Concept of Need and Its Effect on Halal-Haram
Öz
Human beings are faced with many needs in daily life. These items of need are also divided into categories. The religion of Islam has not ignored the needs of people, on the contrary, it has guided them to meet the right and halal ways. The subject of this article is to try to determine the point of view of the religion of Islam in meeting human needs, and to analyze the need in the context of the relationship of need and necessity.
Need is a concept common to all human sciences. The need, which is closely related to the existence and happiness of human beings, has been handled by many sciences in their own terms. The concept of need is the most fundamental concept for economists. Mankind engages in economic activities out of their needs. It is necessary to meet their needs in order to survive, otherwise people will be restless and nervous.
According to Abu Bakr Razi, the nafs constantly desires something higher than the state it has and works to achieve it. It is not reason but desire that encourages the soul to do so.
Abraham Maslow ranks the needs hierarchically. He likens human needs to a pyramid with a stepped structure. Physiological needs such as hunger and thirst are at the lowest level, followed by safety, belonging and love, value-achievement-self-esteem needs. At the top of the pyramid is the stage of self-actualization.
In Islamic Fiqh, it is seen that the need is taken into account in the life of worship, as is the case in life in general, and a peaceful worship life is aimed, not hardship and distress. We know that the principle of facilitating the religion of Islam brings exceptional special provisions.
Islamic fiqh sees meeting the needs as natural. However, it attributed this to some principles such as halal ways and not to waste.
With the advancement of civilization, both new needs have emerged and existing needs have diversified and multiplied. Among the increasing needs, besides the beneficial ones, there are also harmful ones such as the need for smoking, alcohol and drug use. The emergence of needs begins with imitation, continues with habit and is inherited to next generations by becoming widespread and accepted by the society. Sometimes needs are abused and with the introduction of excessive advertisements, things that are not really needed are made to be felt as needs.
Fiqh does not accept the things that are forbidden by religion as a need. Need is used in various meanings in fiqh. One of them is the basic goods that are not subject to zakat called Havâic-i asliyya as a fiqh term. Basic necessities are the things that a person needs in order to protect the life and freedom of himself and his family members. These are generally expenses such as shelter, subsistence, transportation, education, household goods, tools and machines used for arts and professions, tools used for security purposes, electricity and water.
In addition to the concept of need, which is used for situations where people feel their lack, there are also different concepts related to this subject. Concepts such as need, necessity, relief, hardship, benefit, permission, which are closely related to need, and the concepts of poor and dependent, which reflect the state of being in need, will be discussed here.
The religion of Islam recommends that people should spend what they earn by working hard and without begging, without relying on others, for their needs. It advises them to follow a moderate path in their expenditures while meeting their needs and the delicate balance between wastage and stinginess should be established. That moderate path between wastage and stinginess is to be economical. However, human needs are not unlimited contrary to popular belief. What is limitless is human ambition, desires and wishes. In this study, we focused on meeting the essential (natural) needs of human beings and the culture of essential needs by covering the topic of the convenience and allowance brought by the religion of Islam in case of need. We aimed to clarify which needs are essential and which ones are artificial.
The wastage created by today's unlimited consumption culture has caused great problems. With this ambition, mankind has harmed himself, society and the universe. Instead of benefitting the blessings and opportunities given by Allah moderately, they want to realize their own insatiable desires by constantly consuming and wasting, even at the expense of disturbing the balance of the universe. We aimed to underline the concept of halal and moderate consumption advised by the religion of Islam by drawing attention to the great destruction that this will cause and discussed the impact of need on halal-haram area with various examples. The effect of need on worship and the halal-haram area is very important in that Allah does not wish for difficulties and makes it easy for man.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Havâic-i Asliyye ve Haram Alanı Üzerindeki Etkisi
Öz
İnsanoğlu günlük hayatta pek çok ihtiyaçla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu ihtiyaç kalemleri de kendi içinde derecelere ayrılmaktadır. İslam dini, insanın ihtiyaçlarını göz ardı etmemiş aksine doğru ve helal yollardan giderilmesi için kılavuzluk etmiştir. Havâic-i asliyye temel ihtiyaçlar demektir. Bir fıkıh terimi olarak özel anlamda zekâta tabi olmayan temel ihtiyaç maddeleri manasına gelmektedir. Temel ihtiyaç maddeleri insanın kendinin ve bakmakla yükümlü olduğu aile bireylerinin hayat ve hürriyetini korumak için muhtaç olduğu şeylerdir. Bunlar genel olarak barınma, nafaka, ulaşım, eğitim, ev eşyası, sanat ve mesleğe ait alet ve makineler, elektrik, su gibi giderlerdir. İslam dini insanının başkalarına muhtaç olmadan, dilenmeden, kendi elinin emeği ile alın teri dökerek kazandığını; ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda harcamayı tavsiye etmiştir. İhtiyaçları için harcama yaparken mutedil bir yol takip etmesini istemiş ve israf ile cimrilik arasındaki hassas dengenin mutlaka kurulmasını öğütlemiştir. İsraf ile cimrilik arasındaki mutedil yol ise iktisatlı olmaktır.
İnsanın ihtiyaçları sanıldığının aksine sınırsız değildir. Sınırsız olan insanın hırsı, arzu ve istekleridir. Biz bu çalışmamızda insanın asli (tabi) ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasını ve zaruret halinde İslam dininin getirdiği kolaylık ve ruhsatlara yer vererek asli ihtiyaç kültürünü ele aldık. Makalenin konusu, İslam dininin insan ihtiyaçlarını karşılama noktasındaki bakış açısını tespit etmeye çalışmak, ihtiyaç-zaruret ilişkisi bağlamında insanın ihtiyaçlarının helal-haram alanı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır.
İslam’da, hayatın genelinde olduğu gibi ibadet hayatında da ihtiyacın dikkate alındığı, meşakkat ve sıkıntının değil huzurlu bir ibadet hayatının hedeflendiği görülmektedir. İslam dininin ihtiyaç ve zaruret halinde kolaylaştırma ilkesinin istisnai (özel) hükümler getirdiğini biliyoruz. Burada sıkça karşılaştığımız özel hükümlerden bir kısmını izah edeceğiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler
