). Polythiophene: From fundamental perspectives to applications. Chemistry of Materials, 29, 10248-10283.
12. Kiani, G.R., Arsalani, N., Hosseini, M.G., Entezami, A.A. (2008). Improvement of the conductivity, electroactivity, and redoxability of polythiophene by electropolymerization of thiophene in the presence of catalytic amount of 1-(2-pyrrolyl)-2-(2-thienyl)ethylene (PTE). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 108, 2700-2706.
13. Le, T.H., Kim, Y., Yoon, H. (2017). Electrical and electrochemical properties of conducting polymers. Polymers, 9(4), 150.
14. Llorens, E., Armelin, E., Pérez-Madrigal, M.M., Valle, L.J., Alemán, C., Puiggalí, J. (2013). Nanomembranes and nanofibers from biodegradable conducting polymers. Polymers, 5, 1115-1157.
15. Long, Y.Z., Li, M.M., Gu, C., Wan, M., Duvail, J.L., Liu, Z., Fan, Z. (2011). Recent advances in synthesis, physical properties and applications of conducting polymer nanotubes and nanofibers. Progress in Polymer Science, 36, 1415– 1442.
16. Massoumi, B., Farnoudian-Habibi, A., Jaymand, M. (2016). Chemical and electrochemical grafting of polythiophene onto poly(vinyl chloride): synthesis, characterization, and materials properties. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 20, 489-497.
17. Mazdi, N.Z.M., Nordin, N.A., Rahman, N.A. (2017). Synthesis and characterisation of highly fluorescent polythiophene based composite nanofibers. Macromolecular Symposia, 371, 129-139.
18. Moutsatsou, P., Coopman, K., Georgiadou, S. (2017). Biocompatibility assessment of conducting PANI/chitosan nanofibers for wound healing applications. Polymers, 9, 687, 1-23.
19. Najar, M.H., Majid, K. (2013). Synthesis, characterization, electrical and thermal properties of nanocomposite of polythiophene with nanophotoadduct: a potent composite for electronic use. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 24, 4332-4339.
20. Nambiar, S., Yeow, J.T.W. (2011). Conductive polymer-based sensors for biomedical applications. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26, 1825-1832.
21. Nohut Maslakci, N., Eren, E., Demirel Topel, S., Turgut Cin, G., Uygun Oksuz, A. (2016). Electrospun plasma-modified chitosan/poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ferrocenyl-substituted N-acetyl-2-pyrazoline fibers for phosphate anion sensing. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133, 43344, 1-7.
22. Park, Y., Jung, J., Chang, M. (2019). Research progress on conducting polymer-based biomedical applications. Applied Sciences, 9, 1070, 1-20.
23. Santos, A.N., Soares, D.A.W., Queiroz, A.A.A. (2010). Low potential stable glucose detection at dendrimers modified polyaniline nanotubes. Materials Research, 13(1), 5-10.
24. Shao, L., Chen, J., Luyao, H.E., Xing, G., Weixi, L.V., Chen, Z., Qi, C. (2012). Preparation of porphyrinated polyacrylonitrile fiber mat supported TiO2 photocatalyst and its photocatalytic activities. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 36, 700-708.
25. Wu, G.P., Lu, C.X., Ling, L.C., Lu, Y.G. (2009). Comparative investigation on the thermal degradation and stabilization of carbon fiber precursors. Polymer Bulletin, 62, 667-678.
26. Yoon, H., Jang, J. (2009). Conducting-polymer nanomaterials for high-performance sensor applications: Issues and challenges. Advanced Functional Materials, 19, 1567-1576.
27. Zhang, C., Yang, Q., Zhan, N., Sun, L., Wang, H., Song, Y., Li, Y. (2010). Silver nanoparticles grown on the surface of PAN nanofiber: Preparation, characterization and catalytic performance. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 362, 58-64.