Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Kırım Tatarları’nın Statüsündeki Değişiklik: Ulusal Azınlıktan Yerli Halklığa Mı?

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 85, 299 - 332, 30.04.2018

Öz

1950lerden itibaren Kızılderili ve Eskimo halklarının hakları konusundaki akademik ilgi artışına bağlı olarak “yerli haklar” kavramı
dünya çapında bir popülerlik kazandı. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü,
Dünya Bankası ve Birleşmiş Milletler gibi etkili uluslararası örgütlerin normatif çabaları, hak arayışındaki mahrumiyet çeken grupların
bu terimi araçsallaştırma süreçlerini hızlandırdı. 1990lardan itibaren
Kırım Tatarları da “Kırım’ın yerli halkı” olarak tanınma mücadelesine giriştiler. Hedeflerini görünürde gerçekleştirdiler. Ukrayna parlamentosu 2014 Martında Kırım’ın Rusya Federasyonu tarafından
işgalinin ardından bu statüyü Kırım Tatarları’na verdi. Ancak, bizzat
işgalin kendisi, parlamento kararının uygulanmasını engelledi. Bu
makale, esas olarak Kırım Tatarları’nın yerli halk statüsü taleplerinin
nedenlerine ve bu taleplere Ukrayna ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun tepkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın ana hedefi Kırım Tatarları’nın
statüsündeki tarihsel değişimleri saptayabilmektir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulganiyev, Kurtmolla (2002). “Institutional Development of the Crimean Tatar National Movement”. International Committee for Crimea, http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nation al-movement.html [Accessed 04.09.2016].
  • Altan, Mubeyyin B. (2016). “Don’t Cry for Us Ukraina! (Ukraine)”. International Committee for Crimea, http://www.iccrimea.org/reports/dont-cry-ukraina. html [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • Aponte, Miranda Lillian (2010). “Indigenous Peoples as International Lawmakers”. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 32 (1): 203-263.
  • Aydın, Filiz Tutku (2014). “Crimean Tatars and Russia’s Annexation of Crimea”. Turkish Policy Quarterly 13 (3): 81-92.
  • Aydıngün, Ayşegül and İsmail Aydıngün (2004). Kırım Tatarlarının Vatana Dönüşü: Kimlik ve Kültürel Canlanma. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı.
  • Aydıngün, İsmail (2013). “Kırım Tatarları”. Yeni Türkiye (54): 1947-1958.
  • Bäbler, Balbina (2006). “Chersonesus”. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Ed. Wilson Nigel New York: Routledge. 156.
  • Babin, Borys V. (2014). “Rights and Dignity of Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine in Revolutionary Conditions and Foreign Occupation”. Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 53 (3): 81-115.
  • Barsh, Russel Lawrence (2001). “Is the Expropriation of Indigenous Peoples’ Land GATT-able?”. RECIEL 10 (1): 13-26.
  • Berry, Christian (2016). “Crimean Tatar: Resisting a Deportation of Identity”. Rhetorics of Names and Naming. Ed. Star Medzerian Vanguri. New York: Routledge. 132-152.
  • Bilkova, Veronika (2016). “Territorial (Se)Cession in Light of Recent Events in Crimea”. Law, Territory and Conflict Resolution: Law as a Problem and Law as a Solution. Eds. Matteo Niccolini, Francesco Palermo and Enrico Milano. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. 194-218.
  • Bowen, John R. (2000). “Should We have a Universal Concept of ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Rights’?”. Anthropology Today 16 (4): 12-16.
  • Bowring, Bill (1999). “New Nations and National Minorities: Ukraine and the Question of Citizenship”. Minority Rights in the ‘New’ Europe. Eds. Peter Cumper and Steven Wheatley. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 233-250.
  • Bowring, Bill (2005). “The Crimean Autonomy: Innovation or Anomaly”. Autonomy, Self-Governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies. Eds. Marc Weller and Stefan Wolff. London: Routledge. 65-84.
  • Bowring, Bill (2009). “Language Policy in Ukraine. International Standards and Obligations, and Ukrainian Law and Legislation”. Language Policy and Language Situation in Ukraine. Ed. Juliane Besters-Dilger. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. 57-101.
  • Bukkvoll, Tor (1997). Ukraine and European Security. London: A Cassell Imprint. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/indigenous [Accessed 01.05.2015].
  • Cemiloglu, Mustafa (1995). “A History of the Crimean Tatar National Liberation Movement: A Sociopolitical Perspective”. Crimea – Dynamics, Challenges and Prospects. Ed. Maria Drohobycky. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 87-106.
  • Cooper, Tanya (2016). “Crimean Tatar Elected Body Banned in Russia”. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/09/29/crimean-tatar-elected-body-banned-russia [Accessed 05.10.2016].
  • Corntassel, Jeff J. (2003). “Who is Indigenous? ‘Peoplehood’ and Ethnonationalist Approaches to Rearticulating Indigenous Identity”. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 9 (1): 75-100.
  • Crimealibre. “Russian Admiral Dismisses Poroshenko’s Threat to Fight for Returning Crimea as Bluff”. http://crimealibre.com/russian-admiral-dismisses-poroshenko-s-threat-to-fight-for-returning-crimea-as-bluff/ [Accessed 25.09.2016].
  • Crimean News Agency. “Cultural Autonomy Imitates Care of Crimean Tatars”. 15 June 2016. http://qha.com.ua/en/politics/cultural-autonomy-imitates-care-of-crimean-tatars/137530/ [Accessed 17.04.2017].
  • Crimean News Agency. “Poroshenko: We Initiate Creation of Crimean Tatar Autonomy”. 18 May 2016. http://qha.com.ua/en/politics/poroshenko-we-initiate-creation-of-crimean-tatar-au tonomy/137206/ [Accessed 12.04.2017].
  • Crimean News Agency. “Russia Wants to Create ‘Crimean Tatar Autonomy”. 10 June 2016. http://qha.com.ua/en/politics/russia-wants-to-create-crimean-tatar-autonomy/137479/ [Accessed 13.04.2017].
  • Crimean News Agency. “Ukraine Recognized Crimean Tatars Indigenous People of Crimea. 20 March 2014. http://qha.com.ua/en/politics/ukraine-recognized-crimean-tatars-indigenous-people-of-crimea /130931/ [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • Daily Sabah. “History of Tatars in Crimean Peninsula”. 5 April 2014. http://www.dailysabah. com/europe/2014/04/05/history-of-tatars-in-crimean-peninsula [Accessed 06.10.2016].
  • Doroszweska, Ursula (1992). “Mustafa Cemiloğlu ile Röportaj”. Çev. Hatko Schamis. Circassiancenter. http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/arastirma/0252-mustafa.htm [Accessed 19.09.2016].
  • Encyclopedia of Nationalism – Leaders, Movements, and Concepts Volume 2. (2001). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Eren, Nermin (1998). “Crimean Tatar Communities Abroad”. The Tatars of Crimea- Return to the Homeland - Studies and Documents. Ed. Edward Allworth. Durham: Duke University Press. 323-352.
  • Eur.ac Research. “Parallel Report Prepared by the Foundation for Research and Support of the Indigenous Peoples of Crimea about the Situation in Crimea (Ukraine) Undertaken in Accordance with the Article 25th of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of Council of Europe”. http://miris.eurac.edu/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1035552231072 [Accessed 18.01.2017].
  • Euromaidan Press. “Will History Repeat Itself? Crimea: a National and Cultural Ghetto for the Crimean Tatars”. 14 June 2016. http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/06/14/will-history-repe at-itself-crimea-a-federal-national-and-cultural-ghetto-for-the-crimean-tatars/ [Accessed 13.04 .2017).
  • Fisher, Alan W. (1987). The Crimean Tatars. California: Hoover Press Publication.
  • Goble, Paul (2014). “Moscow Trying to Force Crimean MSD to Break with Crimean Tatars”. The Interpreter, http://www.interpretermag.com/moscow-trying-to-force-crimean-msd-to-bre ak-with-crimean-tatars/ [Accessed 02.10.2016].
  • Göcke, Katja (2013). “Indigenous Peoples in International Law”. Adat and Indigenity in Indonesia – Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription, Ed. Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin. Göttingen: Universitatverlag Göttingen. 17-31.
  • Greene, Shane (2006). “Incas, Indios and Indigenism in Peru”. Dispatches from Latin America – Experiments against Neoliberalism. Eds. Teo Ballve and Vijay Prashad. New Delhi: LeftWord Books. 243-257.
  • Gutterman, Steve (2014). “Crimean Tatar Leader Tells Putin Secession would Break Post-Soviet Pact”. Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-putin-crimean-idUSB REA2B1CM20140312 [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • Hannum, Hurst (1996). Autonomy, Sovereignity, and Self-Determination: the Accomodation of Conflicting Rights. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Holovaty, Serhiy (1996). “Territorial Autonomy in Ukraine – the Case of Crimea”. Local Self Government, Territorial Integrity and Protection of Minorities. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. 135-151.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Crimean Tatar Activist Confined in Psychiatric Hospital”. 26 August 2016. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/08/26/crimean-tatar-activist-confined-psychiatric-hos pital [Accessed 12.04.2017].
  • Interfax Russia & FSU General News. “Putin Cautious about Crimean Tatars’ Recognition as Indigenous People”. 16 May 2014: 1.
  • International Labour Organization Web Page. “Convention No. 107”. http://www. ilo.org/ indigenous/Conventions/no 107/lang--en/index.htm [Accessed 27.05.2015].
  • International Labour Organization Web Page. “Convention No. 169”. http://www.ilo.org/indi genous/Conventions/no169/lang--en/index.htm [Accessed 30.05.2015].
  • İzmirli, Idil P. (2008). “Return to the Golden Cradle: Postreturn Dynamics and Resettlement Angst among the Crimean Tatars”. Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia. Eds. Cynthia Buckley et al. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 227-265.
  • Kamm, Henry (1992). “Chatal Khaya Journal; Crimean Tatars, Exiled by Stalin, Return Home”. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/08/world/chatal-khaya-jour nal-crimean-tatars-exiled-by-stalin-return-home.html [Accessed 17.01.2017].
  • Kırım Bülteni (2009). “Başyazı”. April-December. 18/65.
  • Kırım Haber Ajansı (2012). “Kırım Tatar Halk Cephesi KTMM ile Yumruklaşmaya Hazır”. 25 January 2012. http://qha.com.ua/tr/siyaset/kirim-tatar-halkcephesi-ktmm-ile-yumruklas maya-hazir/106788/ [26.01.2017].
  • Kırımlı, Hakan (1996). National Movements and National Identity among the Crimean Tatars (1905-1916). Köln: Brill.
  • Kırımlı, Hakan (2011). “Crimean Tatars”. Ethnic Groups of Europe: an Encyclopedia. Ed. Jeffrey Cole California: ABC-CLIO. 84-87.
  • Kırımlı, Hakan (2013). “Kırım Tatarları Kimdir?”. Yeni Türkiye (54): 1932-1946.
  • Kingsbury, Benedict and William S. Grodinsky (1992). “Self-Determination and ‘Indigenous Peoples’”. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (Americal Society of International Law) 86: 383-397.
  • Kommentarii. “Tatary Hotyat Poluchit Statue Korennovo Naroda b Krimy, shtoby Otstaivat Ukrainskuyu Gasudarstvennost”. 17 March 2014. http://comments.ua/politics/457719-tatari-hotyat-poluchit-status-korennogo.html [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • Korobko, Yana and Mahmood N. Musa (2014). The Shifting Global Balance of Power: Perils of a World War and Preventive Measures. Xlibris Corporation.
  • Krim.Realii. “Ukaz Prezidiuma Verhovnovo Sovieta SSSR o Grazhdanah Tatarskoi Natsionalnosti, Prozhivavshih v Krimy”. 6 September 2015. http://ru.krymr.com/a/27229459. html [Accessed 04.09.2016].
  • Kullberg, Anssi (2004). “The Crimean Tatars”. The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: the History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries. Ed. Arno Tanner. Helsinki: East-West Books. 13-65.
  • Kurmasheva, Alsu and Ron Synovitz (2014). “Russia Tries to Win over Crimean Tatars”. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, http://www.rferl.org/a/russiatries-to-win-over-crimean-ta tars/25294599.html [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • Kuzio, Taras (2014). Ukraine-Crimea-Russia Triangle of Conflict. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag.
  • Larson, Erik (2007). “Regulatory Rights: Emerging Indigenous Peoples’ Rights as a Locus of Global Regulation”. The Intersection of Rights and Regulation – New Directions in Sociolegal Scholarship. Ed. Bronwen Morgan. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Company. 107-127.
  • Lb.ua. “Ukrainian Parliament Favors Establishment of Crimean Tatar Autonomous Republic”. 22 September 2016. https://en.lb.ua/news/2016/09/22/1903_ukrainian_parliament _favours.html [Accessed 12.04.2017].
  • Liber, George O. (2016). Total Wars and the Making of Modern Ukraine, 1914-1954. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: the Land and Its Peoples. Second Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • McFadgen, Rebecca (2014). “The Crimean Tatars and the Indigenous Peoples of Quebec: Similarities in the Face of Seperation”. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/gpa/globalnotes/2015/03/ humphrey-fellow-muslimova-refl-php [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • Meijknecht, Anna (2001). Toward International Personality: The Position of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in International Law. Antwerpen: Intersentia.
  • Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Official Website. “Decision of 6th Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People on Implementation of Right to Self-Determination by Crimean Tatar People in Their Historical Territory – Crimea”. 29
  • March 2014. http://qtmm.org/en/news/44 14-decision-of-6th-qurultay-ofthe-crimean-tatar-people-on-implementation-of-right-to-self-determination-by-crimean-tatar-people-in-their-historical-territory-crimea [Accessed 27.01. 2017].
  • Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Official Website. “Deklaratsiya o Natsionalnom Suverenitete Krymskotatarskovo Naroda”. http://qtmm.org/dokumenty_1_sessii_2_kurultaya. doc [Accessed 10.01.2017].
  • Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Official Website. “Mustafa Dzhemilev: Absurdno Voopshe Reshat Vapros o Prinadlezhnosti tovo ili inovo Regiona, Oblasti ili Poselka k Kakomu-livo Gasudarstvu na Osnove Mestnovo ‘Referenduma’”.
  • 1 April 2014. http:// qtmm.org/ru/новости/4418-мустафа-джемилевабсурдно-вообще-решать-вопрос-о-принадлежности-того-илииного-региона-области-или-поселка-к-какому-либо-государству- -на-основе-местного-референдума [Accessed 27.01.2017].
  • Merriam Webster Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indigenous [Accessed 01.05.2015]. Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations – A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Ministerstvo Zakordonnihsprav Ukraini. “U Posoltstvi Ukraini v Tadjikistani Pidnyato Krimskotatarskii Prapor”. http://mfa.gov.ua/ua/news-feeds/foreignoffices-news/48991-u-po solystvi-ukrajini-v-tadzhikistani-pidnyato-krimsykotatarsykij-prapor [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • News from Crimea. “Pro-Russian Tatars are Doing to Establish Their ‘Mejlis’ in Crimea”. 3 May 2016. http://en.sobytiya.info/pro-russian-tatars-are-doingto-establish-their-mejlis-in-cri mea.html [Accessed 06.10.2016].
  • Niezen, Ronald (2003). The Origins of Indigenism – Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Ozhiganov, Edward (1997). “The Crimean Republic: Rivalries for Control”. Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union – Russian and American Perspectives. Eds. Alexei Arbatov et al. Massachusetts: Center for Science and International Affairs. 83-137.
  • Özarslan, Bahadır Bumin (2014). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında Kırım’ın ve Kırım Tatar Türklerinin Statüsü”. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika 10 (9): 97-135.
  • Özçelik, Sezai (2016). “The Triangular Conflict of Russia, Ukraine and the Crimean Tatars: Analysis of the 2014 Crimean Occupation and Annexation”. Turkey’s Foreign Policy and Security Perspectives in the 21st Century. Ed. Sertif Demir. Florida: BrownWalker Press.
  • Pipes, Richard (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Qırım’ın Sesi. “KTMM Başkan Vekili Nariman Celal Tutuklandı”. 24 April 2015. http://www.qiriminsesi.com/ktmm-baskan-vekili-nariman-celal-tutuklandi.html [Accessed 27. 01.2017].
  • Quinn, Allison (2014). “Leader of Crimean Tatars Labeled ‘Extremist’, Banned From Home”. The Moscow Times, https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/leader-of-crimean-tatars-labeled-ex tremist-banned-from-home-37050 [Accessed 02.10.2016].
  • Reddaway, Peter (1982). “The Development of Dissent and Opposition”. The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev – Second Edition. Eds. Archie Brown and Michael Kaser. London: The Macmillan Press. 121-156.
  • Reuters. “Crimean Tatar Council Relocates to Kiev after Russian Ban”. 27 April 2016. http://www.newsweek.com/crimean-tatar-council-relocates-kiev-after-russian-ban-452957 [Accessed 12.04.2017].
  • RFERL. “Crimean Tatar Mejlis Raided, Searched by Police”. 16 September 2014. http:// www.rferl.org/a/crimean-tatar-mejlis-raid-police-search-avdet-simferopol/26587038.html [Accessed 03.10.2016].
  • RFERL. “Putin Warns Crimean Tatars not to Seek Special Status”. 18 August 2015. http:// www.rferl.org/a/putin-warns-crimean-tatars-not-seek-special-status/27194567.html [Accessed 03.10.2016].
  • Ria Novosti. “Krymskie Tatary Prizvali Turtsiyu Peresmotret Pozitsiyu Po Krymy. 1 July 2016. https:// ria.ru/world/20160701/1455610065.html [Accessed 06.10.2016]. Ria Novosti. “Rada Priznala Deportatsyu Krymskih Tatar b 1944 Godu Genotsidom”. 12 November 2015. https:// ria.ru/world/20151112/1319286617.html [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • Roberts, Glenn R. (2007). Comissar and Mullah, Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924. Florida: Dissertation.com.
  • Sadik, Nafis (1998). “Population Growth and Global Stability”. Population and Global Security. Ed. Nicholas Polunin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1-17.
  • Sargent, Lourie (1998). “The Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia’s Amazon Basin Region and ILO Convention No. 169: Real Rights or Rhetoric?”. Inter-American Law Review 29 (3): 451-524.
  • Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1997). The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571). Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
  • Shevchenko, Vitaly (2014). “Crimean Tatar Media ‘Silenced by Russia’”. BBC News, http:// www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32145218 [Accessed 03.10.2016].
  • Shevel, Oxana (2014). “To Strengthen Claims on Crimea, Russia and Ukraine Woo Crimean Tatars”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/20 14/03/25/to-strengthen-claims-on-crimea-russia-and-ukraine-woo-crimean-tatars/ [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • Sillanpää, Lennard (2015). “The Challenge of Language”. Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union – Comparative Studies on Equality and Diversity. Eds. Heiko F. Marten et al. London: Springer. 169-189.
  • Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (2015). “Activists Blockade Crimean Border over Political Discrimination”. Russia beyond the Headlines, http://rbth.com/politics/2015/09/24/crimean_tatars_blockade_border_posts_over_political_discrimination_49541.html [Accessed 12.04. 2017].
  • Sokolovski, S.V. (2000). “The Construction of ‘Indigenousness’ in Russian Science, Politics and Law”. Journal of Legal Pluralism 45: 91-113.
  • Southfront. “Putin Accuses Kiev Authorities in Terrorism, Crimean Parliament Calls Incident ‘Declaration of War’”. 10 August 2016. https://southfront.org/putin-accuses-kiev-authorities-in-terrorism-cri mean-parliament-calls-incident-declaration-of-war/ [Accessed 06.10.2016].
  • Summers, James (2007). Peoples and International Law – How Nationalism and Self-Determination Shape a Contemporary Law on Nations. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • The Ukrainian Week (2012). “A New Crimean Front”. 7 March 2012. http://ukrainianweek. com/ Politics/52392 [Accessed 26.01.2017].
  • The Washington Post (2014). “Crimea’s Parliament Votes to Join Russia”. 17 March 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/crimeas-parliament-votesto-join-russia/2014/03/17/ 5c3b96ca-adba-11e3-96 27-c65021d6d572_story.html?utm_term=.02f9eb9b5c07Z [Accessed 27.01.2017].
  • Uehling, Greta L. (2000). “The Crimean Tatars” http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/krim tatars.html [Accessed 19.09.2016].
  • Uehling, Greta L. (2004). Beyond Memory – The Crimean Tatars’ Deportation and Return. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ukrainskaya Pravda. “Verkhovnaya Rada Priznala Krimskih Tatar Korennym Narodom b Krimy”. 20 March 2014. http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2014/03/20/7019670/ [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner Web Page. “Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples” http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/Pages/Declaration.aspx [Accessed 29.08.2016].
  • Unian Information Agency. “Chubarov Calls on Ukraine Authorities to Change Crimea’s Status in Constitution”. 20 January 2017. https://www.unian.info/politics/1734946-chubarov-calls-on-ukraine-authorities-to-change-crimeas-status-in-constitution.html [Accessed 12.04. 2017].
  • United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Web Page. “Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Population – Final Report Submitted by Special Rapporteur Mr. Jose R. Martinez Cobo- 30 July 1981 E/CN.4/Sub.2/476”. http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/LibraryDocuments/Mart%C3%ADnezCoboStudy.aspx [Accessed 30. 05.2015].
  • United Nations Security Council Web Page. “Background Note on the ‘Arria-Formula’ Meetings of the Security Council Members”. http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/methods/bgarria formula.shtml [Accessed 27.01.2017].
  • United Nations Web Page. “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf [Accessed 11.02.2016].
  • Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Web Page. “Parallel Report about the Situation in Crimea”. 13 January 2005. http://www.unpo.org/article/1751 [Accessed 17.01. 2017].
  • Varfolomeeva, Anna (2012). Evolution of the Concept “Indigenous People” in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation: the Case Study of Vepses. Master of Arts. Budapest: Central European University.
  • Vik, Hanne Hagtvedt and Semb, Anne Julie (2013). “Who Owns the Land? Norway, the Sami and the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples”. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 20: 517-550.
  • Wiessner, Siegfried (2008). Indigenous Sovereignty: a Reassessment in Light of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 41: 1141-1176.
  • Williams, Brian Glyn (2001). The Crimean Tatars: the Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Leiden: Brill.
  • Williams, Brian Glyn (2015). The Crimean Tatars: from Soviet Genocide to Putin’s Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Wilson, Andrew (1998). “Politics in and around Crimea: A Difficult Homecoming”. The Tatars of Crimea – Return to the Homeland. Ed. Edward A. Allworth. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 281-322.
  • Wolczuk, Kataryna (2001). The Moulding of Ukraine – The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. Budapest: Central European University Press.
  • Yapıcı, Merve İrem (2016). “Putin’in Kırım Politikasında Parçalayıcı/Bütünleştirici Bir Unsur Olarak Kazan Tatarları”. IBAD Conference Book of Abstracts. Ed. Hayrullah Kahya E-Kitap Projesi. 231.
  • Yevtoukh, Volodymyr (1995). “The Dynamics of Interethnic Relations in Crimea”. Crimea – Dynamics, Challenges, and Prospects. Ed. Maria Drohobycky. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 69-85.
  • Zaslavsky, Victor (1982). The Neo-Stalinist State – Class, Ethnicity, and Consensus in Soviet Society. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
  • Zisserman-Brodsky, Dina (2003). Constructing Ethnopolitics in the Soviet Union –Samizdat, Deprivation and the Rise of Ethnic Nationalism. New York: Palgrava Macmillan.

Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: from National Minority to Indigenous People?

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 85, 299 - 332, 30.04.2018

Öz

Starting from the 1950s the term “indigenous peoples” has gained
a tenacious worldwide popularity thanks to growing academic focus
on the rights of Indian and Inuit peoples. Contiguous normative
efforts of some influential international organizations such as International Labour Organization, World Bank, and United Nations also
encouraged the instrumentalization of the term by some right-seeking disadvantaged groups. Since the 1990s, the Crimean Tatars have
also strived to be recognized as “indigenous people of Crimea”. They
eventually seemed to have reached their goals. Ukrainian parliament
gave the status of indigenous people to Crimean Tatars after Russian
Federation’s seizure of Crimea in March 2014. However, the seizure
itself prevented the implementation of the parliament act. This article
mainly focuses on the reasons behind Tatar claims for gaining the
indigenous people status as well as Ukraine’s and Russian Federation’s
reactions to those claims. The main objective of the article is to identify historical changes in the status of the Crimean Tatars. 

Kaynakça

  • Abdulganiyev, Kurtmolla (2002). “Institutional Development of the Crimean Tatar National Movement”. International Committee for Crimea, http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/nation al-movement.html [Accessed 04.09.2016].
  • Altan, Mubeyyin B. (2016). “Don’t Cry for Us Ukraina! (Ukraine)”. International Committee for Crimea, http://www.iccrimea.org/reports/dont-cry-ukraina. html [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • Aponte, Miranda Lillian (2010). “Indigenous Peoples as International Lawmakers”. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 32 (1): 203-263.
  • Aydın, Filiz Tutku (2014). “Crimean Tatars and Russia’s Annexation of Crimea”. Turkish Policy Quarterly 13 (3): 81-92.
  • Aydıngün, Ayşegül and İsmail Aydıngün (2004). Kırım Tatarlarının Vatana Dönüşü: Kimlik ve Kültürel Canlanma. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı.
  • Aydıngün, İsmail (2013). “Kırım Tatarları”. Yeni Türkiye (54): 1947-1958.
  • Bäbler, Balbina (2006). “Chersonesus”. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Ed. Wilson Nigel New York: Routledge. 156.
  • Babin, Borys V. (2014). “Rights and Dignity of Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine in Revolutionary Conditions and Foreign Occupation”. Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 53 (3): 81-115.
  • Barsh, Russel Lawrence (2001). “Is the Expropriation of Indigenous Peoples’ Land GATT-able?”. RECIEL 10 (1): 13-26.
  • Berry, Christian (2016). “Crimean Tatar: Resisting a Deportation of Identity”. Rhetorics of Names and Naming. Ed. Star Medzerian Vanguri. New York: Routledge. 132-152.
  • Bilkova, Veronika (2016). “Territorial (Se)Cession in Light of Recent Events in Crimea”. Law, Territory and Conflict Resolution: Law as a Problem and Law as a Solution. Eds. Matteo Niccolini, Francesco Palermo and Enrico Milano. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. 194-218.
  • Bowen, John R. (2000). “Should We have a Universal Concept of ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Rights’?”. Anthropology Today 16 (4): 12-16.
  • Bowring, Bill (1999). “New Nations and National Minorities: Ukraine and the Question of Citizenship”. Minority Rights in the ‘New’ Europe. Eds. Peter Cumper and Steven Wheatley. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 233-250.
  • Bowring, Bill (2005). “The Crimean Autonomy: Innovation or Anomaly”. Autonomy, Self-Governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies. Eds. Marc Weller and Stefan Wolff. London: Routledge. 65-84.
  • Bowring, Bill (2009). “Language Policy in Ukraine. International Standards and Obligations, and Ukrainian Law and Legislation”. Language Policy and Language Situation in Ukraine. Ed. Juliane Besters-Dilger. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. 57-101.
  • Bukkvoll, Tor (1997). Ukraine and European Security. London: A Cassell Imprint. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/indigenous [Accessed 01.05.2015].
  • Cemiloglu, Mustafa (1995). “A History of the Crimean Tatar National Liberation Movement: A Sociopolitical Perspective”. Crimea – Dynamics, Challenges and Prospects. Ed. Maria Drohobycky. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 87-106.
  • Cooper, Tanya (2016). “Crimean Tatar Elected Body Banned in Russia”. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/09/29/crimean-tatar-elected-body-banned-russia [Accessed 05.10.2016].
  • Corntassel, Jeff J. (2003). “Who is Indigenous? ‘Peoplehood’ and Ethnonationalist Approaches to Rearticulating Indigenous Identity”. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 9 (1): 75-100.
  • Crimealibre. “Russian Admiral Dismisses Poroshenko’s Threat to Fight for Returning Crimea as Bluff”. http://crimealibre.com/russian-admiral-dismisses-poroshenko-s-threat-to-fight-for-returning-crimea-as-bluff/ [Accessed 25.09.2016].
  • Crimean News Agency. “Cultural Autonomy Imitates Care of Crimean Tatars”. 15 June 2016. http://qha.com.ua/en/politics/cultural-autonomy-imitates-care-of-crimean-tatars/137530/ [Accessed 17.04.2017].
  • Crimean News Agency. “Poroshenko: We Initiate Creation of Crimean Tatar Autonomy”. 18 May 2016. http://qha.com.ua/en/politics/poroshenko-we-initiate-creation-of-crimean-tatar-au tonomy/137206/ [Accessed 12.04.2017].
  • Crimean News Agency. “Russia Wants to Create ‘Crimean Tatar Autonomy”. 10 June 2016. http://qha.com.ua/en/politics/russia-wants-to-create-crimean-tatar-autonomy/137479/ [Accessed 13.04.2017].
  • Crimean News Agency. “Ukraine Recognized Crimean Tatars Indigenous People of Crimea. 20 March 2014. http://qha.com.ua/en/politics/ukraine-recognized-crimean-tatars-indigenous-people-of-crimea /130931/ [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • Daily Sabah. “History of Tatars in Crimean Peninsula”. 5 April 2014. http://www.dailysabah. com/europe/2014/04/05/history-of-tatars-in-crimean-peninsula [Accessed 06.10.2016].
  • Doroszweska, Ursula (1992). “Mustafa Cemiloğlu ile Röportaj”. Çev. Hatko Schamis. Circassiancenter. http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/arastirma/0252-mustafa.htm [Accessed 19.09.2016].
  • Encyclopedia of Nationalism – Leaders, Movements, and Concepts Volume 2. (2001). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Eren, Nermin (1998). “Crimean Tatar Communities Abroad”. The Tatars of Crimea- Return to the Homeland - Studies and Documents. Ed. Edward Allworth. Durham: Duke University Press. 323-352.
  • Eur.ac Research. “Parallel Report Prepared by the Foundation for Research and Support of the Indigenous Peoples of Crimea about the Situation in Crimea (Ukraine) Undertaken in Accordance with the Article 25th of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of Council of Europe”. http://miris.eurac.edu/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1035552231072 [Accessed 18.01.2017].
  • Euromaidan Press. “Will History Repeat Itself? Crimea: a National and Cultural Ghetto for the Crimean Tatars”. 14 June 2016. http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/06/14/will-history-repe at-itself-crimea-a-federal-national-and-cultural-ghetto-for-the-crimean-tatars/ [Accessed 13.04 .2017).
  • Fisher, Alan W. (1987). The Crimean Tatars. California: Hoover Press Publication.
  • Goble, Paul (2014). “Moscow Trying to Force Crimean MSD to Break with Crimean Tatars”. The Interpreter, http://www.interpretermag.com/moscow-trying-to-force-crimean-msd-to-bre ak-with-crimean-tatars/ [Accessed 02.10.2016].
  • Göcke, Katja (2013). “Indigenous Peoples in International Law”. Adat and Indigenity in Indonesia – Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription, Ed. Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin. Göttingen: Universitatverlag Göttingen. 17-31.
  • Greene, Shane (2006). “Incas, Indios and Indigenism in Peru”. Dispatches from Latin America – Experiments against Neoliberalism. Eds. Teo Ballve and Vijay Prashad. New Delhi: LeftWord Books. 243-257.
  • Gutterman, Steve (2014). “Crimean Tatar Leader Tells Putin Secession would Break Post-Soviet Pact”. Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-putin-crimean-idUSB REA2B1CM20140312 [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • Hannum, Hurst (1996). Autonomy, Sovereignity, and Self-Determination: the Accomodation of Conflicting Rights. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Holovaty, Serhiy (1996). “Territorial Autonomy in Ukraine – the Case of Crimea”. Local Self Government, Territorial Integrity and Protection of Minorities. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. 135-151.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Crimean Tatar Activist Confined in Psychiatric Hospital”. 26 August 2016. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/08/26/crimean-tatar-activist-confined-psychiatric-hos pital [Accessed 12.04.2017].
  • Interfax Russia & FSU General News. “Putin Cautious about Crimean Tatars’ Recognition as Indigenous People”. 16 May 2014: 1.
  • International Labour Organization Web Page. “Convention No. 107”. http://www. ilo.org/ indigenous/Conventions/no 107/lang--en/index.htm [Accessed 27.05.2015].
  • International Labour Organization Web Page. “Convention No. 169”. http://www.ilo.org/indi genous/Conventions/no169/lang--en/index.htm [Accessed 30.05.2015].
  • İzmirli, Idil P. (2008). “Return to the Golden Cradle: Postreturn Dynamics and Resettlement Angst among the Crimean Tatars”. Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia. Eds. Cynthia Buckley et al. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 227-265.
  • Kamm, Henry (1992). “Chatal Khaya Journal; Crimean Tatars, Exiled by Stalin, Return Home”. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/08/world/chatal-khaya-jour nal-crimean-tatars-exiled-by-stalin-return-home.html [Accessed 17.01.2017].
  • Kırım Bülteni (2009). “Başyazı”. April-December. 18/65.
  • Kırım Haber Ajansı (2012). “Kırım Tatar Halk Cephesi KTMM ile Yumruklaşmaya Hazır”. 25 January 2012. http://qha.com.ua/tr/siyaset/kirim-tatar-halkcephesi-ktmm-ile-yumruklas maya-hazir/106788/ [26.01.2017].
  • Kırımlı, Hakan (1996). National Movements and National Identity among the Crimean Tatars (1905-1916). Köln: Brill.
  • Kırımlı, Hakan (2011). “Crimean Tatars”. Ethnic Groups of Europe: an Encyclopedia. Ed. Jeffrey Cole California: ABC-CLIO. 84-87.
  • Kırımlı, Hakan (2013). “Kırım Tatarları Kimdir?”. Yeni Türkiye (54): 1932-1946.
  • Kingsbury, Benedict and William S. Grodinsky (1992). “Self-Determination and ‘Indigenous Peoples’”. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (Americal Society of International Law) 86: 383-397.
  • Kommentarii. “Tatary Hotyat Poluchit Statue Korennovo Naroda b Krimy, shtoby Otstaivat Ukrainskuyu Gasudarstvennost”. 17 March 2014. http://comments.ua/politics/457719-tatari-hotyat-poluchit-status-korennogo.html [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • Korobko, Yana and Mahmood N. Musa (2014). The Shifting Global Balance of Power: Perils of a World War and Preventive Measures. Xlibris Corporation.
  • Krim.Realii. “Ukaz Prezidiuma Verhovnovo Sovieta SSSR o Grazhdanah Tatarskoi Natsionalnosti, Prozhivavshih v Krimy”. 6 September 2015. http://ru.krymr.com/a/27229459. html [Accessed 04.09.2016].
  • Kullberg, Anssi (2004). “The Crimean Tatars”. The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: the History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries. Ed. Arno Tanner. Helsinki: East-West Books. 13-65.
  • Kurmasheva, Alsu and Ron Synovitz (2014). “Russia Tries to Win over Crimean Tatars”. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, http://www.rferl.org/a/russiatries-to-win-over-crimean-ta tars/25294599.html [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • Kuzio, Taras (2014). Ukraine-Crimea-Russia Triangle of Conflict. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag.
  • Larson, Erik (2007). “Regulatory Rights: Emerging Indigenous Peoples’ Rights as a Locus of Global Regulation”. The Intersection of Rights and Regulation – New Directions in Sociolegal Scholarship. Ed. Bronwen Morgan. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Company. 107-127.
  • Lb.ua. “Ukrainian Parliament Favors Establishment of Crimean Tatar Autonomous Republic”. 22 September 2016. https://en.lb.ua/news/2016/09/22/1903_ukrainian_parliament _favours.html [Accessed 12.04.2017].
  • Liber, George O. (2016). Total Wars and the Making of Modern Ukraine, 1914-1954. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Magocsi, Paul R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: the Land and Its Peoples. Second Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • McFadgen, Rebecca (2014). “The Crimean Tatars and the Indigenous Peoples of Quebec: Similarities in the Face of Seperation”. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/gpa/globalnotes/2015/03/ humphrey-fellow-muslimova-refl-php [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • Meijknecht, Anna (2001). Toward International Personality: The Position of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in International Law. Antwerpen: Intersentia.
  • Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Official Website. “Decision of 6th Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People on Implementation of Right to Self-Determination by Crimean Tatar People in Their Historical Territory – Crimea”. 29
  • March 2014. http://qtmm.org/en/news/44 14-decision-of-6th-qurultay-ofthe-crimean-tatar-people-on-implementation-of-right-to-self-determination-by-crimean-tatar-people-in-their-historical-territory-crimea [Accessed 27.01. 2017].
  • Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Official Website. “Deklaratsiya o Natsionalnom Suverenitete Krymskotatarskovo Naroda”. http://qtmm.org/dokumenty_1_sessii_2_kurultaya. doc [Accessed 10.01.2017].
  • Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Official Website. “Mustafa Dzhemilev: Absurdno Voopshe Reshat Vapros o Prinadlezhnosti tovo ili inovo Regiona, Oblasti ili Poselka k Kakomu-livo Gasudarstvu na Osnove Mestnovo ‘Referenduma’”.
  • 1 April 2014. http:// qtmm.org/ru/новости/4418-мустафа-джемилевабсурдно-вообще-решать-вопрос-о-принадлежности-того-илииного-региона-области-или-поселка-к-какому-либо-государству- -на-основе-местного-референдума [Accessed 27.01.2017].
  • Merriam Webster Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indigenous [Accessed 01.05.2015]. Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations – A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Ministerstvo Zakordonnihsprav Ukraini. “U Posoltstvi Ukraini v Tadjikistani Pidnyato Krimskotatarskii Prapor”. http://mfa.gov.ua/ua/news-feeds/foreignoffices-news/48991-u-po solystvi-ukrajini-v-tadzhikistani-pidnyato-krimsykotatarsykij-prapor [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • News from Crimea. “Pro-Russian Tatars are Doing to Establish Their ‘Mejlis’ in Crimea”. 3 May 2016. http://en.sobytiya.info/pro-russian-tatars-are-doingto-establish-their-mejlis-in-cri mea.html [Accessed 06.10.2016].
  • Niezen, Ronald (2003). The Origins of Indigenism – Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Ozhiganov, Edward (1997). “The Crimean Republic: Rivalries for Control”. Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union – Russian and American Perspectives. Eds. Alexei Arbatov et al. Massachusetts: Center for Science and International Affairs. 83-137.
  • Özarslan, Bahadır Bumin (2014). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında Kırım’ın ve Kırım Tatar Türklerinin Statüsü”. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika 10 (9): 97-135.
  • Özçelik, Sezai (2016). “The Triangular Conflict of Russia, Ukraine and the Crimean Tatars: Analysis of the 2014 Crimean Occupation and Annexation”. Turkey’s Foreign Policy and Security Perspectives in the 21st Century. Ed. Sertif Demir. Florida: BrownWalker Press.
  • Pipes, Richard (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Qırım’ın Sesi. “KTMM Başkan Vekili Nariman Celal Tutuklandı”. 24 April 2015. http://www.qiriminsesi.com/ktmm-baskan-vekili-nariman-celal-tutuklandi.html [Accessed 27. 01.2017].
  • Quinn, Allison (2014). “Leader of Crimean Tatars Labeled ‘Extremist’, Banned From Home”. The Moscow Times, https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/leader-of-crimean-tatars-labeled-ex tremist-banned-from-home-37050 [Accessed 02.10.2016].
  • Reddaway, Peter (1982). “The Development of Dissent and Opposition”. The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev – Second Edition. Eds. Archie Brown and Michael Kaser. London: The Macmillan Press. 121-156.
  • Reuters. “Crimean Tatar Council Relocates to Kiev after Russian Ban”. 27 April 2016. http://www.newsweek.com/crimean-tatar-council-relocates-kiev-after-russian-ban-452957 [Accessed 12.04.2017].
  • RFERL. “Crimean Tatar Mejlis Raided, Searched by Police”. 16 September 2014. http:// www.rferl.org/a/crimean-tatar-mejlis-raid-police-search-avdet-simferopol/26587038.html [Accessed 03.10.2016].
  • RFERL. “Putin Warns Crimean Tatars not to Seek Special Status”. 18 August 2015. http:// www.rferl.org/a/putin-warns-crimean-tatars-not-seek-special-status/27194567.html [Accessed 03.10.2016].
  • Ria Novosti. “Krymskie Tatary Prizvali Turtsiyu Peresmotret Pozitsiyu Po Krymy. 1 July 2016. https:// ria.ru/world/20160701/1455610065.html [Accessed 06.10.2016]. Ria Novosti. “Rada Priznala Deportatsyu Krymskih Tatar b 1944 Godu Genotsidom”. 12 November 2015. https:// ria.ru/world/20151112/1319286617.html [Accessed 29.09.2016].
  • Roberts, Glenn R. (2007). Comissar and Mullah, Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924. Florida: Dissertation.com.
  • Sadik, Nafis (1998). “Population Growth and Global Stability”. Population and Global Security. Ed. Nicholas Polunin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1-17.
  • Sargent, Lourie (1998). “The Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia’s Amazon Basin Region and ILO Convention No. 169: Real Rights or Rhetoric?”. Inter-American Law Review 29 (3): 451-524.
  • Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1997). The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571). Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
  • Shevchenko, Vitaly (2014). “Crimean Tatar Media ‘Silenced by Russia’”. BBC News, http:// www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32145218 [Accessed 03.10.2016].
  • Shevel, Oxana (2014). “To Strengthen Claims on Crimea, Russia and Ukraine Woo Crimean Tatars”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/20 14/03/25/to-strengthen-claims-on-crimea-russia-and-ukraine-woo-crimean-tatars/ [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • Sillanpää, Lennard (2015). “The Challenge of Language”. Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union – Comparative Studies on Equality and Diversity. Eds. Heiko F. Marten et al. London: Springer. 169-189.
  • Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (2015). “Activists Blockade Crimean Border over Political Discrimination”. Russia beyond the Headlines, http://rbth.com/politics/2015/09/24/crimean_tatars_blockade_border_posts_over_political_discrimination_49541.html [Accessed 12.04. 2017].
  • Sokolovski, S.V. (2000). “The Construction of ‘Indigenousness’ in Russian Science, Politics and Law”. Journal of Legal Pluralism 45: 91-113.
  • Southfront. “Putin Accuses Kiev Authorities in Terrorism, Crimean Parliament Calls Incident ‘Declaration of War’”. 10 August 2016. https://southfront.org/putin-accuses-kiev-authorities-in-terrorism-cri mean-parliament-calls-incident-declaration-of-war/ [Accessed 06.10.2016].
  • Summers, James (2007). Peoples and International Law – How Nationalism and Self-Determination Shape a Contemporary Law on Nations. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • The Ukrainian Week (2012). “A New Crimean Front”. 7 March 2012. http://ukrainianweek. com/ Politics/52392 [Accessed 26.01.2017].
  • The Washington Post (2014). “Crimea’s Parliament Votes to Join Russia”. 17 March 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/crimeas-parliament-votesto-join-russia/2014/03/17/ 5c3b96ca-adba-11e3-96 27-c65021d6d572_story.html?utm_term=.02f9eb9b5c07Z [Accessed 27.01.2017].
  • Uehling, Greta L. (2000). “The Crimean Tatars” http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/krim tatars.html [Accessed 19.09.2016].
  • Uehling, Greta L. (2004). Beyond Memory – The Crimean Tatars’ Deportation and Return. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ukrainskaya Pravda. “Verkhovnaya Rada Priznala Krimskih Tatar Korennym Narodom b Krimy”. 20 March 2014. http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2014/03/20/7019670/ [Accessed 23.09.2016].
  • UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner Web Page. “Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples” http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/Pages/Declaration.aspx [Accessed 29.08.2016].
  • Unian Information Agency. “Chubarov Calls on Ukraine Authorities to Change Crimea’s Status in Constitution”. 20 January 2017. https://www.unian.info/politics/1734946-chubarov-calls-on-ukraine-authorities-to-change-crimeas-status-in-constitution.html [Accessed 12.04. 2017].
  • United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Web Page. “Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Population – Final Report Submitted by Special Rapporteur Mr. Jose R. Martinez Cobo- 30 July 1981 E/CN.4/Sub.2/476”. http://undesadspd.org/IndigenousPeoples/LibraryDocuments/Mart%C3%ADnezCoboStudy.aspx [Accessed 30. 05.2015].
  • United Nations Security Council Web Page. “Background Note on the ‘Arria-Formula’ Meetings of the Security Council Members”. http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/methods/bgarria formula.shtml [Accessed 27.01.2017].
  • United Nations Web Page. “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf [Accessed 11.02.2016].
  • Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Web Page. “Parallel Report about the Situation in Crimea”. 13 January 2005. http://www.unpo.org/article/1751 [Accessed 17.01. 2017].
  • Varfolomeeva, Anna (2012). Evolution of the Concept “Indigenous People” in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation: the Case Study of Vepses. Master of Arts. Budapest: Central European University.
  • Vik, Hanne Hagtvedt and Semb, Anne Julie (2013). “Who Owns the Land? Norway, the Sami and the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples”. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 20: 517-550.
  • Wiessner, Siegfried (2008). Indigenous Sovereignty: a Reassessment in Light of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 41: 1141-1176.
  • Williams, Brian Glyn (2001). The Crimean Tatars: the Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Leiden: Brill.
  • Williams, Brian Glyn (2015). The Crimean Tatars: from Soviet Genocide to Putin’s Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Wilson, Andrew (1998). “Politics in and around Crimea: A Difficult Homecoming”. The Tatars of Crimea – Return to the Homeland. Ed. Edward A. Allworth. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 281-322.
  • Wolczuk, Kataryna (2001). The Moulding of Ukraine – The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. Budapest: Central European University Press.
  • Yapıcı, Merve İrem (2016). “Putin’in Kırım Politikasında Parçalayıcı/Bütünleştirici Bir Unsur Olarak Kazan Tatarları”. IBAD Conference Book of Abstracts. Ed. Hayrullah Kahya E-Kitap Projesi. 231.
  • Yevtoukh, Volodymyr (1995). “The Dynamics of Interethnic Relations in Crimea”. Crimea – Dynamics, Challenges, and Prospects. Ed. Maria Drohobycky. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 69-85.
  • Zaslavsky, Victor (1982). The Neo-Stalinist State – Class, Ethnicity, and Consensus in Soviet Society. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
  • Zisserman-Brodsky, Dina (2003). Constructing Ethnopolitics in the Soviet Union –Samizdat, Deprivation and the Rise of Ethnic Nationalism. New York: Palgrava Macmillan.
Toplam 114 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Utku Yapıcı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 85

Kaynak Göster

APA Yapıcı, U. (2018). Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: from National Minority to Indigenous People?. Bilig(85), 299-332.
AMA Yapıcı U. Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: from National Minority to Indigenous People?. Bilig. Nisan 2018;(85):299-332.
Chicago Yapıcı, Utku. “Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: From National Minority to Indigenous People?”. Bilig, sy. 85 (Nisan 2018): 299-332.
EndNote Yapıcı U (01 Nisan 2018) Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: from National Minority to Indigenous People?. Bilig 85 299–332.
IEEE U. Yapıcı, “Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: from National Minority to Indigenous People?”, Bilig, sy. 85, ss. 299–332, Nisan 2018.
ISNAD Yapıcı, Utku. “Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: From National Minority to Indigenous People?”. Bilig 85 (Nisan 2018), 299-332.
JAMA Yapıcı U. Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: from National Minority to Indigenous People?. Bilig. 2018;:299–332.
MLA Yapıcı, Utku. “Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: From National Minority to Indigenous People?”. Bilig, sy. 85, 2018, ss. 299-32.
Vancouver Yapıcı U. Change in the Status of the Crimean Tatars: from National Minority to Indigenous People?. Bilig. 2018(85):299-332.

Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyet Başkanlığı