İngiliz Güvenlik ve Dış Politikasında Kıbrıs

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 68, 141 - 168, 01.06.2014

Cihat Göktepe Tuba Ünlü Bilgiç

Öz

İngiltere’nin Kıbrıs politikasının başta stratejik olmak üzere siyasi, ekonomik ve hatta sosyo-psikolojik unsurları vardır. Bu unsurlar da ulusal, bölgesel ve uluslararası düzeydeki şartlardan etkilenmiştir. Bu çerçevede İngiltere’nin Kıbrıs siyaseti ülkenin güvenlik ve dış politikası ile savunma doktrinine paralel dönemsel değişiklikler göstermiştir. Kıbrıs, İngiltere’nin Orta Doğu’da ‘büyük devlet’ olarak kalıcılığını sağlama çabaları bağlamında bir dönem askeri ve siyasi açıdan vazgeçilmez addedilmiştir. Ancak Süveyş Krizi sonrası ortaya çıkan şartlar Ada’nın bütününde hâkimiyet sağlama gerekliliğini ortadan kaldırmış, bağımsızlığın yolunu açmıştır. 1960 sonrası dönemde ise Kıbrıs siyaseti diğer iki garantör ülke ve artık bölgenin yeni hâkimi olan ABD ile ortak çıkarların belirlediği ilişkiler ve güç dengesi zemininde şekillenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

İngiltere, Kıbrıs, İngiliz dış politikası, İngiliz güvenlik politikası, 1963 krizi, 1974 krizi

Cyprus in the British Security and Foreign Policy (1945-1974)

Öz

British policy towards Cyprus has strategic, political, economic,
and even socio-psychological components. All these components
have been shaped by conditions at the national, regional
and international levels. Against this backdrop, Britain’s Cyprus
policy has displayed periodical changes in line with the former’s
foreign/security policy and defense doctrine. For a certain period,
Cyprus had been deemed militarily and politically indispensable
for England in order to maintain its ‘Great Power’ status
in the Middle East. However, post-Suez Crisis conditions eliminated
the necessity to have the full sovereignty over the whole
island and hence paved the way for Cyprus’ independence. After
1960, Britain’s Cyprus policy has been shaped by its relations
with and the balance of power among the other two guarantor
powers and the new hegemon of the Middle East, the
U.S.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Britain, Cyprus, British foreign policy, British security policy, 1963 crisis, 1974 crisis

Kaynakça

• United States, Congress, House, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Foreign Operations and Related Agencies Appropriations (1984). Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations for 1985: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.
• Hansard 1: Hansard HC Deb 28 July 1954, vol 531, cols 504-8.
• Hansard 2: Hansard HC Deb 19 December 1956,vol 562, cols 1267-68.
• 1. Talking Points, Visit of the Rt. Hon. Lester Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada 21-27 November 1967, Cyprus, 21 November 1967, PREM 13/1372.
• 2. Cabinet meeting, 13 February 1964, CAB-128/38, Part 2, CM(64)11-3
• 3. Cabinet meeting, 18 February 1964, CAB-128/38, Part 2, CM(64)12-2.
• 4. Cabinet note by Selwyn Lloyd, 16 February 1959, CAB-128/33 C(59) 25.
• 5. Cabinet Papers, minute by Foreign Secretary, 18 August 1964, CAB-128/38, CM45(64).
• 6. Chiefs of Staff Committee COS(59), 17th meeting, 10 March 1959, DEFE- 4/116.
• 7. Chiefs of Staff Committee, ‘Stationing of Turkish Forces in Sovereign Base Area in Cyprus’, 24 July 1964, DEFE-5/153.
• 8. Cmnd 455(1958), p.3.
• 9. CRO to Nicosia, 17 May 1963, FO-371/168988, C 1071/1(a).
• 10. CRO to Nicosia, 28 December 1963, PREM-11/4702.
• 11. Denis Allen (Ankara) to FO, 2 August 1965, FO-371/179973, CC 1015/49(M).
• 12. Denis Allen (Ankara) to FO, 8 April 1964, FO-371/154751, C 1015/1491 (A).
• 13. FCO-9/1951, Wsc3/548, 10 September 1974.
• 14. FCO-9/2118, 13 November 1974.
• 15. FCO-9/2119, 13 December 1974.
• 16. FO to Ankara (copy of despatch from PM to Commonwealth Secretary), 30 December 1963, FO-371/168983.
• 17. FO to New York (UK Mission to the UN), Personal, 15 January 1964, PREM-11/4703.
• 18. FO to PM, 6 April 1960, PREM-11/2923.
• 19. Hugh Foot (Nicosia) to CRO (Sir John Martin), 19 January 1959, FO- 371/144632.
• 20. I.T.M. Lucas (FO) to CO, 10 October 1966, FO-371/185826, CT 1022/7.
• 21. Minute by Central Department, 22 October 1964, FO-371/174757, C 1051/90.
• 22. Minute by D.S.L. Dodson, ‘Cyprus’, 13 July 1964, FO-371/174766, C 1205/11.
• 23. Minute by D.S.L. Dodson, 2 March 1965, FO-371/179982, CO 1051/6.
• 24. Minute by EJ.W. Barnes (Head of Western Organisation and Co-Ordination Department), 21 January 1964, FO-371/174746, C 1015/456.
• 25. Minute by Hood, 27 November 1964, FO-371/174770.
• 26. Minute by R.E. Parsons, 7 May 1964, FO-371/174762, C 1193/3.
• 27. Minute by Sir Harold Caccia (Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office), 4 January 1964, FO-371/174745, C 1015/167.
• 28. Minute by J.O. Rennie, 17 April 1964, ‘Washington Talks: Cyprus’, F0- 371/174750, C 1015/1361.
• 29. O.G. Forster (Private Secretary) CO to Michael Palliser, 12 July 1967, PREM 13/1372.
• 30. PM (Home) to Lord Carrington, 28 December 1963, PREM-11/4702.
• 31. PM to CRO, 26 July 1965, FO-371/179988, CC 1195/11(G).
• 32. Record of Conversation between Harold Wilson and Bülent Ecevit, 17 July 1974, PREM 16/19.
• 33. PREM-11/2628, 6 February 1959.
• 34. Record of conversation between Harold Wilson and Spyros Kyprianou, 12 March 1965, PREM-13/97J.
• 35. Record of meeting between Selwyn Lloyd and Fatin Rüştü Zorlu at the British Embassy, Paris, 16 December 1958, FO-371/136414 GC 1077/3.
• 36. Roger Allen (Athens) to FO (F. Hoyer Millar), 17 January 1959, FO- 371/144629, RGC- 1051/8.
• 37. Roger Allen (Athens) to FO (Selwyn Lloyd), 6 March 1959, FO-371/144611, RGC- 10319-17.
• 38. Selwyn Lloyd (Paris) to FO, 18 December 1958, FO-371/136414, GC1077/8.
• 39. Selwyn Lloyd (Paris) to FO, 18 December 1958, FO-371/136414, RGC 1077/1.
• 40. W. Arthur Clark (UK Representative in Cyprus) to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 27 January 1961, Nicosia, FO-371/160184, RC 1054/4.
• Assos, Demetris (2011). “Conspiracy Theories and the Decolonisation of Cyprus under the Weight of Historical Evidence, 1955-1959”. The Cyprus Review 23 (2): 109-125.
• Avgousti, Andreas (2009). “The Indigenous Foreigner: British Policy in Cyprus, 1963-1965”. The Cyprus Review 21 (1): 123-144.
• Baker, Colin A. (1998). Retreat From Empire: Sir Robert Armitage in Africa and Cyprus. London: I. B. Tauris.
• Bartlett, C. J. (1977). A History of Postwar Britain 1945-74. London: Longman.
• Barutçu, Ecmel (1999). Hariciye Koridoru. Ankara: 21. Yüzyıl Yay.
• Birdwood, Lord (1959). “Britain and the Middle East”. African Affairs 58 (231): 123-133.
• Brands, H. W. Jr. (1987). “America Enters the Cyprus Tangle, 1964”. Middle Eastern Studies 23 (3): 348-362.
• Constandinos, Andreas (14-15 June 2007). “Britain and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Responsibility without Power”. Paper for the 3rd Hellenic Observatory Ph.D. Symposium at the LSE, London.
• _____, (2009a). America, Britain and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Calculated Conspiracy or Foreign Policy Failure? London: AuthorHouse.
• _____, (2009b). “Britain, America and the Sovereign Base Areas from 1960- 1978”. The Cyprus Review 21 (2): 13-36.
• _____, (2011). “US-British Policy on Cyprus, 1964-1974”. The Cyprus Review 23 (1): 17-48.
• Corum, James S. (2008). Bad Strategies: How Major Powers Fail in Counterinsurgency. Minneapolis: Zenith Imprint.
• Devereux, David R. (1989). “Britain, the Commonwealth and the Defence of the Middle East 1948-56”. Journal of Contemporary History 24 (2): 327-345.
• Dimitrakis, Panagiotis (2009). “The Value to CENTO of UK Bases on Cyprus”. Middle Eastern Studies 45 (4): 611-624.
• Dockrill, Saki (2000). “Britain’s Power and Influence: Dealing with Three Roles and the Wilson Government’s Defence Debate at Chequers in November 1964”. Diplomacy & Statecraft 11 (1): 211-240.
• Durrell, Lawrence (2007). Kıbrıs’ın Acı Limonları. İstanbul: Can Yay.
• Eden, Sir Anthony (1960). The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Sir Anthony Eden K.G., P.C., M.C.: Full Circle. London: Cassell.
• Foot, Sir Hugh (1964). A Start in Freedom. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
• Frankel, Joseph (1978). “Britain’s Behavior in the Cyprus Crisis”. Studies in Crisis Behavior. Haz. Michael Brecher. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers: 229-244.
• Göktepe, Cihat (2003). British Foreign Policy towards Turkey 1959-1965. London: Frank Cass.
• Grivas, General [Yorgos] (2012). Hayatım. Haz. Charles Foley. İstanbul: Kalkedon Yay.
• Gürel, Şükrü S. (1984). Kıbrıs Tarihi (1878-1960): Kolonyalizm, Ulusçuluk ve Uluslararası Politika. Cilt I ve II. İstanbul: Kaynak Yay.
• Harding of Petherton, Lord Field-Marshal (1958).“The Cyprus Problem in Relation to the Middle East”. International Affairs 34 (3): 291-296.
• Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis (2009). “Cold War Pressures, Regional Strategies, and Relative Decline: British Military and Strategic Planning for Cyprus, 1950-1960”. The Journal of Military History 73 (4): 1143-1166.
• Holland, Robert F. (1998). Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 1954-1959. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Holland, Robert ve Markides, Diana (2006). The British and the Hellenes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Home, Gordon (1960). Cyprus: Then and Now. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd.
• Hunt, Sir David (1982). “The British Period”. Footprints in Cyprus. Haz. Sir David Hunt. London: Trigraph. 236-259.
• Irkıçatal, Eftal (2012). “İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrası İngiltere’nin Ortadoğu Politikaları İçin Kıbrıs’ın Stratejik Önemi ve Kıbrıs Meselesinin Ortaya Çıkı- şı”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 1 (15): 31-59.
• İsmail, Sabahattin (1988). 20 Temmuz Barış Harekatının Nedenleri, Gelişimi ve Sonuçları. İstanbul: Kastaş Yay.
• Johnson, Edward (2000). “Britain and the Cyprus Problem at the United Nations, 1954-58”. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 28 (3): 113-130.
• Kazamias, George (2010). From Pragmatism to Idealism to Failure: Britain in the Cyprus crisis of 1974. GreeSE Paper No 42 Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and Southeast Europe. London: LSE.
• Ker-Lindsay, James (2004). Britain and the Cyprus Crisis, 1963-64. Bibliopolis: Mannheim und Möhnesee.
• Kuneralp, Zeki (1999). Sadece Diplomat: Anılar – Belgeler. İstanbul: İsis.
• Kyle, Keith (2006). “British Policy on Cyprus 1974-2004”. Britain in Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878-2006. Haz. Hubert Faustmann ve Nicos Peristianis. Mannheim und Möhnesee: Bibliopolis. 583-605.
• Luke, Sir Harry (1965). Cyprus: A Portrait and an Appreciation. London: Harrap.
• Macmillan, Harold (1971). Riding the Storm, 1956-1959. London: Macmillan.
• Mallinson, William (2005). Cyprus: A Modern History. London: I.B. Tauris.
• _____, (2009). “Cyprus, Britain, the USA, Turkey and Greece in 1977: Critical Submission or Submissive Criticism?”. Journal of Contemporary History 44: 737-752.
• Markides, Diana (2006). “Cyprus 1878-1925: Ambiguities and Uncertainties”. Britain in Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878-2006. Haz. Hubert Faustmann ve Nicos Peristianis. Mannheim und Möhnesee: Bibliopolis. 19-33.
• Monroe, Elizabeth (1966). “British Bases in the Middle East: Assets or Liabilities?”. International Affairs 42 (1): 24-34.
• Nicolet, Claude (2001). United States Policy towards Cyprus, 1954-1974: Removing the Greek-Turkish Bone of Contention. Mannheim und Mohnesee: Bibliopolis.
• _____, (2006). “Lack of Concern, Will and Power: British Policy Towards Cyprus, 1960-1974”. Britain in Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878-2006. Haz. Hubert Faustmann ve Nicos Peristianis. Mannheim und Möhnesee: Bibliopolis. 491-509.
• Oron, Yitzhak (Haz.) (1965). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd.
• Persson, Magnus (1998). Great Britain, the United States, and the Security of the Middle East: The Formation of the Baghdad Pact. Sweden: Lund University Press.
• Pham, P. L. (2010). Ending ‘East of Suez’: The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore 1964-1968. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Pierre, Andrew J. (1968). “Britain’s Defense Dilemmas”. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 29 (2): 64-79.
• Polyviou, Polyvios G. (1976). “Cyprus: What is to be Done?”. International Affairs 52 (4): 582-597.
• Purcell, H. D. (1969). Cyprus. N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger.
• Rosenbaum, Naomi (1970). “Success in Foreign Policy: The British in Cyprus, 1878-1960”. Canadian Journal of Political Science 3 (4): 605-627.
• Rousou, Maria (2001). Britain’s Balcony in the Middle East: Cyprus’ Role in British Defence Strategy, 1945-57. Tez. Ottawa: Simon Fraser University.
• Şahinler, Merter (1979). Türkiye’nin 1974 Kıbrıs Siyaseti. İstanbul: Yeni Karar Matbaası.
• Slessor, John (1957). “British Defense Policy”. Foreign Affairs 35 (4): 551-563.
• Stoddart, Kristan (2009). “British Nuclear Strategy during the Cold War”. The British Way in Cold Warfare: Intelligence, Diplomacy and the Bomb 1945- 1975. Haz. Matthew Grant. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. 15-31.
• Varnava, Andrekos (2010). “Reinterpreting Macmillan’s Cyprus Policy, 1957- 1960”. The Cyprus Review 22 (1): 79-106.
• Verrier, Anthony (1964). “Cyprus: Britain’s Security Role”. The World Today 20 (3): 131-137.
• Woodhouse, C. M. (1955). “Cyprus and the Middle Eastern Crisis”. International Journal 11 (1): 1-15.